Yaghnobis

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Yaghnobi people
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Yaghnobis
yaγnōbī́t, яғнобиҳо
Total population
c. 25,000
Varzob Rivers, Zafarobod District and elsewhere in Tajikistan
Languages
Yaghnobi, Tajik, Uzbek
Religion
Predominantly Sunni Islam
Related ethnic groups
Other Iranian peoples
Especially Ossetians and Wakhis

The Yaghnobi people (

Yaghnob, Qul and Varzob rivers. The Yaghnobis are considered to be descendants of the Sogdian-speaking peoples[2] who once inhabited most of Central Asia beyond the Amu Darya River in what was ancient Sogdia
.

They speak the

Zarafshan area of Tajikistan by the Yaghnobi people, and is also taught at schools.[3] It is considered to be a direct descendant of Sogdian and has often been called Neo-Sogdian in academic literature.[4]

The 1926 and 1939 census data gives the number of Yaghnobi language speakers as approximately 1,800. In 1955, M. Bogolyubov estimated the number of Yaghnobi native speakers as more than 2,000. In 1972, A. Khromov estimated 1,509 native speakers in the Yaghnob valley and about 900 elsewhere. The estimated number of Yaghnobi people is approximately 25,000.[1]

The

Kurdish languages and Parthian language.[5] It possesses a large historic literary corpus.[5]

History

Yaghnobi children

Antiquity

Their traditional occupations were in agriculture, growing produce such as barley, wheat, and

legumes as well as breeding cattle, oxen and asses. There were traditional handicrafts including weaving which was mostly done by the men. The women worked on moulding earthenware crockery.[6]

The Yaghnobi people originated from the

Sogdiana
was defeated. In that period Yaghnobis settled in the high valleys.

pre-20th century

The ancient

Sogdians fled to the Yaghnob Valley to escape the medieval Arab Caliphate, and their direct descendants, the Yaghnobi, lived there in peaceful isolation until the 1820s.[7][8]

20th century

Until the 20th century the Yaghnobis lived through their

semi-desert lowlands of Tajikistan.[9][10]

Yaghnobi boy in Ayni, Tajikistan

In the 1970s,

Yaghnob River, Piskon, was removed from official maps. Officials also destroyed Yaghnobi religious books, the oldest of which was 600 years old.[citation needed] Yaghnobi ethnicity was officially abolished by the Soviet government.[citation needed
]

A group of Yaghnobi-speaking schoolchildren from Tajikistan

Since 1983, families have begun to return to the Yaghnob Valley. The majority of those that remain on the plains tend to be assimilated with the Tajiks,[14][15] as their children study in school in the Tajik language. The returnees live through the natural economy, and the majority remain without roads and electricity.

21st century

The

Yaghnob River, the Yaghnob Valley, the Qul River, the Varzob rivers and the town of Anzob.[16]

Religion

The Yaghnobi people are

Sunni Muslims but a few also profess Isma'ilism.[18][19][20] Some elements of pre-Islamic religion (probably Zoroastrianism) are still preserved.[21]

Genetics

Haplogroups

The main

R1 (R-M173) and found at a frequency of around 48%. The second most common haplogroup is J, which is found at round 32%. The third most common haplogroup is L-M20 at a rate of approximately 10%.[22]

Autosomal DNA

Yaghnobis as well as

Baikal EBA groups (a population with 80-95% Ancient Northeast Asian and 5-20% Ancient North Eurasian ancestry). Based on the genetic makeup of ancient and modern Central Asian populations, it was found that Yaghnobis and Tajiks show genetic continuity to ancient Central Asian populations, which can be associated with early Indo-Iranians of the Andronovo, Sintashta, and Srubnaya cultures, inhabiting Central Asia at least since the early Bronze Age, but maybe as early as the Neolithic period. The present-day Turkic peoples "emerged later from the admixture between a group related to local Indo-Iranian and a South-Siberian or Mongolian group with a high East Asian ancestry (around 60%)".[23]

The Yaghnobis may be used as proxy for historical Central Asian

Steppe ancestry associated with the initial spread of Iranian languages.[24]

References

  1. ^ a b "The Peoples of the Red Book – The Yaghnabis". Retrieved 2006-11-25.
  2. ISBN 978-1-84511-283-7
    .
  3. ^ Inside the New Russia (1994): Yagnob
  4. ^ electricpulp.com. "YAGHNOBI – Encyclopaedia Iranica". www.iranicaonline.org.
  5. ^ a b "YAGHNOBI – Encyclopaedia Iranica". www.iranicaonline.org.
  6. ^ (in Russian) Большая Советская Энциклопедия
  7. ^ Jamolzoda, A. Journey to Sogdiana's Heirs www.yagnob.org
  8. ^ a b c "Discovery Central Asia: THE LOST WORLD OF THE YAGNOB". www.discovery-central-asia.com.
  9. ^ (in Russian) Вокруг света – Страны – - Таджикистан – Последние из шестнадцатой сатрапии
  10. ^ Loy, Thomas. "From the mountains to the lowlands – the Soviet policy of "inner-Tajik" resettlement". Internet-Zeitschrift für Kulturwissenschaften. Retrieved 2006-08-06.
  11. ^ Jamolzoda, Anvar (July–August 2006). "Journey to Sogdiana's Heirs" (PDF). yagnob. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2012-03-13.
  12. ^ "Tajikistan: The Sons of Somoni Strive to Preserve Distinct Cultural Identity". EURASIANET.org. June 22, 2012.
  13. ^ Loy, Thomas (July 18, 2005). "Yaghnob 1970 A Forced Migration in the Tajik SSR". Central Eurasia-L Archive. Archived from the original on 2006-09-01. Retrieved 2006-08-06.
  14. ^ Paul, Daniel Paul; Abbess, Elisabeth; Müller, Katja; Tiessen, Calvin and; Tiessen, Gabriela (2009). "The Ethnolinguistic Vitality of Yaghnobi" (PDF). SIL Electronic Survey Report 2010-017, May 201. SIL International. Retrieved 26 August 2016.
  15. ^ Jenkins II, Mark D. (May 26 – September 8, 2014). "Being Yaghnobi: Expressions of Identity, Place, and Revitalization as a Minority in Tajikistan" (PDF) (Title VIII Final Report). Dushanbe, Tajikistan: American Councils Research Fellowships. Retrieved 26 August 2016. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  16. ^ a b c "Ягноб – Древняя Согдиана: Прошлое, Настоящее и Будущее".
  17. ^ Пагануцци, Н. В. (1968). Фанские горы и Ягноб (in Russian). Moscow: Fizkultura i sport.
  18. ^ L'Oeil de la Photographie (April 5, 2014). "Karolina Samborska Tajik Kitchen stories". The Eye of Photography. Poland.
  19. ^ Samborska, Karolina. "tajik kitchen stories". Karolina Samborska // Photographer.
  20. ISBN 0-7103-0188-X
    .
  21. ^ According to http://www.pamirs.org Zoroastrian Designs on Embrodiary
  22. ^ R. Spencer Wells et al., "The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (August 28, 2001).
  23. PMID 35031610
    .
  24. ISSN 0002-9483
    .

External links

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