Worcestershire
Worcestershire | |
---|---|
UTC±00:00 (Greenwich Mean Time) | |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+01:00 (British Summer Time) |
Members of Parliament | |
38th of 48 | |
Density | 340/km2 (880/sq mi) |
Ethnicity |
|
Non-metropolitan county | |
County council | Worcestershire County Council[4] |
Executive | Conservative |
Admin HQ | Worcester |
Area | 1,741 km2 (672 sq mi) |
• Ranked | 18th of 21 |
Population | 604,947 |
• Ranked | 19th of 21 |
Density | 348/km2 (900/sq mi) |
ISO 3166-2 | GB-WOR |
ONS code | 47 |
GSS code | E10000034 |
ITL | UKG12 |
Website | worcestershire |
Districts | |
Districts of Worcestershire | |
Districts |
|
Worcestershire (/ˈwʊstərʃər/ ⓘ WUUST-ər-shər, /-ʃɪər/ -sheer; written abbreviation: Worcs) is a ceremonial county in the West Midlands of England. It is bordered by Shropshire, Staffordshire, and the West Midlands county to the north, Warwickshire to the east, Gloucestershire to the south, and Herefordshire to the west. The city of Worcester is the largest settlement and the county town.
The county is largely rural, and has an area of 1,741 km2 (672 sq mi) and a population of 592,057. After Worcester (103,872) the largest settlements are Redditch (87,036), Kidderminster (57,400), and Malvern (30,462). It contains six local government districts, which are part of a two-tier non-metropolitan county also called Worcestershire. The county historically had complex boundaries, and included Dudley and the southwestern suburbs of Birmingham.
The
There is some evidence of Roman occupation in Worcestershire; the area later became part of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Hwicce, and then Mercia. Worcestershire was constituted as a county around 927, as the Kingdom of England formed. During the High Middle Ages the county was the site of the Battle of Evesham, in which Simon de Montfort was defeated, and in 1651 the Battle of Worcester was the last major engagement of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. During the Industrial Revolution the north of the county was part of the Black Country, a major manufacturing centre, Kidderminster became famous for carpet production, and Worcester for porcelain.
Location
The county borders Herefordshire to the west, Shropshire to the north-west, Staffordshire only just to the north, West Midlands to the north and north-east, Warwickshire to the east and Gloucestershire to the south. The western border with Herefordshire includes a stretch along the top of the Malvern Hills. At the southern border with Gloucestershire, Worcestershire meets the northern edge of the Cotswolds. Two major rivers flow through the county: the Severn and the Avon.
History
The geographical area now known as Worcestershire was first populated at least 700,000 years ago.[5] The area became predominantly agricultural in the Bronze Age, leading to population growth and more evidence of settlement. By the Iron Age, hill forts dominated the landscape. Settlement of these swiftly ended with the Roman occupation of Britain.[6]
The
Anglo-Saxon Worcestershire
The area which became Worcestershire formed the heartland of the
Norman Conquest
During the Middle Ages, much of the county's economy was based on the wool trade. Many areas of its dense forests, such as Feckenham Forest, Horewell Forest and Malvern Chase, were royal hunting grounds subject to forest law.
After the
The first
Bishop Wulfstan was the last Anglo-Saxon bishop in England, and remained in post until his death in 1095. Under his tenure Worcester Cathedral began major reconstruction, and he opposed political interventions against William and the Normans. He was later made a saint.
High Medieval
During Henry III's disputes and wars with his Barons, in 1263 Worcester's Jewish residents were attacked by a baronial force led by Robert Earl Ferrers and Henry de Montfort. Most were killed.[17] The massacre in Worcester was part of a wider campaign by the De Montforts and their allies in the run-up to the Second Barons' War, aimed at undermining Henry III. Worcestershire was the site of the Battle of Evesham in which Simon de Montfort was killed on 4 August 1265.[note 1] A few years later, in 1275, the Jews that were still living in Worcester were forced to move to Hereford,[17] as they were expelled from all towns under the jurisdiction of the queen mother.[18]
Civil War
In 1642, the Battle of Powick Bridge was the first major skirmish of the English Civil War. The county suffered from being on the Royalist front line, as it was subject to heavy taxation and the pressing of men into the Royalist army, which also reduced its productive capacity. The northern part of the county, which was already a centre of iron production, was important for military supplies. Parliamentarian raids and Royalist requisitioning both placed a great strain on the county.
