Yañalif

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Yañalif
jaꞑa əlifba
Script type
CreatorVarious, primarily during the
Latin, some characters not available
 This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

Jaꞑalif, Yangalif or Yañalif (Tatar: jaꞑa əlifba/yaña älifba → jaꞑalif/yañalif, [jɑŋɑˈlif], Cyrillic: Яңалиф, "new alphabet") is the first Latin alphabet used during the latinisation in the Soviet Union in the 1930s for the Turkic languages. It replaced the Yaña imlâ Arabic script-based alphabet in 1928, and was replaced by the Cyrillic alphabet in 1938–1940. After their respective independence in 1991, several former Soviet states in Central Asia switched back to Latin script, with slight modifications to the original Jaꞑalif.

There are 33

Zhuang Ƅ, is not currently available as a Latin character in Unicode, but it looks exactly like Cyrillic soft sign (Ь)
. Capital Ə (schwa) also looks like Russian/Cyrillic Э in some fonts. There is also a digraph in Jaꞑalif (Ьj ьj).

History

The earliest written text in a

Gazaria was taken over by the Ottoman Empire
in the 15th century.

For centuries the some

Arabic language has only three vowel qualities, but Tatar has nine, which had to be mapped onto combinations and variations of the three existing vowel letters). Because of this some Turkic intelligentsia tended to use the Latin or Cyrillic script. The first attempts appeared in the mid-19th century among Azerbaijanis.[1] At the same period the Russian missionary Nikolay Ilminsky, along with followers, invented a modified Russian alphabet for the Turkic peoples of Idel-Ural
, for the purpose of Christianization; Muslim Tatars did not use his alphabet.

In 1908–1909 the Tatar poet

Yaña imlâ, was used in 1920–1927.[1]

During the Latinisation in the Soviet Union, a special Central Committee for a New Alphabet was established in Moscow. The first project for a Tatar-Bashkir Latin alphabet was published in ئشچی (Eşce, "The Worker") newspaper on 18 July 1924.[2] Sounds specific to the Bashkir language were written with digraphs.[1] Following the publication, the Latin dustь ("friends of the Latin script") society was formed in Kazan on 16 November 1924. It suggested its own version of Tatar Latin alphabet, which didn't cover Bashkir sounds.[3]

In 1926 the Congress of

languages to the Latin script. In April 1926 the Jaꞑa tatar əlifʙasь / Yaña tatar älifbası / Яңа татар әлифбасы (New Tatar alphabet) society started its work at Kazan.[4]

On July 3, 1927,

Ш (she). C and Ç were realized as in Turkish and the modern Tatar Latin alphabet and later were transposed in the final version of Jaꞑalif.[1]

In 1928 Jaꞑalif was reformed and remained in active use for 12 years. Some sources claim that this alphabet had 34 letters, but the last was a digraph Ьj, used for the corresponding Tatar diphthong.[1] Another source states that the 34th letter was an apostrophe. They also give another sorting of the alphabet. (Ə after A, Ь after E)[4]

After the introduction of Jaꞑalif most of the books which were printed in the Arabic alphabet were withdrawn from libraries.

No. Final version[5]
(1928–1940)		 Original version
(1927)		 Latin dustь project
(1924)		 Eşce project
(1924)		 Yaña imlâ,
stand-alone form		 Modern Latin Tatar alphabet
and romanization of Bashkir		 modern Cyrillic Tatar alphabet
+ some Bashkir Cyrillic 		IPA
1 A a A a A a A a ئا‎ A a А а /a/
2 B ʙ B b B ʙ B b ب‎ B b Б б /b/
3 C c Ç ç Ç ç C c چ‎ Ç ç Ч ч /tɕ/
4 Ç ç C c Ĝ ĝ J j ج‎ C c Җ җ /dʑ, ʑ/
5 D d D d D d D d د‎ D d Д д /d/
Đ đ
 Dh dh ذ‎ Ź ź Ҙ ҙ /ð, dz/
6 E e E e E e Э э ئـ‎ E e Е е (э) /e/
7 Ə ə Э ә Ä ä E e ئە‎ Ä ä Ә ә /æ/
8 F f F f F f F f ف‎ F f Ф ф /f/
9 G g G g G g G g گ‎ G g Г г /g/
10 Ƣ ƣ Gh gh Ĝ ĝ ع‎ Ğ ğ /ɣ/
11 H h H h H h H h ه‎ H h Һ һ /h/
12 I i I i I i I i ئی‎ İ i И и /i/
13 J j J j J j ی‎ Y y Й й /j/
14 K k K k K k K k ک‎ K k К к /k/
15 L l L l L l L l ل‎ L l Л л /l/
16 M m M m M m M m م‎ M m М м /m/
17 N n N n N n N n ن‎ N n Н н /n/
18 Ꞑ ꞑ Ꞑ ꞑ Ng ng Ꞑ ꞑ ڭ‎ Ñ ñ Ң ң /ŋ/
19 O o O o O o O o ࢭئۇ‎ O o О о /o/
20 Ɵ ɵ Ó ó Ö ö Ö ö ئۇ‎ Ö ö Ө ө /ø/
21 P p P p P p P p پ‎ P p П п /p/
22 Q q K k Q q Q q ق‎ Q q К к /q/
23 R r R r R r R r ر‎ R r Р р /r/
24 S s S s S s S s س‎ S s С с /s/
25 Ş ş Ш ш Ş ş Ç ç ش‎ Ş ş Ш ш /ʃ/
26 T t T t T t T t ت‎ T t Т т /t/
Ѣ ѣ Th th ث‎ Ś ś Ҫ ҫ /ɕ, θ/
27 U u U u U u U u ࢭئو‎ U u У у /u, w/
28 V v W w V v ۋ‎ V v В в /v/
W w W w و‎ W w /w/
29 X x X x X x X x ح‎ X x Х х /x/
30 Y y V v Ü ü Ü ü ئو‎ Ü ü Ү ү /w, y/
31 Z z Z z Z z Z z ز‎ Z z З з /z/
32
Ƶ ƶ
 Ƶ ƶ Ƶ ƶ Ƶ ƶ ژ‎ J j Ж ж /ʒ/
33 Ь ь É é Y y Ə ə ࢭئـ‎ I ı Ы ы /ɯ, ɤ, ɨ/
(34.1)
ʼ
 ء‎ ʼ ъ, ь, э /ʔ/
(34.2) Ьj ьj Y y Yj yj Y y ࢭئیـ‎ Iy ıy Ый ый /ɤj/

