Sakha Republic
Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) | ||
---|---|---|
Республика Саха (Якутия) | ||
Other transcription(s) | ||
• Yakut | Саха Өрөспүүбүлүкэтэ | |
• Romanization | Saxa Öröspüübülükete | |
Verkhnekolymsky districts UTC+11:00 (Magadan Time) | | |
ISO 3166 code | RU-SA | |
License plates | 14 | |
OKTMO ID | 98000000 | |
Official languages | Russian;[8] Yakut[9] | |
Website | sakha |
Sakha, is its capital and largest city.
The republic has a reputation for an extreme and severe climate, with the second lowest temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere being recorded in Verkhoyansk and Oymyakon (second only to Summit Camp, Greenland), and regular winter averages commonly dipping below −35 °C (−31 °F) in Yakutsk. The hypercontinental tendencies also result in warm summers for much of the republic.
Sakha was first home to
The
On 27 September 1990, the area became the Yakutskaya-Sakha Soviet Socialist Republic, and on 27 December 1991, it became the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia).
Etymology
The
The
Geography
- Borders:
- internal: Chukotka Autonomous Okrug (660 km) (East and Northeast), Magadan Oblast (1520 km) (East), Khabarovsk Krai (2130 km) (Southeast), Amur Oblast (South), Zabaykalsky Krai (South), Irkutsk Oblast (South and Southwest), Krasnoyarsk Krai (West).
- water: Eastern Siberian Sea) (North).
- Highest point: Peak Pobeda (3,003 m), Mus-Khaya MountainPeak (2959 m or 3,011 m)
- Maximum N–S distance: 2,500 km (1,600 mi)
- Maximum E–W distance: 2,000 km (1,200 mi)
Sakha stretches to the
Sakha can be divided into three great vegetation belts. About 40% of Sakha lies above the
The Sakha Republic is the site of Pleistocene Park, a project directed at recreating Pleistocene tundra grasslands by stimulating the growth of grass with the introduction of animals which thrived in the region during the late Pleistocene – early Holocene period.
Time zones
Yakutsk Time | UTC+09:00 |
Vladivostok Time | UTC+10:00 |
Magadan Time | UTC+11:00 |
Sakha is the only
Map | Time zone | Abbr. | UTC offset | Areas |
---|---|---|---|---|
Yakutsk Time | YAKT | UTC+09:00 | Most of the republic's territory | |
Vladivostok Time | VLAT | UTC+10:00 | Districts of Verkhoyansky
| |
Magadan Time | MAGT | UTC+11:00 | Districts of Verkhnekolymsky
|
Rivers
The largest river is the navigable
- Lena River
- Vilyuy River(2,650 km) Lena River tributary
- Markha River(1,181 km) Vilyuy River tributary
- Morkoka River(812 km) Markha River tributary
- Tyung River(1,092 km) Vilyuy River tributary
- Aldan River(2,273 km) Lena River tributary
- Amga River(1,462 km) Aldan River tributary
- Maya River(1,053 km) Aldan River tributary
- Uchur River(812 km) Aldan River tributary
- Olyokma River(1,320 km) Lena River tributary
- Linde River(804 km) Lena River tributary
- Nyuya River(798 km) Lena River tributary
- Olenyok River(2,292 km)
- Kolyma River(2,129 km)
- Indigirka River(1,726 km)
- Selennyakh River(796 km) Indigirka River tributary
- Alazeya River(1,590 km)
- Anabar River(939 km)
- Yana River(872 km)
- Adycha River(715 km) Yana River tributary
- Oldzho River(330 km) Yana River tributary
- Bytantay River(620 km) Yana River tributary
Lakes
There are over 800,000 lakes in the republic.[18] Major lakes and reservoirs include:
- Lake Bolshoye Morskoye
- Lake Bustakh
- Emanda
- Lake Mogotoyevo
- Nedzheli
- Lake Nerpichye
- Lake Ozhogino
- Lake Suturuokha
- Tabanda
- Ulakhan-Kyuel
- Vilyuy Reservoir
Mountains
Sakha's greatest mountain range, the Verkhoyansk Range, runs parallel and east of the Lena River, forming a great arc that begins in the Sea of Okhotsk and ends in the Laptev Sea.