There were tensions from the participation of prominent Catholic recusants in the military and civilian organisation of the county. Combined with the opposition to requisitioning from both sides, bands of Clubmen formed to keep the war away from their localities.
The Battle of Worcester in 1651 effectively ended the third civil war. There was little enthusiasm or local participation in the mostly Scottish Royalist army, whose defeat was widely welcomed. Nevertheless, Parliamentarian forces ransacked the city of Worcester, causing heavy damage, looting and destruction of property. Around 10,000 mostly Scottish prisoners were sent into forced labour in the New World or fen drainage schemes. The small bands of Scots that fled into Worcestershire's countryside were attacked by local forces and killed.
Nineteenth century
In the 19th century,
Demographics
The 2011 census found the population of Worcestershire to be 566,169, an increase of 4.4% from the 2001 population of 542,107.
Ethnicity
Though the total number of people in every ethnic group increased between 2001 and 2011, the White British share of Worcestershire's population decreased from 95.5% to 92.4%, as did the share of White ethnic groups as whole, which went from 97.5% to 95.7%. Worcestershire is still much more ethnically homogeneous than the national average. In 2011, 79.8% of the population of England identified as White British; much lower than Worcestershire's figure of 92.4%.[3]
Ethnic group | 2001 population |
2001 % |
2011 population |
2011 % |
---|---|---|---|---|
White: British | 517,747 | 95.5 | 522,922 | 92.4 |
White: Irish |
4,163 | 0.8 | 3,480 | 0.6 |
White: Irish Traveller/Gypsy[note 2] | 1,165 | 0.2 | ||
White: Other |
6,869 | 1.27 | 14,491 | 2.6 |
White: Total | 528,779 | 97.5 | 542,058 |
95.7 |
Asian or Asian British: Indian |
1,640 | 0.3 | 3,634 | 0.6 |
Asian or Asian British: Pakistani |
2,917 | 0.5 | 4,984 | 0.9 |
Asian or Asian British: Bangladeshi |
970 | 0.2 | 1,316 | 0.2 |
Asian or Asian British: Chinese | 1,106 | 0.2 | 1,601 | 0.3 |
Asian or Asian British: Asian Other |
455 | 0.1 | 2,206 | 0.4 |
Asian British : Total |
7,088 | 1.3 | 13,741 | 2.4 |
Black or Black British: Caribbean |
1,153 | 0.2 | 1,275 | 0.2 |
Black or Black British: African |
332 | 0.1 | 767 | 0.1 |
Black or Black British: Other |
153 | 0.03 | 330 | 0.1 |
Black British : Total |
1,638 | 0.3 | 2,372 |
0.4 |
Mixed: Caribbean |
1,704 | 0.3 | 3,150 | 0.6 |
Mixed: African |
221 | 0.04 | 592 | 0.1 |
Mixed: Asian Other |
1,099 | 0.2 | 2,053 | 0.4 |
Mixed: Other Mixed |
771 | 0.1 | 1,250 | 0.2 |
British Mixed : Total |
3,795 | 0.7 | 7,045 |
1.2 |
Other: Arab[note 3] |
236 | 0.04 | ||
Other: Any other ethnic group | 807 | 0.1 | 717 | 0.1 |
Other: Total | 807 | 0.1 | 953 |
0.2 |
Total | 542,107 | 100 | 566,169 |
100 |
Economy
In Redditch are
Roger Dyson Group manufactures
Local government
Local government in Worcestershire has changed several times since the middle of the 19th century.
1844–1911
Worcestershire contained numerous
Birmingham's continuous expansion has been a major cause of Worcestershire's fluid boundary changes and associated housing issues.
