World War II evacuation and expulsion
Mass evacuation, forced displacement, expulsion, and deportation of millions of people took place across most countries involved in
Belligerents on both sides engaged in forms of expulsion of people perceived as being associated with the enemy. The major location for the wartime displacements was East-Central and Eastern Europe, although Japanese people were expelled during and after the war by Allied powers from locations in Asia including India. The
World War II deportations, expulsions and displacements
Following the invasion of Poland in September 1939 which marked the beginning of World War II, the campaign of ethnic "cleansing" became the goal of military operations for the first time since the end of World War I. After the end of the war, between 13.5 and 16.5 million German-speakers lost their homes in formerly German lands and all over Eastern Europe.
Aftermath of the invasion of Poland
- 1939 to 1945: The Nazis planned to ethnically cleanse in the course of Nazi occupation up to 1.6 to 2 million Poles were expelled, not counting millions of slave labourers deported from Poland to the Reich.[3]
- 1939 to 1940: Expulsions of 680,000RKFDV (Stabshauptamt Reichkomissar für die Festigung deutsches Volkstums) from Eastern Europe.
- 1939 to 1940: Expulsions of 121,765 Poles[4] from German-occupied Pomerania. On Polish places 130,000 Volksdeutsche was settled including 57,000 Germans from East Europe countries: Soviet Union, Bessarabia, Romania and the Baltic states. Deportation was a part of German "Lebensraum" policy ordered by German organisations like Hauptamt Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle and "Resettlement departament" of RKFDV.
- 1939 to 1940: The first Moscow peace treaty. In total, 410,000 people were transferred.
- 1940 to 1941: The Soviets deported hundreds of thousands of Polish citizens, most in four mass waves. The accepted figure was over 1.5 million.[5][6][7][8][9][10][11] The most conservative figures[12][13] use recently found NKVD documents showing 309,000[14][15][16] to 381,220.[16][17] The Soviets didn't recognise ethnic minorities as Polish citizens,[15][18] some of the figures are based on those given an amnesty rather than deported[6][15] and not everyone was eligible for the amnesty[19] therefore the new figures are considered too low.[13][15][20][21] The original figures were: February 1940[22][23] over 220,000;[10][24] April around 315,000;[10][24][25] June–July between 240,000[10] to 400,000;[24] June, 1941, 200,000[26] to 300,000.[10]
- 1940 to 1941: Expulsions of 17,000 Polish and Jewish residents from the western districts of city Auschwitz Concentration Camp, and also from the villages of Broszkowice, Babice, Brzezinka, Rajsko, Pławy, Harmęże, Bór, and Budy.[27] The Expulsion of Polish civilians was a step towards establishing the Camp Interest Zone, which was set up in order to isolate the camp from the outside world and to carry out business activity to meet the needs of the SS. German and Volksdeutsche settlers move in. This was one of the numerous forced migrations associated with the Holocaust.
World War II
- 1940: A population exchange between Bulgaria and Romania is carried out. 103,711 Romanians, Aromanians and Megleno-Romanians are transferred to Romania and 62,278 Bulgarians are evacuated to Bulgaria.[28][29][30]
- 1940 to 1941: The deportation of , and other remote areas.
- 1941: The deportation of Estonians, Latvians and Lithuanians by Soviet Union.
- 1941: The deportation and massacres of prisoners in Western Soviet Union.
- 1941 to 1944: During the Russian-speaking population was held in East Karelian concentration camps.
- 1941 to 1944:
- 1941 to 1944: in were ethnically cleansed.
- 1941 to 1945: More than 250,000 Serbian Genocide.[40]
- 1941 to 1949: During World War II, Japanese-Canadians were internedin camps.
- 1942: Leningrad Blockade.
- 1943 to 1944: The
- 1943 to 1944: The ethnic cleansing and Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia by the nationalist UPA with the bulk of victims reported in summer and autumn 1944.
- 1943 to 1960: The Istrian–Dalmatian exodus involved the diaspora of 350,000, mostly ethnic Italians (Istrian Italians and Dalmatian Italians) together with anti-communist Slovene and Croat people, from Istria, Fiume and Dalmatian lands (mainly from the city of Zara), after the collapse of Italian fascist regime.[42]
- 1944: The displacement of the majority ethnic Soviet occupationauthorities.
- 1944: The second Evacuation of Finnish Karelia. Some 280,000 Finns had returned to areas ceded in 1940 to the Soviet Union and subsequently re-conquered by Finland in 1941. During summer and autumn 1944, Finland re-ceded these areas back to the Soviet Union, and re-evacuated the Finnish population.
- 1944: The evacuation of almost total civilian population of Finnish Lapland, as a joint Finnish-German effort, before Finnish and German troops commenced hostilities. The evacuees, numbering 168,000 were able to return home within a year.[43]
- 1944 to 1945: The ethnic cleansing of Afterwards, between 45 and 48, internment camps were set which led directly to the death of 70,000 more, of famine, frost, plagues, tortures and executions.
