World war

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(Redirected from
World wars
)
For other uses, see World war (disambiguation).
United States Army infantry supported by a M18 tank destroyer advancing through an enemy-occupied town during World War II, the most recent conflict to widely be considered a "world war"
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A world war is an international

War on Terror
.

Etymology

The

Teutonic mythology as a "world war" (Swedish: världskrig), justifying this description by a line in an Old Norse epic poem, "Völuspá: folcvig fyrst I heimi" ("The first great war in the world").[3]
German writer August Wilhelm Otto Niemann used the term "world war" in the title of his anti-British novel, Der Weltkrieg: Deutsche Träume (The World War: German Dreams) in 1904, published in English as The Coming Conquest of England.

The term "first world war" was first used in September 1914 by German biologist and philosopher Ernst Haeckel, who claimed that "there is no doubt that the course and character of the feared 'European War' ... will become the first world war in the full sense of the word",[4] citing a wire service report in the Indianapolis Star on 20 September 1914. In English, the term "First World War" had been used by Lt-Col. Charles à Court Repington, as a title for his memoirs (published in 1920); he had noted his discussion on the matter with a Major Johnstone of Harvard University in his diary entry of September 10, 1918.[5][6]

The term "World War I" was coined by Time magazine on page 28 of its June 12, 1939 issue. In the same article, on page 32, the term "World War II" was first used speculatively to describe the upcoming war. The first use for the actual war came in its issue of September 11, 1939.[7] One week earlier, on September 4, the day after France and the United Kingdom declared war on Germany, the Danish newspaper Kristeligt Dagblad used the term on its front page, saying "The Second World War broke out yesterday at 11 a.m."[8]

dystopian
novel, City of Endless Night.

Other languages have also adopted the "world war" terminology; for example, in French, "world war" is translated as guerre mondiale; in German, Weltkrieg (which, prior to the war, had been used in the more abstract meaning of a global conflict); in Italian, guerra mondiale; in Spanish and Portuguese, guerra mundial; in Danish and Norwegian, verdenskrig; in Russian, мировая война (mirovaya voyna); and in Finnish, maailmansota.

History

First World War

Main article: World War I
French Army soldiers holding a position in the ruins of a church during the Second Battle of the Marne, part of World War I

World War I occurred from 1914 to 1918. In terms of human

pre-Columbian times. [further explanation needed
]

War crimes were perpetrated in World War I. Chemical weapons were used in the war despite the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 having outlawed the use of such weapons in warfare. The Ottoman Empire was responsible for the Armenian genocide
, during the First World War, as well as other war crimes.

Second World War

Main article: World War II
A British Army mechanized infantry Churchill tank passing a destroyed Wehrmacht Panzer IV tank during Operation Overlord, part of World War II

The Second World War occurred from 1939 to 1945 and is the only conflict in which

combatants, and the distinction between combatants and noncombatants was often blurred by the belligerents of total war in both conflicts.[10]

The outcome of the war had a profound effect on the course of world history. The old European empires collapsed or they were dismantled as a direct result of the crushing costs of the war and in some cases, their fall was caused by the defeat of imperial powers. The United States became firmly established as the dominant global superpower, along with its close competitor and ideological foe, the Soviet Union. The two superpowers exerted political influence over most of the world's nation-states for decades after the end of the Second World War. The modern international security, economic, and diplomatic system was created in the aftermath of the war.[10]

Institutions such as the

electronic computers.[10]

Potential Third World War

Main article: World War III
U.S. Army paratroopers landing in a field in West Germany during Exercise Reforger 1984, a Cold War-era NATO military exercise used to prepare for potential conventional warfare against the Warsaw Pact; such a conflict was expected to be World War III.

Since the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki during the Second World War, there has been a widespread and prolonged fear of a potential third world war between nuclear-armed powers.[11][12] It is often suggested that it would become a nuclear war, and be more devastating and violent than both the First and Second World Wars. Albert Einstein is often quoted as having said in 1947 that "I know not with what weapons World War III will be fought, but World War IV will be fought with sticks and stones."[13][14][15][16] It has been anticipated and planned for by military and civil authorities, and it has also been explored in fiction in many countries. Scenarios have ranged from conventional warfare to limited or total nuclear warfare.[citation needed]

Various former government officials, politicians, authors, and military leaders (including

Eliot Cohen,[18] and Subcomandante Marcos[19]) have attempted to apply the labels of the "Third World War" and the "Fourth World War" to various past and present global wars since the end of the Second World War, such as the Cold War and the War on Terror respectively. However, none of the wars have commonly been deemed world wars.[citation needed
]