1926 boundary changes
In 1926,
1966–1974
1974–1998
From 1974, the central and southern parts of the county were amalgamated with Herefordshire and with Worcester County Borough to form a single
1998–present
In the
The former Hereford and Worcester districts of Redditch, Worcester, Bromsgrove, Wychavon and Wyre Forest were retained with little or no change. However the Leominster and Malvern Hills districts straddled the historic border, so a new Malvern Hills district was constituted which straddled the pre-April 1974 county boundary to the west, south-west and north-west. The remaining parts of the former Hereford and Worcester district of Leominster, returned to Herefordshire.
Summary of main changes
These settlements were historically part of the county as noted above, that now fall under the counties of Warwickshire and West Midlands.
Warwickshire | |
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West Midlands (County) |
|
Physical geography
The
The rest of the county consists of undulating hills and farmland stretching either side of the
Several coniferous and deciduous woodlands are located in the north of the county. The
Green belt
Worcestershire contains a broad expanse of green belt area, widening to over 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) in places. It is part of the larger belt surrounding the West Midlands county, and first drawn up from the 1950s. All of the county's districts other than Malvern Hills contain some portion of the belt.
Sport
The largest and most successful football club in the county is
The county is also represented by
The county is home to Worcestershire County Cricket Club, traditionally the first stop on any touring national side's schedule in England.[51] Formed officially in 1865, the Club initially played in Boughton Park, before moving to its current New Road ground, which today can host 5,500 spectators, in 1895. The club has won five County Championships in its history, most recently in 1989.[52]
Worcester Rugby Football Club, the
Culture
The village of
It is claimed that the county was the inspiration for the Shire, a region of J. R. R. Tolkien's fictional Middle-earth, described in The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings. Tolkien was thought to have named Bilbo Baggins' house "Bag End" after his Aunt Jane's Worcestershire farm. Tolkien wrote of Worcestershire, "Any corner of that county (however fair or squalid) is in an indefinable way 'home' to me, as no other part of the world is."[54]
Worcestershire is one of the three counties associated with the Border Morris style of English folk dancing. Worcestershire Monkey is a popular Border Morris dance; although normally performed as a group of eight, it is sometimes danced en masse with multiple Border Morris sides performing the dance together.[55]
Worcestershire appeared as one of the main settings in the DreamWorks Animation animated film Shrek the Third. The director Chris Miller said they chose Worcestershire because it is always being mispronounced. "It just made us laugh. Plus we love the sauce, it's hugely popular in the States." The film make multiple references to the real Worcestershire in the film, even commenting on the famous Worcestershire Sauce.[56]
Media
Worcestershire has a long history in radio broadcasting. The county is home to the
In 1939, the BBC bought the historic
Television
The county's television news is covered by BBC West Midlands and ITV Central from its studios in Birmingham. Television signals are received from either the Ridge Hill or Sutton Coldfield TV transmitters. [62][63]
Radio
In 2007 the
Economy
This is a chart of trend of regional gross value added of Worcestershire at current basic prices published (pp. 240–253) by Office for National Statistics with figures in millions of British Pounds Sterling.
Year | Regional Gross Value Added[79] | Agriculture[80] | Industry[81] | Services[82] |
---|---|---|---|---|
1995 | 5,047 | 225 | 1,623 | 3,200 |
2000 | 6,679 | 159 | 2,002 | 4,518 |
2003 | 7,514 | 182 | 1,952 | 5,380 |
Industry and agriculture
Fruit farming and the cultivation of
Worcestershire is also famous for a number of its non-agricultural products. The original Worcestershire sauce, a savoury condiment made by Lea & Perrins, is made in Worcester, and the now-closed Royal Porcelain works was based in the city. The town of Malvern is the home of the Morgan traditional sports car.
Education
Worcestershire has a
Towns and villages
The county town and only city is Worcester. The other major settlements are Kidderminster, Bromsgrove and Redditch. There are also several market towns: Malvern, Bewdley, Evesham, Droitwich Spa, Pershore, Tenbury Wells, Stourport-on-Severn and Upton-upon-Severn. The village of Hartlebury housed the Bishop of Worcester from the 13th century until 2007.