- 1944 to 1945: Between 16,000 and 20,000
Defeat of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan
- 1944 to 1947 & 1951 The mass deportation of Ukrainian speaking ethnic minorities from the territory of Poland after World War II, culminating in 1947 with the start of Operation Vistula.
- 1944 to 1947 & 1951: 1.5 million Regained Territories.
- 1944 to 1948: Flight and expulsion of Germans after World War II. Between 13.5 and 16.5 million German-speakers fled, were evacuated or later expelled from Central and Eastern Europe,[47][48] making this event the largest single instance of ethnic cleansing in recorded history. estimates of the number of those who died during the process are being debated by historians and they range from 500,000 to 3,000,000.[49]
- November and December 1944: more than 200,000 Danube Swabians in Yugoslavia were expelled from their homes and interned in starvation and Nazi concentration camps for the old, young and disabled. Some 30,000 workers were expelled to Russia as slave laborers for war reparations.[50]
- Tens of thousands of the refugees were repatriated to Yugoslavia and massacred in the Yugoslav death march of Nazi collaborators.
- Repatriation of Cossacks after World War II
- In 1945, American and Republican Chinese forces returned Japanese colonizers from northeast China in what was termed the Japanese repatriation from Huludao. In those areas liberated by the Soviets and not the Americans, these Japanese became Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union.
- After Japan surrendered, the Soviet Union occupied northern Korea and southern Sakhalin. These had been Japanese territories before the war and had millions of Japanese residents, who were now to be expelled. Roughly two-thirds of the Korean residents of Sakhalin were also expelled to Japan, but the others remained stranded in Sakhalin.[51]
- Taiwan was ceded to Japan in 1895 as a consequence of the First Sino-Japanese War and by the beginning of World War II many Japanese civilians had settled there. Between the Japanese surrender of Taiwan in 1945 and 25 April 1946, the occupying Republic of China forces expelled 90% of the Japanese living in Taiwan.[52]
- More than 30,000 Serbs colonists were expelled from Bulgarian-occupied Macedonia and south-eastern Serbia[53]
- displaced people, of Jewish identity, was a major reason for the birth of the state of Israel. Those migrants were helped by an underground group called Bricha. After Israel was born, European Jewish migration to Israel continued, contributing to Israel's population growth. The Kielce pogrom and other anti-Semitic incidents were contributing factors. (This migration could be seen as an expulsion, given the conditions faced by European Jews at the time.[citation needed])
Establishment of refugee organisations
The United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration was set up in 1943, to provide humanitarian relief to the huge numbers of potential and existing refugees in areas facing Allied liberation. UNRRA provided billions of US dollars of rehabilitation aid, and helped about 8 million refugees. It ceased operations in Europe in 1947, and in Asia in 1949, upon which it ceased to exist. It was replaced in 1947 by the International Refugee Organization (IRO), which in turn evolved into United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in 1950.
See also
References
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- ^ Janusz Gumkowski and Kazimierz Leszczynski, Poland Under Nazi Occupation, (Warsaw, Polonia Publishing House, 1961) pp. 7–33, 164–178. Archived 2012-04-13 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Poles: Victims of the Nazi Era". Archived from the original on 2005-11-28. Retrieved 2022-02-16.
- ^ ISBN 978-83-7427-391-6
- ^ Davies (1986), p. 451.
- ^ a b Polian (2004), p. 119.
- ^ Hope (2005), p. 29.
- ^ "Holocaust Victims: Five Million Forgotten – Non Jewish Victims of the Shoah".
- ^ Malcher (1993), pp. 8–9.
- ^ a b c d e Piesakowski (1990), pp. 50–51.
- ^ Mikolajczyk (1948).
- ^ "Magdeburg Sting 1936".
- ^ a b Piotrowski (2004).
- ^ Gross (2002), p. xiv.
- ^ a b c d Cienciala (2007), p. 139.
- ^ a b Polian (2004), p. 118.
- ^ "Lecture 17 - Poland Under Occupation" (PDF). Retrieved 2023-09-23.
- ^ Applebaum (2004), p. 407.
- ^ Krupa (2004).
- ^ Rees (2008), p. 64.
- ^ Jolluck (2002), pp. 10–11.
- ^ Hope (2005), p. 23.
- ^ Ferguson (2006), p. 419.
- ^ a b c Malcher (1993), p. 9.
- ^ Hope (2005), p. 25.
- ^ Hope (2005), p. 27.
- ^ Article about expulsions from Oświęcim in Polish Archived 2008-10-03 at the Wayback Machine
- ISBN 978-1403993410.
- ^ Costea, Maria (2009). "Aplicarea tratatului româno-bulgar de la Craiova (1940)". Anuarul Institutului de Cercetări Socio-Umane "Gheorghe Șincai" al Academiei Române (in Romanian) (12): 267–275.
- ^ Țîrcomnicu, Emil (2014). "Historical aspects regarding the Megleno-Romanian groups in Greece, the FY Republic of Macedonia, Turkey and Romania" (PDF). Memoria Ethnologica. 14 (52–53): 12–29.
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- ^ Lukas, Richard C (2001). "Chapter IV. Germanization". Hippocrene Books, New York. Retrieved 2023-09-23.
