Wutun language
Wutun | |
---|---|
Native to | Tongren County |
Ethnicity | Tibetans |
Native speakers | 4,000 (2016)[1] |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | wuh |
Glottolog | wutu1241 |
ELP | Wutunhua |
The Wutun language (
The two Wutun villages, as well as other villages in the area, were under the control of a Mongol banner for several centuries, and have long been regarded by governments as members of a Mongol ethnic group. However, they self-identify as
Phonology
The following table shows the consonants of Wutun.[5]
Labial | Dental | Retroflex | Alveo-palatal | Palatal | Velar | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m ⟨m⟩ | n ⟨n⟩
|
ŋ ⟨ng⟩ | ||||
Plosive | aspirated | pʰ ⟨p⟩ | tʰ ⟨t⟩ | kʰ ⟨k⟩ | |||
voiceless | p ⟨b⟩ | t ⟨d⟩
|
k ⟨g⟩ | ||||
voiced | b ⟨bb⟩ | d ⟨dd⟩
|
g ⟨gg⟩ | ||||
Affricate | aspirated | t͡sʰ ⟨c⟩ | ʈ͡ʂʰ ⟨ch⟩ | t͡ɕʰ ⟨q⟩ | c͡çʰ ⟨qh⟩ | ||
voiceless | t͡s ⟨z⟩ | ʈ͡ʂ ⟨zh⟩ | t͡ɕ ⟨j⟩ | c͡ç ⟨jh⟩ | |||
voiced | d͡z ⟨zz⟩ | ɖ͡ʐ ⟨zzh⟩ | d͡ʑ ⟨jj⟩ | ɟ͡ʝ ⟨jjh⟩ | |||
Fricative | voiceless | f ⟨f⟩ | sʰ ⟨s⟩ | ʂʰ ⟨sh⟩ | ɕ ⟨x⟩ | x ~ h ⟨h⟩ | |
voiced | z ⟨ss⟩ | ʑ ⟨xx⟩ | ɣ ~ ʁ ⟨gh⟩ | ||||
Liquid | voiceless | ɬ ⟨lh⟩
|
|||||
voiced | l ⟨l⟩
|
ɻ ⟨r⟩ | |||||
Glide
|
w ⟨w⟩ | j ⟨y⟩ | ɧ ⟨xh⟩ |
Wutun consists of six basic vowels, /a e i o u ə/ which are influenced to some extent by their consonantal environment.[5] For instance, vowels are velarized [ˠ] before "k", as in "ek" [əˠ] 'two' or "maidok" [metoˠ] 'flower'.
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i ⟨i⟩ | u ⟨u⟩ | |
Long | iː ⟨ii⟩ | uː ⟨uu⟩ | |
Close-Mid | e ⟨ai⟩ | ə ⟨e⟩ | o ⟨o⟩ |
Open | a ~ ɑ ⟨a⟩ |
Vocabulary
The greatest portion of Wutun lexical items is Chinese (but with their tones lost); a smaller one, from Amdo Tibetan, the local lingua franca; and an even smaller element comes from the Bonan Mongolian language.[3]
Grammar
The Wutun grammar derives from Amdo Tibetan. There is also a Bonan influence.[3]
History
A number of theories have been proposed about the origin of the Wutun villagers, and their peculiar dialect. The Chinese linguist Chen Naixiong infers from the vowel distribution of the Chinese lexical items in Wutun speech that their ancestors may have spoken an old Nanjing dialect. Others think that they may have been a group of Hui people (Chinese-speaking Muslims) from Sichuan who, for reasons unknown, converted to Tibetan Buddhism and moved to eastern Qinghai. In any event, historical documents as old as 1585 attest to the existence of the Wutun community.[3]
Today's Wutun villagers do not speak Chinese, but the knowledge of Tibetan is common both in Wutun and in
Erika Sandman said Wutun speakers most likely descend from Mongol and Tibetan women marrying newly settled Chinese soldiers in the 14th century.[6][7][8]
See also
References
- ISBN 978-951-51-2633-7.
- ISBN 3-11-013417-9, retrieved 12 November 2013,, North China: Intercultural communications involving languages other than Chinese
International Council for Philosophy and Humanistic Studies
- ^ ISBN 3-11-013417-9, retrieved 10 October 2013,, North China: Intercultural communications involving languages other than Chinese
International Council for Philosophy and Humanistic Studies
- ^ Asian Highlands Perspectives 36: Mapping the Monguor. Asian Highlands Perspectives. 2016. p. 276. Retrieved 12 June 2018.
- ^ a b Sandman, Erika (26 November 2016). "A Grammar of Wutun" (PDF). Helsinki.
- ^ [https://hal.science/hal-03427697/document Erika Sandman, Camille Simon. Tibetan as a “model language” in the Amdo Sprachbund: evidence from Salar and Wutun. Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics, 2016, 3, �10.1515/jsall- 2016-0003�. �hal-03427697]
- S2CID 146919944.
- ^ University of Helsinki. A Grammar of Wutun. PhD Thesis. Department of World Cultures. Erika Sandman. ACADEMIC DISSERTATION. p. 15.
Further reading
- Slater, Keith (2009). Review of Wutun by J. Janhunen, M. Peltomaa, E. Sandman, and Xiawudongzhuo. Asian Highlands Perspectives, 1: 367–371.
External links
- ELAR archive of Wutunhua (五屯話) primary data