Places of interest
Key | |
Abbey/Priory/Cathedral | |
Accessible open space | |
Amusement/Theme Park | |
Castle | |
Country Park | |
English Heritage | |
Forestry Commission | |
Heritage railway | |
Historic House
| |
Places of Worship | |
Museum (free/not free) | |
National Trust
| |
Theatre | |
Zoo |
- Almonry Museum - Evesham
- Avoncroft Museum of Historic Buildings
- Bewdley – riverside historic Tudor town
- Broadway – a picturesque Cotswold village
- Croome Court
- Elgar Birthplace Museum
- Evesham Bell Tower
- Forge Mill Needle Museum at Redditch, the only remaining working needle mill in the world.
- Great Malvern Priory
- Greyfriars' House and Garden
- Hanbury Hall
- Hartlebury Castle
- Harvington Hall
- Kemerton Court
- Malvern Hills – Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty
- Middle Littleton Tithe Barn – a restored 13th-century tithe barn
- Morgan Cars – visitors centre and museum
- Pershore Abbey
- River Severn at Worcester and Bewdley, River Avon at Pershore or Evesham
- River Teme and valley
- Severn Valley Railway at Kidderminster.
- Tenbury Wells with its unique Pump Rooms.
- The Commandery
- The Fleece Inn – an ancient public house, now owned by the National Trust
- The Hive, Worcester – the new University and public library (opened in 2012)
- Wadborough
- Walton Hill and the Clent Hills
- West Midlands Safari Park near Bewdley.
- stately home, famous for its gigantic fountain, now restored to working order. Currently run by English Heritage.
- Worcester and Birmingham Canal
- Worcester Cathedral
- Worcestershire County Museum
- Worcester City Art Gallery & Museum
Local groups
- Worcestershire Wildlife Trust
- 29th Regiment of Foot
- West Midland Bird Club
See also
- Custos Rotulorum of Worcestershire - List of Keepers of the Rolls
- Healthcare in Worcestershire
- High Sheriff of Worcestershire
- Lord Lieutenant of Worcestershire
- Worcestershire (UK Parliament constituency) - Historical list of MPs for Worcestershire constituency
Notes
References
- ^ Number 10 website Accessed 2-3-2024.
- ^ "Privy Council Office-APPOINTMENT OF SHERIFFS". London Gazette. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
- ^ a b "Census 2011:KS201EW Ethnic group, local authorities in England and Wales". ons.gov.uk. Office of National Statistics. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
- ^ Worcestershire County Council. "Worcestershire County Council". Archived from the original on 21 November 2008.
- ^ a b Russell et al. 2018.
- ^ MacDonald 1969, pp. 2–4.
- ^ Brookes & Pevsner 2007, p. 14.
- ^ Brooks N, Cubitt C (1996). "St. Oswald of Worcester - Life and Influence". The administrative landscape of the Diocese of Worcester in the tenth century. p147
- ISBN 9780300112986.
- ^ James BSc(Hons) MSc PhD FIAP, K (11 April 2018). "Stourbridge's Western Boundary: A cornerstone of the historical landscape" (PDF). Stourbridge's Western Boundary. Retrieved 11 April 2018.
- ^ Tinti F.(2010) Sustaining Belief: The Church of Worcester from c.870 to c.1100
- ^ a b Carter, W.F. Additions to Grazebrook's 'The Barons of Dudley'. Chetwynd Papers.
- ^ "The Domesday Book Online - Worcestershire E-L". www.domesdaybook.co.uk. Retrieved 11 April 2018.
- ^ Mason 1979, p. 124.
- ^ Laird, "A Topographical and Historical Description of the County of Worcester" c. 1814; http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/worcs/vol3/pp1-4 British History Online: The hundred of Halfshire: Introduction and map, Pages 1-4. A History of the County of Worcester: Volume 3. Originally published by Victoria County History, London, 1913.
- ^ Brooks "Introduction" St Wulfstan and His World p. 3; Williams "Cunning of the Dove" St Wulfstan and His World pp. 33–35
- ^ a b Willis-Bund & Page 1924, pp. 376–390.
