Xiezhi
| Xiezhi | ||
|---|---|---|
Hanyu Pinyin xiezhi (xièzhì) | | |
| Wade–Giles | hsieh-chih | |
| IPA | [ɕjê.ʈʂî] | |
| Transcriptions | |
|---|---|
| Revised Romanization | Haetae |
| Transcriptions | |
|---|---|
| Romanization | kaichi |
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The xiezhi (獬豸
History
According to legend, the xiezhi, was a single-horned sheep or goat[b] which had power to divine the guilt or innocence of a person. Gao Yao, the minister of justice for the legendary Emperor Shun employed the beast during criminal proceedings, and he would command the sheep to ram (head-butt) the accused. The beast would ram the guilty, but spare the innocent. The account appears in Wang Chong, Lunheng (80 AD).[8][2][3]
In the same work (Lunheng), the legend is prefaced the remark that public offices are painted with the images of the beast and the minister.[3][2]
As a symbol of traditional Chinese law, xiezhi has been promoted by the Chinese dynasties. The judicial hat (法冠) was also referred to as the xiezhi after the mythical sheep/ox.[9] The xiezhi hat was part of the attire of censors (yushi) into the 8th century during the Tang period, especially for an impeachment trial.[10]
Legend has it that during the
Mentions of the xiezhi in Chinese literature can be traced back to the Han dynasty. "Rhapsody on the Imperial Park" (上林賦), Sima Xiangru mentions the xiezhi 解豸/解廌 "sagacious stag" among the prey in the year-end barricade hunt staged by the Son of Heaven.[11][12][13] Scholar Yáng Fú (杨孚)[c] described the xiezhi 獬豸 in his treatise Yiwu Zhi as a "righteous beast, which rams the wrongful party when it sees a fight and bites the wrongful party when it hears an argument".[14] It is described in the Shuowen Jiezi as being "a cattle-like beast with one horn; in ancient times. It settled disputes by ramming the party at fault".[15]
As an inherently just beast, the xiezhi was used as a symbol of justice and law. The
Etymology and Identity
Linguist and Sinologist Axel Schuessler reconstructs the Late Han pronunciation of this mythological animal's name (解豸 ~ 解廌) as *gɛʔ-ḍɛʔ. Noting that in Zuo Zhuan's chapter "Duke Xuan's 17th year",[16] "豸 is supposedly a graphical loan for 解 'understand'",[d] he suspects the gloss 解; xiè - when misunderstood - "ended up as a pre-syllable in the animal name" 豸 ~ 廌 and "may be responsible for the belief that this animal could tell straight from crooked, right from wrong."[1]: 620
Schuessler points out that the animal name 豸 ~ 廌
Linguist Juha Janhunen (2011) counts the "real goat-like animal (perhaps an antelope)" underlying 廌; zhì as one among many sources (besides the rhinoceros[22]: 192 and others) which inspired the 麒麟; qílín, and notes that both the zhi and qilin were one-horned animals which could tell right from wrong.[22]: 192 However, Janhunen thinks that the graphs 豸 and 廌, rather than being variants of each other, might have denoted different animals "but they became confused to the extent that both can be used in reference to the same range of vague folkloric and mythical beasts".[22]: 194
Schwartz (2018) identifies the 廌 as the antelope (羚羊; língyáng).[23]: 40–42
Homage
In 2022, a species of prehistoric giraffoid artiodactyl from early Miocene China, Discokeryx xiezhi, was named after the xiezhi in reference to a single bony plate on top of its skull which bore a resemblance to the horn of the mythical creature.[25]
In other places
Japan
In Japan, it is known as kaichi (獬豸), also sometimes referred to as a shin'yō (神羊, lit. 'divine sheep'). The kaichi is described as similar to a lion with one horn on the top of its head.[26]
Korea
The xiezhi is known as haetae (Korean: 해태) in Korea. According to Korean records, the haetae has a muscular leonine body covered with sharp scales, a bell in its neck, and a horn on its forehead. It lives in the frontier areas of Manchuria.[27]
In
In English, the haetae may be called "the unicorn-lion."[citation needed]
Gallery
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A xiezhi in Anhui Province, China -
A haetae at a Korean palace
See also
Notes
- variantsare 解豸, 解𧋈, 獬廌, 解廌, 觟𧣾, 觟䚦