The
The Stanovoy Range borders Sakha in the south.
Peninsulas
The Republic's extensive coastline contains a number of peninsulas; from west to east the most prominent are:
- Uryung-Tumus Peninsula
- Nordvik Peninsula
- Terpyay-Tumsa Peninsula
- Bykovsky Peninsula
- Buor-Khaya Peninsula
- Manyko Peninsula
- Shirokostan Peninsula
- Merkushina Strelka Peninsula
- Lopatka Peninsula
- Dogukan Peninsula
Islands
From west to east the main islands of Sakha are:
- Preobrazheniya Island
- Bolshoy Begichev Island
- Maliy Begichev Island
- Peschany Island
- Salkay Island
- Orto Ary
- Daldalakh
- Dyangylakh Island
- Dunay Islands
- Leykina Island
- Islands of the Lena Delta
- Brusneva Island
- Muostakh Island
- Ulakhan Ary Island
- Yarok Island
- Shelonsky Islands
- Makar Island
- Stolbovoy Island
- New Siberian Islands (by far the largest group)
- De Long Islands
- Medvezhyi Islands
- Kolesovsky Island
- Kolesovskaya Otmel
- Gabyshevskiy Island
- Kamenka Island
- Markhayanovskiy Island
- Gusmp Island
- Sukhanyy Island
Natural resources
Sakha is well endowed with raw materials. The soil contains large reserves of oil, gas, coal, diamonds, gold, silver, tin, tungsten and many others. Sakha produces 99% of all Russian diamonds and over 25% of the diamonds mined in the world.[19][20]
Climate
Sakha is known for its climate extremes, with the Verkhoyansk Range being the coldest area in the Northern Hemisphere. Some of the lowest natural temperatures ever recorded have been here. The Northern Hemisphere's Pole of Cold is at Verkhoyansk, where the temperatures reached as low as −67.8 °C (−90.0 °F) in 1892 and 1885, and at Oymyakon, where the temperatures reached as low as −67.8 °C (−90.0 °F) in February 1934.
City | July (°C) | July (°F) | January (°C) | January (°F) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Aldan | 22.6/10.9 | 72.7/51.6 | −21.9/−30.6 | −7.4/−23.1 |
Neryungri | 21.8/10.9 | 71.24/51.62 | −26.8/−33.9 | −16.24/−29.02 |
Olyokminsk | 24.9/12 | 76.8/53.6 | −26.2/−34.6 | −15.2/−30.28 |
Oymyakon | 22.7/6.1 | 72.9/43 | −42.5/−50 | −44.5/−58 |
Verkhoyansk | 23.5/9.7 | 74.3/49.5 | −42.4/−48.3 | −44.3/−54.9 |
Yakutsk | 25.5/12.7 | 78/54.9 | −35.1/−41.5 | −31.2/−42.7 |
Saskylakh | 16.8/7.7 | 62.2/45.9 | −29.2/−36.7 | −20.6/−34.1 |
Tiksi | 12.1/3.9 | 53.8/39 | −26.7/−33.8 | −16.1/−28.8 |
Average annual
Administrative divisions
History
This section needs additional citations for verification. (March 2010) |
Pre-history
Early history
The
The Sakha displaced earlier, much smaller populations who lived on hunting and reindeer herding, introducing the
Russian conquest
The
In August 1638, the Moscow Government formed a new administrative unit with the administrative center of Lensky Ostrog (Fort Lensky), the future city of Yakutsk, which had been founded by Pyotr Beketov in 1632.
The arrival of Russian settlers at the remote
Russian settlers began to form a community in the 18th century, which adopted certain Sakha customs and was often called Yakutyane (Якутя́не) or Lena Early Settlers (ленские старожилы). However, the influx of later settlers had assimilated themselves into the Russian mainstream by the 20th century.
