Yakutsk
Yakutsk
Якутск | |
---|---|
City under republican jurisdiction[1] | |
Other transcription(s) | |
• Yakut | Дьокуускай |
Postal code(s)[7] | 677xxx |
Dialing code(s) | +7 4112[8] |
OKTMO ID | 98701000001 |
City Day | Second Sunday of September |
Yakutsk (Russian: Якутск; Yakut: Дьокуускай, romanized: J̌okuuskay, pronounced [ɟokuːskaj]) is the capital city of Sakha, Russia, located about 450 km (280 mi) south of the Arctic Circle. Fueled by the mining industry, Yakutsk has become one of Russia's most rapidly growing regional cities, with a population of 355,443 at the 2021 Census.[9]
Yakutsk has an average annual temperature of −8.0 °C (17.6 °F),
Etymology
The city was founded in 1632 by the Cossacks and was originally called either the Lensky fortress or the Yakutsk fortress. The first version of the toponym came from the hydronym "Lena", the second, from "Yakutia", a synonym for Sakha, eventually became the main one in use. In 1708 it received city status as Yakutsk.[14]
History
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2023) |
The Yakuts, also known as the Sakha people, migrated to the area during the 13th and 14th centuries from other parts of Siberia. When they arrived they mixed with other indigenous Siberians in the area.[15] The Russian settlement of Yakutsk was founded in 1632 as an ostrog (fortress) by Pyotr Beketov.
In 1639, it became the center of the Voivode of Yakutsk, who became the most important Russian official in the region and directed expansion to the east and south.[citation needed]
Climate
Yakutsk | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Climate chart (explanation) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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With an intensely continental subarctic climate (Köppen climate classification Dfc, bordering Dfd), Yakutsk has the coldest winter temperatures for any city its size or larger on Earth. Average monthly temperatures in Yakutsk range from +19.9 °C (67.8 °F) in July to −37.0 °C (−34.6 °F) in December. Yakutsk is the largest city built on continuous permafrost,[16] and many houses there are built on concrete piles.
The lowest temperatures ever recorded on Earth outside
Yakutsk is an inland location, being almost 1,000 km (620 mi) from the Pacific Ocean, which coupled with the high latitude means exposure to severe winters and also lack of temperature moderation. July temperatures soar to an above-normal average for this latitude, with the average being several degrees hotter than more southerly Far East cities such as Vladivostok or Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk. The July daytime temperatures are even hotter than some maritime subtropical areas. The warm summers ensure that Yakutsk, despite its freezing winters, is far south of the tree line. In winter, Yakutsk instead is between 35 °C (63 °F) and 40 °C (72 °F) colder than the mildest cities on similar latitudes in Scandinavia.
The climate is quite dry, with most of the annual precipitation occurring in the summer months, due to the intense Siberian High forming around the very cold continental air during the winter. However, summer precipitation is not heavy since the moist southeasterly winds from the Pacific Ocean lose their moisture over the coastal mountains well before reaching the Lena Valley.
Climate data for Yakutsk/Jakutsk amsl , 1991−2020, extremes 1829–present
| |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | −11.5 (11.3) |
−2.2 (28.0) |
8.3 (46.9) |
21.1 (70.0) |
31.1 (88.0) |
35.4 (95.7) |
38.4 (101.1) |
35.4 (95.7) |
27.0 (80.6) |
18.6 (65.5) |
3.9 (39.0) |
−3.9 (25.0) |
38.4 (101.1) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −34.0 (−29.2) |
−27.9 (−18.2) |
−11.6 (11.1) |
2.6 (36.7) |
13.8 (56.8) |
23.1 (73.6) |
25.8 (78.4) |
21.8 (71.2) |
11.9 (53.4) |
−3.0 (26.6) |
−22.3 (−8.1) |
−34.4 (−29.9) |
−2.8 (27.0) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | −36.9 (−34.4) |
−32.9 (−27.2) |
−19.1 (−2.4) |
−3.7 (25.3) |
8.0 (46.4) |
17.0 (62.6) |
19.9 (67.8) |
15.6 (60.1) |
6.4 (43.5) |
−6.9 (19.6) |
−25.9 (−14.6) |
−37.0 (−34.6) |
−8.0 (17.6) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −39.8 (−39.6) |