During the early 21st century, the

proxy wars waged by the United States and Russia,[20][21][22][23] which led some commentators[who?] to characterize the situation as a "proto-world war", with many countries embroiled in overlapping conflicts.[24]

Other global conflicts

An artist's depiction of the Prussian Army clashing with the Imperial Russian Army at the Battle of Zorndorf, part of the Seven Years' War, which some historians consider to be an early world war

The Seven Years' War (1754/56–1763) was fought across all of North America, Europe, Asia, Africa, and South America. Most of the great powers of the era participated, notably including the British Empire and French Empire, but polities from many continents played important roles. Some historians call it "World War Zero" as a result.[25]

Historians Richard F. Hamilton and

Holger H. Herwig created a list of eight world wars, including the two generally agreed-upon world wars, the Seven Years' War, and five others: the Nine Years' War (1689–1697), the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714), the War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748), the French Revolutionary Wars (1792–1802), and the Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815).[26] British historian John Robert Seeley dubbed all of those wars between France and Great Britain (later the UK) between 1689 and 1815 (including the American Revolutionary War from 1775 to 1783) as the Second Hundred Years' War, echoing an earlier period of conflict between France and England known as the Hundred Years' War (1337–1453).[27] Some writers have referred to the American Revolutionary War alone as a world war.[27]

Other historians suggest even earlier conflicts to be world wars. For example, Russian ethnologist

Muslim Caliph title, and the Habsburgs, as emperors of Christendom.[29][30]

However, the

Dutch Empire, British Empire, and their allies (mostly Protestants) across the 5 continents.[31][32][33][34]

Another possible example is the

low-intensity warfare despite an official peace and the first democratic elections in 2006. It has been referred to as "Africa's World War".[35]

Event Casualties lowest estimate Casualties highest estimate Location From To Duration (years)
NineYearsWar.png
Nine Years' War[26][36][37][38] 		680,000[26] Europe, North America, South America, Asia 1688 1697 9
WaroftheSpanishSuccession.png
War of the Spanish Succession[26][37] 		700,000[39] 1,251,000[40] Europe, North America, South America, Africa 1701 1714 13
WaroftheAustrianSuccession.png
War of the Austrian Succession[26][41] 		359,000[26] Europe, North America, South America, Asia 1740 1748 8
SevenYearsWar.png
Seven Years' War[42][43] 		992,000[26] 1,500,000[44] Europe, North America, South America, Africa, Asia 1754 1763 9
AmericanRevolutionaryWar.png
American Revolutionary War[27] 		217,000 262,000 North America, Gibraltar, Balearic Islands, Asia, Africa, Caribbean Sea, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean 1775 1783 8
FrenchRevolutionaryWars.png
French Revolutionary Wars[26] 		663,000[26] Europe, Egypt, Middle East, Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean, Indian Ocean 1792 1802 9
NapoleonicWars.png
Napoleonic Wars[42][45] 		1,800,000[26] 7,000,000[46] Europe, Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, North Sea, Río de la Plata, French Guiana, West Indies, Indian Ocean, North America, South Caucasus 1803 1815 13
WWI-re.png
World War I 		15,000,000[47] 65,000,000[48] Global 1914 1918 4
Map of participants in World War II.svg
World War II 		40,000,000[49] 85,000,000[50] Global 1939 1945 6
Cold War alliances mid-1975.svg
Cold War 		Global 1945 1991 46
Battlefields in The Global War on Terror.svg
War on Terror 		4,500,000[51] 4,600,000[51] Global 2001 2021 20

See also

References

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  2. ^ Engels, Frederick. "Introduction to Borkheim". Archived from the original on 2018-07-16. Retrieved 2015-03-01.
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  4. ^ Shapiro & Epstein 2006, p. 329.
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  6. ^ "The First World War". Quite Interesting. Archived from the original on 2014-01-03. Also aired on QI Series I Episode 2, 16 September 2011, BBC Two.
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  8. ^ "Den anden Verdenskrig udbrød i Gaar Middags Kl. 11", Kristeligt Dagblad, September 4, 1939, Extra edition.
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  18. ^ "World War IV: Let's call this conflict what it is". 2001. Archived from the original on 2010-03-27. Retrieved 2010-02-04.Why war on terrorism should be called WWIV
  19. ^ Subcomandante Marcos (2001). "The Fourth World War Has Begun". Nepantla: Views from South. 2 (3): 559–572. Archived from the original on 29 October 2014. Retrieved 20 October 2014.
  20. ^ Anne Barnard and Karen Shoumali (12 October 2015). "U.S. Weaponry Is Turning Syria Into Proxy War With Russia". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 15 October 2015. Retrieved 14 October 2015.
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Bibliography

External links
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