Russian Empire
In an administrative reform of 1782, Irkutsk Governorate was created. In 1805, Yakutsk Oblast was split from Irkutsk Governorate.[33]
Yakutsk Oblast in the early 19th century marked the easternmost territory of the Russian Empire, including such Far Eastern (Pacific) territories as were acquired, known as Okhotsk Okrug within Yakutsk Oblast. With the formation of Primorskaya Oblast in 1856, the Russian territories of the Pacific were detached from Sakha.
The Russians established agriculture in the
production. The first steam-powered ships and barges arrived.Sakha's remoteness, compared to the rest of Siberia, made it a place of exile of choice for both Tsarist and Communist governments of Russia. Among the famous Tsarist-era exiles were the democratic writer
A Sakha national movement first emerged during the
Soviet era
Sakha was home to the last stage of the Russian Civil War, the
The early Soviet period saw a flourishing of Sakha literature as men such as Platon Oyunsky wrote down in writing the traditionally oral and improvised olonkho, in addition to composing their own works. Many early Sakha leaders, including Oyunsky, died in the Great Purge.
Sakha experienced significant collectivization between 1929 and 1934, with the number of households experiencing collectivization rising from 3.6% in 1929 to 41.7% in 1932. Policies by which the Sakha were harshly affected resulted in the population dropping from 240,500 in 1926 down to 236,700 at the 1959 census.[35]
Sakha's demographics shifted wildly during the Soviet period as ethnic Russians and Ukrainians, among other groups, settled the area en masse, primarily in Yakutsk and the industrial south. Previously, even Yakutsk had been primarily Sakha and Sakha-speaking. With the end of
Post-Soviet era
In 1992, after the
Demographics
Population: 995,686 (
Settlements
Largest cities or towns in the Sakha Republic
2021 Russian Census | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rank | Administrative division | Pop. | |||||||
Yakutsk Neryungri |
1 | Yakutsk | City of republic significance of Yakutsk | 355,443 | Mirny Aldan | ||||
2 | Neryungri | Neryungrinsky District | 53,409 | ||||||
3 | Mirny | Mirninsky District | 34,045 | ||||||
4 | Aldan | Aldansky District | 21,590 | ||||||
5 | Lensk | Lensky District | 21,392 | ||||||
6 | Aykhal | Mirninsky District | 13,370 | ||||||
7 | Udachny | Mirninsky District | 12,930 | ||||||
8 | Suntar | Suntarsky District | 10,302 | ||||||
9 | Nyurba | Nyurbinsky District | 10,138 | ||||||
10 | Vilyuysk | Vilyuysky District | 10,032 |
Vital statistics