- ^ Mundill 2002, p. 23
- ^ Bottled Waters of the World Archived 27 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 9 August 2009
- ISBN 0-904015-60-2
- ^ A Vision of Britain through Time Evenlode, Worcestershire – Retrieved 7 May 2020
- ^ A Vision of Britain through Time Blockley, Worcestershire – Retrieved 7 August 2014
- ^ Worcester Branch of the Birmingham & Midland Society for Genealogy and Heraldry Shipston-upon-Stour Archived 10 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine – Retrieved 7 May 2020
- ^ Worcester Branch of the Birmingham & Midland Society for Genealogy and Heraldry Rochford, Herefordshire Archived 10 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine – Retrieved 7 May 2020
- ^ Worcester Branch of the Birmingham & Midland Society for Genealogy and Heraldry Broome, Staffordshire Archived 10 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine – Retrieved 7 May 2020
- ^ Harbach M, Genealogy UK & Ireland – Retrieved 29 July 2011
- ^ A Vision of Britain through Time Tardebigge, Warwickshire – Retrieved 27 May 2020
- ^ Worcester Branch of the Birmingham & Midland Society for Genealogy and Heraldry Tardebigge Archived 6 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine – Retrieved 7 May 2020
- Webb, Sidney; Webb, Beatrice (1906). English Local Government from the Revolution to the Municipal Corporations Act. Vol. 1: The Parish and the County. London: Longman's Green and Co.pp. 283–287.
- ^ HM Government Legislation Local Government Act 1888 – Retrieved 7 May 2020
- ^ A Vision of Britain through Time Birmingham Municipal Borough/County Borough, Warwickshire Archived 30 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine – Retrieved 7 May 2020
- ^ British History Online A History of the County of Warwick: Volume 7: The City of Birmingham – Retrieved 27 May 2020
- ^ British History Online The hundred of Halfshire: Introduction and map - Retrieved 7 May 2020; Chan. Inq. p.m. (Ser. 2), clxv, 192.; "celtic-casimir.com". www.celtic-casimir.com. Retrieved 11 April 2018.
- ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 821–822.
- ^ "A History of Dudley". Localhistories.org. Archived from the original on 10 December 2012. Retrieved 7 November 2012.
- ^ Staffordshire County Council Staffordshire Place Guide – Sedgley Archived 5 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine – Retrieved 7 May 2020
- ^ Staffordshire County Council Staffordshire Place Guide – Amblecote Archived 5 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine – Retrieved 7 May 2020
- ^ "Warley County Borough". Vision of Britain. Retrieved 29 July 2014.; West Midlands Order 1965, S.I. 1965, no. 2139, pp. 5-7, 85-6, 120, 122-3.
- ^ HM Government Legislation – The West Midland Counties Order 1965
- ^ HM Government Legislation Town Development Act 1952 – Retrieved 15 August 2014
- ^ Local Government in England: Government Proposals for Reorganisation (Cmnd. 4584) Circular 8/71 map
- ^ H.M. Government Local Government Act 1972 – Retrieved 7 May 2020; Hansard 1803–2005 Archived 1 August 2023 at the Wayback Machine Local Government (West Midlands Order) Debate Archived 28 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine – Retrieved 7 May 2020
- ^ HM Government Legislation Local Government Act 1985 – Retrieved 7 May 2020
- ^ HM Government Legislation The Hereford and Worcester (Structural, Boundary and Electoral Changes) Order 1996 – Retrieved 7 May 2020
- ^ House of Commons Debates – Parliamentary Business – Retrieved 7 May 2020
- ^ Final Recommendations for the Future Local Government of Hereford and Worcester. December 1994 – Retrieved 16 May 2013
- from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
- ^ "Learning Zone Class Clips - The course of the River Severn - from source to sea - Geography Video". BBC. 1 January 1970. Archived from the original on 5 May 2013. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
- ^ "NAAONB Website". Aonb.org.uk. Archived from the original on 24 June 2013. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
- ^ "Kidderminster Harriers Home Page". Archived from the original on 10 August 2012. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 May 2010. Retrieved 26 February 2014.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 March 2014. Retrieved 26 February 2014.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Worcester Warriors - Official website of Worcester Warriors Rugby Club". www.warriors.co.uk. Archived from the original on 27 February 2014. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
- ^
Humphrey, C. 1977 ISBN 0-04-928037-6
- ^ "Worcestershire Monkey | Wicket Brood Border Morris". Archived from the original on 6 January 2014. Retrieved 5 January 2014. Worcestershire Monkey , Wicket Brood website
- ^ "Worcester News, Worcestershire in Shrek 3". 29 June 2007. Archived from the original on 15 May 2023.
