Yaminawa language
Yaminawa | |
---|---|
Yaminahua | |
Native to | Yaminawá and related peoples |
Native speakers | 2,729 (2006–2011)[1] Est. 400 uncontacted speakers of Yora (2007) |
| |
Official status | |
Official language in | Bolivia |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | Variously:yaa – Yaminawaywn – Yawanawámcd – Sharanawaswo – Shaninawamts – Yora |
Glottolog | yami1255 |
ELP | Yaminawa |
Shanenawa[2] |
Yaminawa (Yaminahua) is a
Yaminawa constitutes an extensive
Very few Yaminawá speak Spanish or Portuguese, though the Shanenawa have mostly shifted to Portuguese.[4]
Phonology
The vowels of Yaminawa are /a, i, ɯ, u/. /i, ɯ, u/ can also be heard as [ɪ, ɨ, o].[5] Sharanawa, Yaminawa, and Yora have nasalized counterparts for each of the vowels, and demonstrate contrastive nasalization.[6]
Bilabial | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plosive | p | t
|
k | |||
Affricate | t͡s | t͡ʃ | ||||
Fricative | ɸ | s | ʂ | ʃ | h | |
Nasal | m | n
|
||||
Approximant | ( l )
|
j | w | |||
Flap
|
ɾ |
[
Yawanawá has a similar phonemic inventory to Yaminawa, but uses a
Yaminawa has contrastive tone, with two surface tones, high (H) and low (L).[5]
Grammar
Yaminawa is a polysynthetic, primarily suffixing language that also uses compounding, nasalization, and tone alternations in word-formation. Yaminawa exhibits split ergativity; nouns and third person pronouns pattern along ergative-absolutive lines, while first and second person pronouns pattern along nominative-accusative lines. Yaminawa verbal morphology is extensive, encoding affective (emotional) meanings and categories like associated motion. Yaminawa also has a set of switch reference enclitics that encode same or different subject relationships as well as aspectual relationships between the dependent (marked) clause and the main clause.[5]
Notes
- ^ Yaminawa at Ethnologue (19th ed., 2016)
Yawanawá at Ethnologue (19th ed., 2016)
Sharanawa at Ethnologue (19th ed., 2016)
Shaninawa at Ethnologue (19th ed., 2016)
Yora at Ethnologue (19th ed., 2016) - ^ Endangered Languages Project data for Shanenawa.
- ^ David Fleck, 2013, Panoan Languages and Linguistics, Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History #99
- ^ "Yaminahua." Ethnologue. (retrieved 25 June 2011)
- ^ a b c Faust, Norma and Eugene Loos. (2002). Gramática de la lengua yaminahua. Serie lingüística peruana, no. 51. Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.
- ^ "SAPhon – South American Phonological Inventories". linguistics.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 2018-07-23.
- ^ a b "SAPhon – South American Phonological Inventories - Yawanawa". linguistics.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 2019-02-01.
- ^ "SAPhon – South American Phonological Inventories - Sharanahua". linguistics.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 2019-02-01.
- ^ "SAPhon – South American Phonological Inventories - Shanenawa". linguistics.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 2019-02-01.
External links
- Yaminahua language dictionary online from IDS
- Sharanahua Language Collection of Pierre Déléage (includes myths, shamanistic songs, and ceremonial songs) at the Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America (AILLA).
- Yaminahua (Intercontinental Dictionary Series)