Yakima River

Coordinates: 46°15′10″N 119°13′51″W / 46.25278°N 119.23083°W / 46.25278; -119.23083
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Yakima River
State Route 10 winds past the Yakima River near the town of Thorp.
Map of the Yakima River watershed
Location
CountryUnited States
StateWashington
CitiesCle Elum, Ellensburg, Yakima, Sunnyside, Richland
Physical characteristics
SourceKeechelus Lake
 • locationKittitas County, Washington
 • coordinates47°19′20″N 121°20′21″W / 47.32222°N 121.33917°W / 47.32222; -121.33917[1]
 • elevation2,520 ft (770 m)[2]
MouthColumbia River at Lake Wallula
 • location
Richland, Benton County, Washington
 • coordinates
46°15′10″N 119°13′51″W / 46.25278°N 119.23083°W / 46.25278; -119.23083[1]
 • elevation
344 ft (105 m)[3]
Length214 mi (344 km)[4]
Basin size6,150 sq mi (15,900 km2)[4]
Discharge 
 • locationKiona, RM 30[5]
 • average3,493 cu ft/s (98.9 m3/s)[5]
 • minimum225 cu ft/s (6.4 m3/s)
 • maximum59,400 cu ft/s (1,680 m3/s)
Discharge 
 • locationMabton, RM 60
 • average3,311 cu ft/s (93.8 m3/s)
Discharge 
 • locationUnion Gap, RM 107
 • average3,542 cu ft/s (100.3 m3/s)
Discharge 
 • locationUmtanum, RM 140
 • average2,430 cu ft/s (69 m3/s)
Basin features
Tributaries 
 • leftCle Elum River, Teanaway River
 • rightNaches River

The Yakima River is a

Lewis and Clark mention in their journals that the Chin-nâm pam (or the Lower Snake River Chamnapam Nation) called the river Tâpe têtt[6] (also rendered Tapteete),[7] possibly from the French tape-tête, meaning "head hit". The length of the river from headwaters to mouth is 214 miles (344 km), with an average drop of 9.85 feet per mile (1.866 m/km). It is the longest river entirely in Washington
state.

Course

The river rises in the Cascade Range at an elevation of 2,449 feet (746 m) at Keechelus Dam on Keechelus Lake near Snoqualmie Pass, near Easton. The river flows through that town, skirts Ellensburg, passes the city of Yakima, and continues southeast to Richland, where it flows into the Columbia River creating the Yakima River Delta at an elevation of 340 feet (100 m).

About 9 million years ago, the Yakima River flowed south from near

Missoula glacial outburst floods. Much of the flood water made way down the Columbia river Channel where a 'choke-point' known as Wallula Gap caused the restriction of flow. Floodwaters began ponding near the Tri-Cities resulting in the back-flooding of the Columbia's tributary valleys. Badger Canyon was an entry point for back-flooding of the Yakima Valley, successive floods left behind thick deposits of sediments in Badger Canyon and the Valley beyond. These flood deposits which were deposited in large quantities in short amounts of time changed the ground elevation within Badger Canyon causing the Yakima River to re-route north of Red Mountain and enter the Columbia River by present-day Richland.[citation needed
]

During the last

Missoula Floods further altered the landscape of the area, opening up the Horn Rapids area to the Yakima River. The West Fork of Amon Creek now utilizes Badger Canyon.[8]

The first western explorers to visit the river were Lewis and Clark on or about October 17, 1805. They stopped briefly at the confluence of the Yakima and the Columbia, although they did not proceed upriver. The river was then known to local Native Americans as "Tap Teel", although the area has been inhabited since prehistory.

Recreation

Rafters enjoying a summer day on the Yakima River at West Richland, Washington near the confluence with the Columbia River.

The Yakima River is used for

Class I and Class II rapids
, depending on the circumstances and season. In the Tri-Cities, the delta where the Yakima meets the Columbia has several hiking trails.