Eşce (1924) alphabetical order:[3]

A B C Ç D Dh E F G Ĝ H I J K L M N Ꞑ O Ö P Q R S T Th U Ü W V X Y Z Ƶ Ə Э

Latin dustь (1924) alphabetical order:[3]

A B Ĝ Ç D E Ä Y F Gh G H I J Q K L M N Ng Ö O P R S T U Ü W X Z Ƶ Ş

Original Jaꞑalif (1927) alphabetical order:

A B C Ç D E É Э F G H I J K L M N Ꞑ O Ó P R S T U V X Y Z Ƶ Ш W

Decline

Using two different alphabets for Russian and Turkic languages was problematic: people had to learn two different alphabets, confusing letters of one alphabet for letters from another, and Turkic languages had to use specific typewriters instead of sharing typewriters with Russian. In order to overcome these issues, a decision was made to convert Turkic languages to Cyrillic. In 1939 the Soviet government prohibited Jaꞑalif although it remained in use until January 1940.[

Radio Free Europe
.

For 12 years of usage the Latin script, Arabic script (and not only Jaña imlâ, but İske imlâ too) also were used. One of the

Moabit Notebooks
was written in Jaꞑalif, and another was written in Arabic letters. Both notebooks were written in German prison, after 1939, the year when the Cyrillic script was established.

Restoring Jañalif

Ŋ, that was used in Jaꞑalif and is represented in Unicode since 6.0. Only some Tatar fonts use this glyph at the position of Ñ
.

In the 1990s some wanted to restore Jaꞑalif, or Jaꞑalif+W, as being appropriate for the modern Tatar phonetics. But technical problems, such as font problems and the disuse of

Uniform Turkic alphabet among other peoples, forced the use of a "Turkish-based alphabet". In 2000 such an alphabet was adopted by the Tatarstan government, but in 2002 it was abolished by the Russian Federation.[1]

Inalif

The "Internet-style" alphabet named Inalif after

transliteration of Russian
. Like in Jaꞑalif, ⟨j⟩ represent [j], and ⟨zh⟩ is used for [ʒ], corresponding to ⟨ƶ⟩ in Jaꞑalif. ⟨x⟩ isn't used in Inalif, and ⟨kh⟩ is used instead. Other changes include: ⟨ä⟩ → ⟨a'⟩; ⟨ö⟩ → ⟨o'⟩; ⟨ü⟩ → ⟨u'⟩; ⟨ç⟩ → ⟨ch⟩; ⟨ğ⟩ → ⟨gh⟩; ⟨ñ⟩ → ⟨ng⟩; ⟨ş⟩ → ⟨sh⟩. The sorting order of Inalif isn't specified, but in practice, the English sorting order is used. Inalif is used only on the Internet.

Sources

  1. ^ a b c d e f (in Russian) М.З. Закиев. Тюрко-татарское письмо. История, состояние, перспективы. Москва, "Инсан", 2005
  2. ^ "Вопросы совершенствования алфавитов тюркших языков СССР: Сборник статей". 1972.
  3. ^ a b c Курбатов, Хәлиф Рәхим улы (1960), Татар теленең алфавиты hәм орфография тарихы, Kazan: Tatar Book Publishers, p. 71
  4. ^
    Republic of Tatarstan
    Academy of Sciences. Institution of the Tatar Encyclopaedia. 2002.
  5. ^ Әхмәров, Ҡасим Закир улы (1972), Башҡорт яҙыуы тарихенән, Ufa: Башҡортостан китап нәшриәте, p. 67

See also

External links

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