−37.2 (−35.0) |
−26.0 (−14.8) |
−10.4 (13.3) |
1.5 (34.7) |
9.8 (49.6) |
13.1 (55.6) |
9.3 (48.7) |
1.3 (34.3) |
−11.0 (12.2) |
−29.6 (−21.3) |
−39.5 (−39.1) |
−13.2 (8.2) |
Record low °C (°F) | −63.0 (−81.4) |
−64.4 (−83.9) |
−54.9 (−66.8) |
−41.0 (−41.8) |
−18.1 (−0.6) |
−4.5 (23.9) |
−1.5 (29.3) |
−7.8 (18.0) |
−14.2 (6.4) |
−40.9 (−41.6) |
−54.5 (−66.1) |
−59.8 (−75.6) |
−64.4 (−83.9) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 10 (0.4) |
9 (0.4) |
6 (0.2) |
8 (0.3) |
20 (0.8) |
30 (1.2) |
40 (1.6) |
37 (1.5) |
30 (1.2) |
19 (0.7) |
17 (0.7) |
9 (0.4) |
235 (9.3) |
Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) | 27 (11) |
31 (12) |
33 (13) |
21 (8.3) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
4 (1.6) |
15 (5.9) |
22 (8.7) |
33 (13) |
Average rainy days | 0 | 0 | 0.2 | 3 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 3 | 0.1 | 0 | 75 |
Average snowy days | 26 | 24 | 16 | 9 | 3 | 0.2 | 0.03 | 0.1 | 3 | 24 | 27 | 25 | 157 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
76 | 76 | 70 | 59 | 53 | 56 | 62 | 68 | 71 | 78 | 78 | 75 | 69 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 20.7 | 102.6 | 252.8 | 296.8 | 288.2 | 334.8 | 334.0 | 262.9 | 170.1 | 96.3 | 66.9 | 11.5 | 2,251.1 |
Source 1: Погода и Климат[19] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: NOAA[20]
|
Climate data for Jakutsk/ amsl , between 1985−2015
| |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Average dew point °C (°F) | −42 (−44) |
−37 (−35) |
−24 (−11) |
−11 (12) |
−2 (28) |
7 (45) |
11 (52) |
9 (48) |
1 (34) |
−11 (12) |
−30 (−22) |
−41 (−42) |
−14 (6) |
Source: Time and Date[21] |
Economy
The primary economic activity stems from mining activities in the region, particularly coal, gold, and diamonds, with multiple mining companies having set up their headquarters in the city.[22] Precious stones and metals, particularly diamonds, as well as coal, are Yakutsk's major exports.[22] The export volume was $5.55 billion in 2021, making it the 16th largest out of eighty-five of Russia's federal subjects, although it contracted sharply (under $1 billion) in 2022.[23]
Yakutsk Airport is the main airport,[22] and Yakutia Airlines has its head office in the city, operating flights between Yakutsk and other main Russian cities.[24]
Tourism as an economic sector plays a small but growing role, thanks to the city's unique cultural heritage and natural attractions such as the Lena Pillars Nature Park, a UNESCO World Heritage site, and the Permafrost Kingdom, which is a tourist complex dedicated to showcasing the unique features of the region's permafrost.[25] With the Lena River navigable in the summer, there are boat cruises offered, including upriver to the Lena Pillars, and downriver tours which visit spectacular scenery in the lower reaches and the Lena Delta.[26]
In recent years, housing construction, with an emphasis on providing affordable housing, has been a focus, which was accompanied by the growth in the construction materials manufacturing.[22]
A sizeable portion of the republic's agricultural sector is located in Yakutsk, which accounts for 89% of the republic's meat and 34% of the republic's dairy production.[22]
Culture
There are several theaters in Yakutsk: the State Russian Drama Theater, named after A. S. Pushkin; the Sakha Theater, named after P. A. Oiyunsky; the Suorun Omoloon Young Spectator's Theater; and the State Academic Opera and Ballet Theater, named after D. K. Sivtsev.
Museums include the National Fine Arts Museum of Sakha; the Museum of Local Lore and History, named after
In 2021, the construction of the "State Philharmonic of Yakutia. The Arctic Center of Epos and Arts" began.[28]
The annual Ysyakh summer festival takes place the last weekend in June. The traditional Yakut summer solstice festivities include a celebration of the revival and renewal of the nature, fertility and beginning of a new year. It is accompanied by national Yakut rituals and ceremonies, folk dancing, horse racing, Yakut ethnic music and singing, national cuisine, and competitions in traditional Yakut sports.[29]
There is a local punk scene[30] in Yakutsk, with many bands.