The dry climate, with over 300 sunshine days a year, draws visitors from Seattle, about two hours' drive away.[9]

Yakima Valley

The Yakima River Basin consists of approximately 6,150 square miles (15,900 km2) located in south central Washington State. It is bounded by the Cascade Mountains on the west, the

Washington Department of Ecology as the Upper Yakima Water Resource Inventory Areas (WRIAs) 38 and 39 and the Lower Yakima WRIA 37. The dividing line between these northern and southern sections is the confluence of the Naches
and Yakima Rivers.

A Syrah wine grown in the Yakima Valley AVA.

The Yakima River provides

apples and cherries are grown in the valley, as well as most (75%) of the United States's hops. Since the late 20th century, the wine industry has grown rapidly in the area. It is the location of the Yakima Valley AVA, a designated American Viticultural Area
.

Major landowners in the valley include federal and state agencies and the Yakama Indian Nation. Private ownership accounts for 1,246,818 acres (5,045.69 km2). The United States Forest Service manages 892,509 acres (3,611.86 km2), and the Yakama Nation owns 889,786 acres (3,600.84 km2) within the basin.[4] Forested areas in the northern and western portions of the basin occupy approximately 2,200 square miles (5,700 km2) and are used for recreation, wildlife habitat, timber harvest, grazing, and tribal cultural activities. Range lands comprise about 2,900 square miles (7,500 km2) and are used for military training, grazing, wildlife habitat, and tribal cultural activities.

Major population centers include the city of Yakima and the Tri-Cities area. Population growth for the 1990s was projected at 7.9% in Kittitas County, 19.7% in Yakima County, and 22.7% in Benton County. While much of the growth in Benton and Yakima counties has been in and around the incorporated areas, most of the growth in Kittitas County has been in unincorporated areas.

The Yakima River south of Union Gap

In addition to irrigated agriculture, the major economic driving forces include timber harvest and processing, cattle, and outdoor recreation. With the significant reduction in timber harvesting on federal lands and the implementation of the Northwest Forest Plan to protect the endangered northern spotted owl, the timber economy has been greatly eroded in recent years. The proximity to high population areas of the Puget Sound has caused a rapid increase in the demand for outdoor recreational experiences in the basin.[10]

River modifications

The Yakima River and its tributaries have been heavily altered for the purpose of irrigated agriculture. There are numerous dams and irrigation canals. Irrigation runoff is in places returned to the river through canal drains. The irrigation system in the Yakima's watershed causes periods of both severe river dewatering and elevated flows, relative to the historic streamflow regime. As a result,

USGS operates four streamflow gauges on the Yakima River. The highest average discharge recorded, 3,542 cubic feet per second (100.3 m3/s), is more than halfway up the river at Union Gap. The two downriver gauges show average flows of a reduced amount.[5]

180° panorama of the Yakima River as viewed from Highway 821.

See also

References

  1. ^
    USGS
    GNIS.
  2. ^ Google Earth elevation for GNIS source coordinates.
  3. ^ Google Earth elevation for GNIS mouth coordinates.
  4. ^ a b c d Yakima Subbasin Plan Overview, Northwest Power and Conservation Council
  5. ^ a b c Yakima River and Esquatzel Coulee Basins and the Columbia River from Richland to Kennewick, Water Resources Data-Washington Water Year 2005
  6. ^ Clark, William (18 October 1805). "October 18, 1805". Journals of the Lewis & Clark Expedition. Center for Digital Research in the Humanities with the University of Nebraska Press. Retrieved 24 December 2022.
  7. ^ "Search results for Place : Yakima (Tapteete) River". Journals of the Lewis & Clark Expedition. Center for Digital Research in the Humanities with the University of Nebraska Press. Retrieved 24 December 2022.
  8. ^ "Amon Basin Earthcache". Groundspeak. Retrieved 20 Feb 2013.
  9. ^ "Yakima Valley has wine and 300 days of sun", The Seattle Times, May 15, 2008
  10. ^ United States EPA Performance Plan
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