- ^ BBC Feature Retrieved 7 May 2020
- ^ BBC Engineering Droitwich Calling (Archive) - Retrieved 7 May 2020
- ^ "London Video Content Delivery Solutions". Encompass. Retrieved 31 January 2021.
- ^ Pawley, E. (1972), Cutmore, N. (Ed.), Laven, P (Ed.) History of the BBC - Wood Norton
- ^ Subterranea Britannica Wood Norton - Retrieved 7 May 2020
- ^ "Full Freeview on the Ridge Hill (County of Herefordshire, England) transmitter". UK Free TV. 1 May 2004. Retrieved 28 September 2023.
- ^ "Sutton Coldfield (Birmingham, England) Full Freeview transmitter". UK Free TV. 1 May 2004. Retrieved 28 September 2023.
- ^ Ofcom Archived 8 May 2020 at the Wayback Machine BBC Hereford & Worcester licence - Retrieved 7 May 2020; Ofcom Archived 8 May 2020 at the Wayback Machine Free Radio (Hereford/Worcester) - Retrieved 7 May 2020
- ^ Ofcom Archived 8 May 2020 at the Wayback Machine Signal 107[permanent dead link] - Retrieved 7 May 2020
- ^ Ofcom Archived 8 May 2020 at the Wayback Machine Youthcomm Radio - Retrieved 7 May 2020
- ^ "Ofcom | Analogue Radio Stations". static.ofcom.org.uk.; Radio Today Global confirms Capital FM to replace Quidem stations - Retrieved 7 May 2020
- ^ Allen, D.P. (2011) Independent Local Radio (ILR) in the West Midlands, 1972-1984: a comparative study of BRMB Radio and Beacon Radio.- Retrieved 7 May 2020
- ^ Bauer Media Free Radio Brand Archived 18 February 2020 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 7 May 2020
- ^ Ofcom Archived 8 May 2020 at the Wayback Machine Ofcom awards new local digital radio multiplex licence for Herefordshire and Worcestershire Archived 30 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine - Retrieved 7 May 2020
- ^ HM Government Digital Economy Act - Section 35 - Retrieved 7 May 2020
- ^ Ofcom Archived 8 May 2020 at the Wayback Machine Herefordshire and Worcestershire DAB Multiplex Ownership - Retrieved 7 May 2020
- ^ Ofcom Archived 8 May 2020 at the Wayback Machine Herefordshire and Worcestershire - Retrieved 7 May 2020
- ^ MuxCo Digital Broadcast Radio Predicted On-Air Coverage Herefordshire & Worcestershire Block 12A Local DAB Multiplex - Retrieved 7 May 2020
- ^ Ofcom Archived 8 May 2020 at the Wayback Machine Digital Broadcast Radio Predicted On-Air Coverage Birmingham Block 11C Local DAB Multiplex - retrieved 7 May 2020
- ^ Ofcom under new licensing guidelines Licensing small-scale DAB New powers and duties proposed by government under new licensing guidelines - Retrieved 8 May 2020
- ^ Ofcom Statement licensing Small-Scale DAB - Retrieved 6 May 2020
- ^ HM Government The Small-scale Radio Multiplex and Community Digital Radio Order 2019 - Contents - Retrieved 8 May 2020; HM Government The Small-scale Radio Multiplex and Community Digital Radio Order 2019 - Explanation Guide - Retrieved 8 May 2020
- ^ Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
- ^ includes hunting and forestry
- ^ includes energy and construction
- ^ includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured
- ^ "Welcome to Worcestershire County Council | Worcestershire County Council". www.worcestershire.gov.uk. Retrieved 23 June 2023.
Sources
- "Spa Towns: Malvern" 27 October, retrieved 24 June 2006
- MacDonald, Alec (1969) [1943], Worcestershire in English History (Reprint ed.), London: SR Publishers, ISBN 978-0854095759
External links
- Media related to Worcestershire at Wikimedia Commons
- Worcestershire County Council main site