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1897 | 269,880 | — |
1926 | 283,468 | +5.0% |
1939 | 413,198 | +45.8% |
1959 | 487,343 | +17.9% |
1970 | 664,123 | +36.3% |
1979 | 838,808 | +26.3% |
1989 | 1,081,408 | +28.9% |
2002 | 949,280 | −12.2% |
2010 | 958,528 | +1.0% |
2021 | 995,686 | +3.9% |
Source: Census data |
Source: Russian Federal State Statistics Service
Average population (x 1000) | Live births | Deaths | Natural change | Crude birth rate (per 1000) | Crude death rate (per 1000) | Natural change (per 1000) | Fertility rates | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1970 | 674 | 13,899 | 5,700 | 8,199 | 20.6 | 8.5 | 12.2 | |
1975 | 775 | 15,636 | 6,242 | 9,394 | 20.2 | 8.1 | 12.1 | |
1980 | 887 | 18,132 | 7,501 | 10,631 | 20.4 | 8.5 | 12.0 | |
1985 | 1,002 | 22,823 | 7,266 | 15,557 | 22.8 | 7.3 | 15.5 | |
1990 | 1,115 | 21,662 | 7,470 | 14,192 | 19.4 | 6.7 | 12.7 | 2.46 |
1991 | 1,110 | 19,805 | 7,565 | 12,240 | 17.8 | 6.8 | 11.0 | 2.32 |
1992 | 1,090 | 17,796 | 8,710 | 9,086 | 16.3 | 8.0 | 8.3 | 2.17 |
1993 | 1,072 | 16,771 | 9,419 | 7,352 | 15.6 | 8.8 | 6.9 | 2.08 |
1994 | 1,051 | 16,434 | 10,371 | 6,063 | 15.6 | 9.9 | 5.8 | 2.07 |
1995 | 1,029 | 15,731 | 10,079 | 5,652 | 15.3 | 9.8 | 5.5 | 2.01 |
1996 | 1,015 | 14,584 | 9,638 | 4,946 | 14.4 | 9.5 | 4.9 | 1.88 |
1997 | 1,003 | 13,909 | 9,094 | 4,815 | 13.9 | 9.1 | 4.8 | 1.81 |
1998 | 986 | 13,640 | 8,856 | 4,784 | 13.8 | 9.0 | 4.9 | 1.80 |
1999 | 970 | 12,724 | 9,480 | 3,244 | 13.1 | 9.8 | 3.3 | 1.71 |
2000 | 960 | 13,147 | 9,325 | 3,822 | 13.7 | 9.7 | 4.0 | 1.77 |
2001 | 954 | 13,262 | 9,738 | 3,524 | 13.9 | 10.2 | 3.7 | 1.78 |
2002 | 950 | 13,887 | 9,700 | 4,187 | 14.6 | 10.2 | 4.4 | 1.85 |
2003 | 949 | 14,224 | 9,660 | 4,564 | 15.0 | 10.2 | 4.8 | 1.86 |
2004 | 950 | 14,716 | 9,692 | 5,024 | 15.5 | 10.2 | 5.3 | 1.91 |
2005 | 950 | 13,591 | 9,696 | 3,895 | 14.3 | 10.2 | 4.1 | 1.74 |
2006 | 950 | 13,713 | 9,245 | 4,468 | 14.4 | 9.7 | 4.7 | 1.73 |
2007 | 951 | 15,268 | 9,179 | 6,089 | 16.1 | 9.7 | 6.4 | 1.92 |
2008 | 953 | 15,363 | 9,579 | 5,784 | 16.1 | 10.1 | 6.1 | 1.92 |
2009 | 955 | 15,970 | 9,353 | 6,617 | 16.7 | 9.8 | 6.9 | 2.00 |
2010 | 958 | 16,109 | 9,402 | 6,707 | 16.8 | 9.8 | 7.0 | 2.02 |
2011 | 957 | 16,402 | 8,992 | 7,410 | 17.1 | 9.4 | 7.7 | 2.06 |
2012 | 956 | 16,998 | 8,918 | 8,080 | 17.8 | 9.3 | 8.5 | 2.17 |
2013 | 955 | 16,704 | 8,351 | 8,353 | 17.5 | 8.7 | 8.8 | 2.17 |
2014 | 956 | 17,010 | 8,209 | 8,801 | 17.8 | 8.6 | 9.2 | 2.25 |
2015 | 958 | 16,459 | 8,233 | 8,226 | 17.1 | 8.6 | 8.5 | 2.19 |
2016 | 961 | 15,424 | 8,052 | 7,372 | 16.0 | 8.4 | 7.6 | 2.09 |
2017 | 963 | 13,954 | 7,817 | 6,137 | 14.5 | 8.1 | 6.4 | 1.93 |