- ^ Given as "one-horned sheep" (Chinese: 一角之羊; pinyin: yījiǎo zhī yáng) in the original Chinese. Forke rendered this "the monoceros [hsieh-chai] is a goat with one horn",[2] Karlgren as " kie-chai is a ram with one horn";[3] Karlgren and Forke read 觟𧣾/獬豸 as hsieh-chai and kie-chai respectively, but hsieh-chih is the Wade-Giles romanization according to references otherwise consulted.[4]
- Yáng Fù (楊阜) who flourished during the late Eastern Han and Cao Weieras
- Bernard Karlgren.[19]
- ^ In his 2009 book Minimal Old Chinese and Later Han Chinese, Schuessler treats 豸 and 廌 as variants of each other.[20]: 125 Earlier, Guangyun also treated them likewise.[21]
- ^ See also Janhunen (2011: 192-194)[22]: 192–194 and Schwartz (2018: 40-42).[23]: 40–42
- ^ whence Eastern Han Chinese *ḍɛB > Middle Chinese *ḍjeB, *ḍaɨB > standard Chinese zhì, zhài.[1]: 620 [20]: 125
References
- ^ a b c d e Schuessler, Axel (2007). An Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
- ^ a b c Wang Chong (1962) [1907], "Ch. XXIX: Auguries Verified (Shih-ying)", Lun-hêng：Part II. Miscellaneous Essays of Wang Ch'ung, Forke, Alfred. tr. (2 ed.), New York: Paragon Book Gallery, p. 321
- ^ JSTOR 40379201
- ^ ISBN 9780253056795
- ^ Wang Chong 王充 (nd) [c. 85], "Shihying, chapter 52" 是應篇第五十二, Lunheng 論衡 [Discourses in the Balance] (in Chinese) – via Wikisource,
儒者說云：觟𧣾者、一角之羊也，性知有罪。皋陶治獄，其罪疑者，令羊觸之。有罪則觸，無罪則不觸。斯蓋天生一角聖獸，助獄為驗，故皋陶敬羊，起坐事之。此則神奇瑞應之類也。
- ^ Wang, Tao [in Chinese] (1983) [1937], Jiweiju xiaoxue jinshi luncong 微居小學金石論叢/积微居小学金石论丛, Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, pp. 82–83
- JSTOR 40379201
- ^ Wang Chong, Lunheng (in Chinese),[5] cited by Yang (1983)[1937],[6] cited as source on xiezhi by Wang Tao (in English).[7]
- ^ Cui Hao(崔浩 d. 450), cited in the annotative work Shiji Suoyi ("Seeking the Obscure in the Grand Scribe's Records").[4]
- ISBN 9789811630415
- Shiji(91 BCE). quote: "於是乎背秋涉冬，天子校獵。…… 弄解豸"
- ^ "Account of Sima Xiangru A", in Book of Han (111 CE), quote: "於是乎背秋涉冬，天子校獵。…… 弄解廌"
- ^ Sima Xiangru, "Fu on the Imperial Park" (translated by David Knechtges) (2008). in How to Read Chinese Poetry: A Guided Anthology edited by Cai, Zong-Qi. quoted: "And then, as the year turns its back on autumn and edges into winter, the Son of Heaven stages the barricade hunt. [...] Paw the sagacious stag. p. 67-68"
- ^ Records of Strange Things (異物志) in Court Advisor Yang's works (楊議郎著書). quoted: "東北荒中有獸名獬豸一角性忠見人鬥則觸不直者聞人論則咋不正者" p. 27-28 of 980. Scanned by Chinese Text Project
- ^ SWJZ, "Radical 𢊁" quote: "𢊁：解𢊁，獸也，似山牛，一角。古者決訟，令觸不直。"
- ^ Chunqiu Zuo Zhuan, "Xuan 17", "zhuan" quote: (余將老，使郤子逞其志，庶有豸乎？); rough translation: "I will plead old age [to retire], and let Master Xi achieve his wish. Mayhap that shall lead to a solution / an understanding / clarity / decision?"
- ^ Du Yu (杜預), Chunqiu Zuozhuan - Collected Explanations (春秋經傳集解), "Part 2"; Sibu Congkan (四部叢刊) 1st edition version, "Vol. 11, Xuan 12 - 18", p. 186 of 190. quote: "豸解也"
- ^ Ministry of Education Mandarin Chinese Dictionary (《教育部國語辭典》) , entry 豸, quote: (辦法。)
- ^ Karlgren, Bernard (1969). “Glosses on the Tso Chuan,” BMFEA, 41: 1–158; gloss 349; cited in Durrant, Li, & Schaberg (translators) (2016). Zuo tradition: Commentary on the Spring and Autumn Annals. fn. 336 on p. 692.
- ^ a b Schuessler, Axel (2009). Minimal Old Chinese and Later Han Chinese. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
- ^ Guangyun, "rising tone, section 蟹, sub-section 廌" , quote: (廌：解廌。…… 豸：同上。)
- ^ a b c d Janhunen, Juha (2011) "Unicorn, Mammoth, Whale" in Linguistics, Archaeology and the Human Past: Occasional Paper 12. Kyoto: Institute for Humanity and Nature, Indus Project Research. p 189 - 222
- ^ a b Schwartz, Adam (2018). "Shang Sacrificial Animals: Material Documents and Images". In: Sterckx R, Siebert M, Schäfer D, eds. Animals through Chinese History: Earliest Times to 1911. Cambridge University Press; 2018:20-45.)
- ^ Shorto, Harry Leonard (2006) A Mon-Khmer comparative dictionary. Sidwell, Cooper, & Bauer (eds.). Canberra: Pacific Linguistics
- ^ Pennisi, Elizabeth (2 June 2022). "This ancient giraffe relative head-butted rivals with an 'amazing sexual weapon'". Science. Science. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
- ISBN 0-559-10836-2.
- ^ An Illustrated Guide to Korean Culture - 233 traditional key words by The National Academy of the Korean Language
External links