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- ^ a b c Krizman.
- ^ a b Nikolić et al. (2002), p. 182.
- House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.
- ^ Ustasa, Croatian nationalist, fascist, terrorist movement created in 1930.
- ^ "World War II – 60 Years After: For Victims Of Stalin's Deportations, War Lives On". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty.
- ^ Raoul Pupo, Il lungo esodo. Istria: le persecuzioni, le foibe, l'esilio, Rizzoli, Milano 2005.
- ^ Lapin sodan ja evakoitumisen muistojuhlassa Pudasjärvellä 3.10.2004. Hannes Manninen. Retrieved 2009-9-7-(in Finnish)
- ^ Tibor Cseres: Serbian vendetta in Bacska
- ISBN 978-0-691-05842-9.
- ISBN 978-0582064720, retrieved 2008-03-29,
p. 161: "EDES gangs massacred 200–300 of the Cham population, who during the occupation totalled about 19,000 and forced all the rest to flee to Albania"
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- ^ The Expulsion of 'German' Communities from Eastern Europe at the end of the Second World War Archived 2009-10-01 at the Wayback Machine, European University Institute, Florense. EUI Working Paper HEC No. 2004/1, edited by Steffen Prauser and Arfon Rees, p. 4.
- ^ "Das Schicksal der Deutschen in Jugoslawien". Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2011-05-18.
- ^ Horvat, Andrew (1986-02-02). "Exiled Sakhalin Koreans Yearn to Go Home Again". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2020-07-22. Lee, Jin-woo (2005-02-18). "3,100 Koreans in Sakhalin Yearn to Return Home". The Korea Times. Archived from the original on 2005-03-15.
Excluding 100,000 Koreans who were subsequently sent to the mainland of Japan, about 43,000 forced laborers had to remain on the island with no nationality for up to three decades ... So far, some 1,600 returnees have been able to return to South Korea for permanent settlement since 1992.
- ^ "Taiwan history: Chronology of important events". Archived from the original on 2016-04-16. Retrieved 2016-04-20.
- ^ Jozo Tomasevich War and revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: occupation and collaboration, Stanford University Press, 2001 p. 165
External links
- Poles: Victims of the Nazi Era (USHMM) Archived 2019-06-22 at the Wayback Machine
- The Expulsion of the Citizens of Skierbieszów
Further reading
- Applebaum, A. (2004). GULAG A History, Penguin, ISBN 0-14-028310-2.
- Cienciala, M. (2007). Katyn A Crime Without Punishment, Yale University, ISBN 978-0-300-10851-4.
- Davies, N. (1986). God's Playground A History of Poland Volume II, Clarendon, ISBN 0-19-821944-X.
- Douglas, R.M.: Orderly and Humane. The Expulsion of the Germans after the Second World War. Yale University Press, 2012. ISBN 978-0300166606.
- Feferman Kiril, "A Soviet Humanitarian Action?: Centre, Periphery and the Evacuation of Refugees to the North Caucasus, 1941-1942." In Europe-Asia Studies 61, 5 (July 2009), 813–831.
- Ferguson, N. (2006). The War of the World, Allen Lane, ISBN 0-7139-9708-7.
- Gross, J. T. (2002). Revolution from Abroad, Princeton, ISBN 0-691-09603-1.
- Hope, M. (2005). Polish Deportees in the Soviet Union, Veritas, ISBN 0-948202-76-9.
- Jolluck, K. (2002). Exile & Identity, University of Pittsburgh, ISBN 0-8229-4185-6.
- Krizman, Serge. Maps of Yugoslavia at War, Washington 1943.
- Krupa, M. (2004). Shallow Graves in Siberia, Birlinn, ISBN 1-84341-012-5.
- Malcher, G. C. (1993). Blank Pages, Pyrford, ISBN 1-897984-00-6.
- Mikolajczyk, S. (1948). The Pattern of Soviet Domination, Sampsons, low, Marston & Co.
- Naimark, Norman: Fires of Hatred. Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth - Century Europe. Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 2001.
- Nikolić, Kosta; Žutić, Nikola; Pavlović, Momčilo; Špadijer, Zorica (2002): Историја за трећи разред гимназије природно-математичког смера и четврти разред гимназије општег и друштвено-језичког смера, Belgrade, ISBN 86-17-09287-4.
- Piesakowski, T. (1990). The Fate of Poles in the USSR 1939~1989, Gryf, ISBN 0-901342-24-6.
- Piotrowski, T. (2004). The Polish Deportees of World War II, McFarland, ISBN 978-0-7864-3258-5.
- Polian, P. (2004). Against their Will, CEU Press, ISBN 963-9241-73-3.
- Prauser, Steffen and Rees, Arfon: The Expulsion of the "German" Communities from Eastern Europe at the End of the Second World War. Florence, Italy, Europe, University Institute, 2004.
- Rees, L. (2008). World War Two Behind Closed Doors, BBC Books, ISBN 978-0-563-49335-8.
- Roudometof, Victor. Collective Memory, National Identity, and Ethnic Conflict Greece, Bulgaria, and the Macedonian Question.