2018 | 964 | 13,234 | 7,572 | 5,662 | 13.7 | 7.8 | 5.9 | 1.85 |
2019 | 967 | 12,819 | 7,611 | 5,208 | 13.2 | 7.8 | 5.4 | 1.82 |
2020 | 972 | 13,097 | 9,081 | 4,016 | 13.4 | 9.3 | 4.1 | 1.86 |
2021 | 12,309 | 10,600 | 1,709 | 12.5 | 10.8 | 1.7 | 1.73 | |
2022 | 11,824 | 8,319 | 3,505 | 11.9 | 8.4 | 3.5 | 1.62 | |
2023 | 11,194 | 7,721 | 3,473 | 11.2 | 7.7 | 3.5 |
Ethnic groups
According to the
- 469,348 Sakha(55.3%)
- 276,986 Russians (32.6%)
- 24,334 Evenks (2.9%)
- 13,233 Evens (1.6%)
- 11,203 Kyrgyz (1.3%)
- 7,169 Ukrainians (0.8%)
- 6,572 Buryats (0.8%)
- 5,620 Tajiks (0.7%)
Historical population figures are shown below:
Ethnic group |
1926 Census | 1939 Census | 1959 Census | 1970 Census | 1979 Census | 1989 Census | 2002 Census | 2010 Census | 2021 Census1 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
Sakha
|
235,926 | 81.6% | 233,273 | 56.5% | 226,053 | 46.4% | 285,749 | 43.0% | 313,917 | 36.9% | 365,236 | 33.4% | 432,290 | 45.5% | 466,492 | 49.9% | 469,348 | 55.3% |
Dolgans | 0 | 0.0% | 10 | 0.0% | 64 | 0.0% | 408 | 0.0% | 1,272 | 0.1% | 1,906 | 0.2% | 2,147 | 0.3% | ||||
Evenks | 13,502 | 4.7% | 10,432 | 2.5% | 9,505 | 2.0% | 9,097 | 1.4% | 11,584 | 1.4% | 14,428 | 1.3% | 18,232 | 1.9% | 21,008 | 2.2% | 24,334 | 2.9% |
Evens | 738 | 0.3% | 3,133 | 0.8% | 3,537 | 0.7% | 6,471 | 1.0% | 5,763 | 0.7% | 8,668 | 0.8% | 11,657 | 1.2% | 15,071 | 1.6% | 13,233 | 1.6% |
Yukaghir
|
396 | 0.1% | 267 | 0.1% | 285 | 0.1% | 400 | 0.1% | 526 | 0.1% | 697 | 0.1% | 1,097 | 0.1% | 1,281 | 0.1% | 1,510 | 0.2% |
Chukchis
|
1,298 | 0.4% | 400 | 0.1% | 325 | 0.1% | 387 | 0.1% | 377 | 0.0% | 473 | 0.0% | 602 | 0.1% | 670 | 0.1% | 709 | 0.1% |
Russians | 30,156 | 10.4% | 146,741 | 35.5% | 215,328 | 44.2% | 314,308 | 47.3% | 429,588 | 50.4% | 550,263 | 50.3% | 390,671 | 41.2% | 353,649 | 37.8% | 276,986 | 32.6% |
Ukrainians | 138 | 0.0% | 4,229 | 1.0% | 12,182 | 2.5% | 20,253 | 3.0% | 46,326 | 5.4% | 77,114 | 7.0% | 34,633 | 3.6% | 20,341 | 2.2% | 7,169 | 0.8% |
Tatars | 1,671 | 0.6% | 4,420 | 1.1% | 5,172 | 1.1% | 7,678 | 1.2% | 10.976 | 1.3% | 17,478 | 1.6% | 10,768 | 1.1% | 8,122 | 0.9% | 4,262 | 0.5% |
Others | 5,260 | 1.8% | 10,303 | 2.5% | 14,956 | 3.1% | 19,770 | 3.0% | 32,719 | 3.8% | 59,300 | 5.4% | 48,058 | 5.1% | 46,124 | 4.9% | 49,070 | 5.8% |
1 146,918 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.[42] |
Languages
The official languages are both Russian and
The Sakha Republic is also home to many of the world's speakers of Tungusic languages, primarily of Evenki and Even. Additionally, Chukchi and the lects of the Yukaghir language family are spoken in the northeast.