The city has an increasingly vibrant film industry that has been gaining international recognition over recent years for its unique style and the way its filmmakers portray the region and its people.[31] The regional film industry has come to be nicknamed "Sakhawood".[32]
People in Yakutsk wear very fluffy and fuzzy clothing, and to cope with extremely cold weather they shelter indoors in warm housing, which is believed to reduce their increase in winter mortality rates compared to winter in milder regions of the world.[33]
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1897 | 6,535 | — |
1926 | 10,558 | +61.6% |
1939 | 52,882 | +400.9% |
1959 | 74,330 | +40.6% |
1970 | 107,617 | +44.8% |
1979 | 152,368 | +41.6% |
1989 | 186,626 | +22.5% |
2002 | 210,642 | +12.9% |
2010 | 269,601 | +28.0% |
2021 | 355,443 | +31.8% |
Source: Census data |
According to the results of the
In the
- Yakuts: 59.2%
- Russians: 26.4%
- Kyrgyz: 3.4%
- Evenks: 1.9%
- Tajiks: 1.7%
- Chinese: 1.4%
- Armenians: 1.1%
- Other ethnicities: 4.9%
Religion
Administrative and municipal status
Yakutsk is the
Towns Cities | Population | Male | Female | Inhabited localities in jurisdiction |
---|---|---|---|---|
City of Yakutsk (Якутск) |
360,194 | 170,872 (47.4%) | 189,322 (52.6%) |
|
Urban settlements | Population | Male | Female | Inhabited localities in jurisdiction |
Zhatay Urban Okrug (Жатай) |
11,436 | 5,647 (49.4%) | 5,789 (50.6%) | |
Rural settlements | Population | Male | Female | Rural localities in jurisdiction* |
Tulagino-Kildemsky Nasleg (Тулагино-Кильдемский) |
3,898 | 1,898 (48.7%) | 2,000 (51.3%) |
|
Khatassky Nasleg (Хатасский) |
8,836 | 4,273 (48.4%) | 4,563 (51.6%) |
|
Divisional source:[35]
Population source:[3]
*Administrative centers are shown in bold
Transportation
Yakutsk is a destination of the
Construction of a
The bridge had originally been planned to be a dual-use
The 2019 completion of a new rail line to the eastern bank of the Lena permitted the start of passenger rail services between Yakutsk and the rest of Russia.
Yakutsk is also connected to other parts of Russia by Yakutsk Airport.
Education and research
At the primary and secondary levels, the city has a number of
Twin towns – sister cities
Yakutsk is twinned with:[40][41]
See also
References
- ^ a b c d e f Registry of the Administrative-Territorial Divisions of the Sakha Republic
- ^ a b c Constitution of the Sakha Republic
- ^ a b The population density of the Russian Federation by constituent entities of the Russian Federation as of January 1, 2010. Gks.ru. Accessed March 29, 2020.
- ^ "26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
- ^ a b c d Law #174-Z #355-III
- ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
- ^ Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (in Russian)
- ^ Телефонные коды городов Большая Телефонная книга (in Russian). Retrieved November 10, 2010.
- ^ a b "Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved September 1, 2022.
- ^ "Climate Yakutsk". Retrieved April 13, 2022.
- ^ a b Погода в Якутске. Температура воздуха и осадки. Июль 2001 г. (in Russian)
- ^ Joe Phelan (March 5, 2022). "What is the coldest city in the world?". Live Science. Retrieved April 13, 2022.
- ^ Joshua Yaffa (January 20, 2022). "The Great Siberian Thaw". The New Yorker. Retrieved January 20, 2022.
- ^ Поспелов Е. М. Географические названия мира. Топонимический словарь ISBN 5-17-001389-2
- ^ "Download Limit Exceeded". citeseerx.ist.psu.edu.
- ^ "Вечная мерзлота и современный климат (geo.web.ru)". geo.web.ru (in Russian). Retrieved December 9, 2018.
- ^ "Greatest temperature range on Earth". Guinness World Records.
- ^ "Погода в Якутске - климатический монитор за январь 2001 года". www.pogodaiklimat.ru.
- ^ "Climate Jakutsk". Pogoda.ru.net. Retrieved November 8, 2021.
- ^ "Jakutsk 1991–2020". NOAA. Retrieved October 30, 2023.
- ^ "Climate & Weather Averages at Jakutsk weather station". Time and Date. Retrieved February 7, 2022.
- ^ a b c d e "Investor's Guide to the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)" (PDF). PwC. 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 31, 2022.
- ^ "REPUBLIC OF SAKHA (YAKUTIA) | OEC". OEC — The Observatory of Economic Complexity. Retrieved March 9, 2023.