Ethnicity | Native language | ||
---|---|---|---|
Russian | Sakha |
Other | |
Russians | 99.4% | 0.4% | 0.2% |
Yakuts | 5.0% | 95.0% | 0.0% |
Evenks | 12.3% | 72.4% | 15.3% |
Evens | 10.7% | 60.2% | 29.1% |
Religion
Before the arrival of the Russian Empire, the majority of the local population was
Currently,[when?] while Orthodox Christianity maintains a following (however, with very few priests willing to be stationed outside of Yakutsk), there is interest and activity toward renewing the traditional religions. As of 2008, Orthodox leaders described the worldview of the republic's indigenous population (or, rather, those among the population who are not completely indifferent to religion) as dvoyeverie (dual belief system), or a "tendency toward syncretism", as evidenced by the locals sometimes first inviting a shaman, and then an Orthodox priest to carry out their rites in connection with some event in their life.[48]
According to the Information Center under the President of Sakha Republic (Информационный центр при Президенте РС(Я)), the religious demography of the republic was as follows:[49] Orthodoxy: 44.9%, Shamanism: 26.2%, Non-religious: 23.0%, New religious movements: 2.4%, Islam: 1.2%, Buddhism: 1.0%, Protestantism: 0.9%, Catholicism: 0.4%.
According to a 2012 survey,
Education
The most important facilities of higher education include North-Eastern Federal University (previously Yakutsk State University) and Yakutsk State Agricultural Academy.
Politics
The head of government in Sakha is the Head (previously President). The first Head of the Sakha Republic was Mikhail Yefimovich Nikolayev.[50] As of 2021, the head is Aysen Nikolayev, who took office on May 28, 2018.
The supreme legislative body of state authority in Sakha is a unicameral State Assembly known as the Il Tumen. The government of the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic is the executive body of state authority.
The republic fosters close cultural, political, economic, and industrial relations with the independent Turkic states through membership in organizations such as the
Economy
Industry generates slightly above 50%[
At the same time, the level of poverty among the population remains high.[54]
The largest companies in the region include Alrosa, Yakutugol, Yakutskenergo, and Yakutia Airlines.[55]
Transportation
Water transport ranks first for cargo turnover. There are six river ports, two seaports (
.Air transport is the most important for transporting people. Airlines connect the republic with most regions of Russia. Yakutsk Airport has an international terminal.
Two federal roads pass the republic. They are Yakutsk–
The
Media
NVK Sakha (national broadcaster company Sakha, Национальная вещательная компания Саха, "Саха" көрдөрөр иһитиннэрэр тэрилтэтэ), the largest media company in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The company owns dozens of TV channels in Yakutia, Russia, and other countries. The main broadcasting languages are Yakut, English, Russian and Evenk. It was founded in 1992 after the collapse of the USSR. 70% of the shares are owned by the Russian VGTRK, 25% are owned by Yakutia, and 5% are in free float. NVK Sakha owns its own animation and film production studios, and some music studios. Since 2018, it has also been streaming 24/7 on YouTube.