- ^ "About Us Archived 2010-10-04 at the Wayback Machine." Yakutia Airlines. Retrieved on July 18, 2010. "JSC "Air Company Yakutia" Address: 9 Bykovsky St., Yakutsk, Russia, 677014." Russian address: "Contact Us Archived 2010-10-04 at the Wayback Machine." "ОАО «Авиакомпания «Якутия» Адрес: Республика Саха (Якутия), 677014, г. Якутск, ул. Быковского, 9"
- ^ "Yakutsk". Retrieved March 9, 2023.
- ^ "Yakutsk, Siberia: How to celebrate summer in the world's coldest city". Travel. June 25, 2019. Archived from the original on March 18, 2021. Retrieved March 9, 2023.
- ^ "Доев Дмитрий: «За пять лет в Якутии появилось почти три тысячи новых мест в учебных заведениях»". SakhaLife. August 31, 2022. Retrieved March 23, 2023.
- ^ "Доев Дмитрий: "С помощью ГЧП в Якутии создана принципиально новая база для учреждений образования и культуры"".
- ^ "Celebrate Ysyakh festival in Yakutsk…". Air Russia.
- ^ Sanna, Jacopo (January 11, 2019). "The Punk Scene in Yakutsk, Russia Turns Isolation Into Inspiration". Bandcamp Daily. Retrieved February 12, 2019.
- ^ "Why the Film Industry Is Thriving in the Russian Wilderness". Time. Retrieved August 27, 2021.
- ^ Luxmoore, Matthew (June 13, 2021). "Deep In Siberia, 'Sakhawood' Is Putting The Global Film Industry On Alert". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved August 27, 2021.
- PMID 9765165.
- ^ "Город Якутск: жители сквозь призму статистики" [City of Yakutsk: residents through the prism of statistics]. District administration of the city of Yakutsk (in Russian). April 7, 2023. Archived from the original on April 10, 2023. Retrieved August 1, 2023.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ City of Republic Significance Yakutsk Official website of the Sakha Republic
- ^ "По ленинским мостам - Инфраструктурный проект для Якутска одобрен президентом", Коммерсантъ (in Russian), no. 211, November 18, 2019
- ^ "Russian Berkakit-Tommot-Nizhny Bestyakh line completed".
- ^ Will Vernon (September 18, 2020). "Siberia's bizarre bumps (video)". BBC News.
- ^ Nikolaev, Michael E. (January 7, 2007). "The Most Valuable Possession of a Society is Education". Yakutia Today. Retrieved August 4, 2009.
- ^ "Города-побратимы". moiyakutsk.ru (in Russian). Moi Yakutsk. Retrieved June 26, 2020.
- ^ "Осмата по големина страна в света – на гости във Велинград". velingrad-bg.com (in Bulgarian). Velingrad. May 1, 2018. Retrieved June 26, 2020.
Bibliography
- Верховный Совет Республики Саха (Якутия). 4 апреля 1992 г. «Конституция (основной закон) Республики Саха (Якутия)», в ред. Конституционного закона №1077-З №1035-IV от 8 июня 2012 г. «О внесении изменений и дополнений в Конституцию (основной закон) Республики Саха (Якутия)». Опубликован: "Якутские ведомости", №7, 26 апреля 1992 г. (Supreme Council of the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic. April 4, 1992 Constitution (Basic Law) of the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic, as amended by the Constitutional Law #1077-Z No. 1035-IV of June 8, 2012 On Amending and Supplementing the Constitution (Basic Law) of the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic. ).
- Государственное Собрание (Ил Тумэн) Республики Саха (Якутия). Закон №174-З №355-III от 30 ноября 2004 г. «Об установлении границ территорий и о наделении статусом городского округа муниципальных образований Республики Саха (Якутия)», в ред. Закона №641-З №177-IV от 29 декабря 2008 г «О внесении изменений в Закон Республики Саха (Якутия) "Об установлении границ территорий и о наделении статусом городского округа муниципальных образований Республики Саха (Якутия)"». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Якутия", №243, 29 декабря 2004 г. (State Assembly (Il Tumen) of the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic. Law #174-Z No. 355-III of November 30, 2004 On Establishing the Borders of the Territories and on Granting the Urban Okrug Status to the Municipal Formations of the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic, as amended by the Law #641-Z No. 177-IV of December 29, 2008 On Amending the Law of the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic "On Establishing the Borders of the Territories and on Granting the Urban Okrug Status to the Municipal Formations of the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic". Effective as of the day of the official publication.).
External links
- Official website of Yakutsk (in Russian)
- Sakha Life Information Agency (in Russian)
- Lena Pillars at Natural Heritage Protection Fund