Culture
Points of interest in the city of Yakutsk include:
- the State Russian drama theatre named after Alexander Pushkin
- the Sakha Theater named after Platon Oyunsky
- the State Academic Opera and Ballet Theatre named after D. K. Sivtsev
- Suorun Omoloon, the Young Spectator's Theatre
There are a number of museums as well. These include the National Fine Arts Museum of Sakha, the Museum of Local Lore and History named after E. Yaroslavsky, and the Khomus Museum and Museum of Permafrost. In September 2020, the Gagarin Center for Culture and Contemporary Art was opened in the Gagarin District of Yakutsk.[57]
The Yakuts have fully preserved their native language, which differs significantly from other Turkic languages by the presence of a layer of unique Paleo-Asiatic vocabulary. The Yakut language has a developed literary tradition with many styles and genres, and the ancient Sakha epic Olonkho is recognized by UNESCO as a masterpiece of the oral and intangible heritage of humanity.[58]
In the 2010s, a movie boom began in Yakutia. The local film industry was labelled "Sakhawood".[59]
National days
- April 27: Republic Day
- June 21: Yhyakh festival (also known as Sakha New Year)
See also
- Cuisine of Sakha
- Lena Pillars
- Tukulan
- List of rural localities in the Sakha Republic
- Music in the Sakha Republic
- Tuymaada
- Yakutian knife
- Yakut language
Explanatory notes
- ^
- Russian: Якутия, tr. Yakutiya, IPA: [jɪˈkutʲɪjə]
- Yakut: Саха Сирэ
- ^
- Russian: Республика Саха (Якутия), tr. Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya), IPA: [rʲɪsˈpublʲɪkə sɐˈxa jɪˈkutʲɪjə]
- Yakut: Саха Өрөспүүбүлүкэтэ, romanized: Saxa Öröspüübülükete, IPA: [saˈxa øɾøsˈpyːbylykete]
References
Citations
- ^ Президент Российской Федерации. Указ №849 от 13 мая 2000 г. «О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе». Вступил в силу 13 мая 2000 г. Опубликован: "Собрание законодательства РФ", No. 20, ст. 2112, 15 мая 2000 г. (President of the Russian Federation. Decree #849 of May 13, 2000 On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District. Effective as of May 13, 2000.).
- ^ Госстандарт Российской Федерации. №ОК 024-95 27 декабря 1995 г. «Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов. 2. Экономические районы», в ред. Изменения №5/2001 ОКЭР. (Gosstandart of the Russian Federation. #OK 024-95 December 27, 1995 Russian Classification of Economic Regions. 2. Economic Regions, as amended by the Amendment #5/2001 OKER. ).
- ^ a b Minahan, James (2002). Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: S-Z. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 1630ff.
- ^ a b Constitution of the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic 53.1
- Federal Service for State Registration, Cadastre and Cartography. Archived from the originalon February 9, 2022. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
- ^ "Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved September 1, 2022.
- ^ "26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
- ^ Official throughout the Russian Federation according to Article 68.1 of the Constitution of Russia.
- ^ Constitution of the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic, Article 46
- Federal State Statistics Service.
- ^ a b Rosstat (Russian Statistical Service), 2010 Archived October 18, 2012, at the Wayback Machine (xls). Retrieved June 15, 2012.
- ^ Gamble, Jessa (January 28, 2015). "What's the world's coldest city?". The Guardian. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
- ISBN 978-0521477710.
- ^ Johanson, Lars (2021). Turkic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 89.
- ^ Victor P. Krivonogov, "The Dolgans’Ethnic Identity and Language Processes." Journal of Siberian Federal University, Humanities & Social Sciences 6 (2013 6) 870–888.
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Во многих случаях нам говорили, что при совершении тех или иных обрядов или просто действий приглашают сначала шамана, потом священника. Правда, именно в таком порядке, признавая христианство чем-то высшим по отношению к местной магической языческой традиции, но это соединяя. Даже среди тех представителей якутской интеллигенции, с которыми мы общались, это стремление к синкретизму было отчетливо приметно.
(An interview with Maxim Kozlov, a Moscow priest who had recently returned from a missionary trip down the Lena along with the Bishop of Yakutsk.) - ^ "РЕЛИГАРЕ – Современная религиозная ситуация в Республике Саха (Якутия): проблемы и перспективы". Religare.ru. Retrieved February 25, 2014.
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General and cited references
- Верховный Совет Республики Саха (Якутия). 4 апреля 1992 г. «Конституция (основной закон) Республики Саха (Якутия)», в ред. Конституционного закона №581-З 53-IV от 22 июля 2008 г. (Supreme Council of the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic. April 4, 1992 Constitution (Basic Law) of the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic, as amended by the Constitutional Law #581-Z 53-IV of July 22 2008. ).
External links
- Official website of the government of Sakha Republic (in Russian)