Yanam
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Yanam
Yanaon | |
---|---|
Town | |
UTC+5:30 (IST) | |
PIN | 533 464 |
Telephone code | +91-0884 |
Vehicle registration | PY 04 |
Website | yanam |
Yanam (previously Yanaon) is a town located in the
Etymology
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History
There was a rumour among some natives that Yanaon was a
There is a rumour that the region was presented to the French General, the Marquess of Bussy, by the king of Vizianagaram as a token of gratitude for Bussy's help in his fight against the rulers of Bobbili. There remains a street named after Bussy in Yanam.
The French established a trading post at Yanaon in 1723, making it the third French colony established in India but gave up the area in 1727, after commercial operations proved unsuccessful, but was seized again by Governor-General Dupleix in 1731 but got confirmed by Nizam of Hyderabad in 1751. Until the end of Napoleonic wars, Yanam went under British control intermittently but was finally restored back to France again in 1814.
Aftermath of liberation
The Yanam coup d'état dated 13 June 1954 had enraged the French authorities of Puducherry. Rumours were spread to the effect that the French government were despatching a cruiser to Yanam to capture Merger leaders and to re-establish their authority. After the coup, the last administrator of Yanam, George Sala was recalled by André Ménard, then Governor General of Puducherry in June 1954.[5]
De facto transfer
Yanam remained under French control till 13 June 1954, when it joined the Republic of India by Indian military action. On 1 November 1954, after long years of freedom struggle the de facto transfer (Vāstavikāntaraṇa) of the four enclaves of
The Prime Minister,
1956 Treaty of cession
A treaty of cession was signed by the two countries on 28 May 1956.
Special administration status
According to Traité de cession dated 1956, the
The Article II of 1956 Traité de Cession which is valid in both English and French versions, states that,[7]
Ces établissements conserveront le bénéfice du statut administratif spécial en vigueur avant le 1er novembre 1954. Toute modification constitutionnelle à ce statut ne pourra intervenir, le cas échéant, qu’après consultation de la population
(The Establishments will keep the benefit of the special administrative status in force prior to 1 November 1954. Any constitutional changes in this status which may be made subsequently shall be made after ascertaining the wishes of the people.)
De jure Transfer
Treaty of cession was signed by the two countries in May 1956 was ratified by the
Merger with the Union Territory of Pondicherry
Pondicherry and the settlements of Karikal, Mahé and
Dates of important events of merger of French India
Establishment | Liberation | Referendum | de facto transfer | Treaty of Cession | de jure transfer | Merger |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pondichéry
|
Partial† | 18 October 1954[14] | 1 November 1954[14] | 28 May 1956 [15] | 16 August 1962[15] | 1 July 1963 into UT of Pondicherry
|
Chandernagore
|
N.A. | 19 June 1949[16] | 2 May 1950[17]: 180 | 2 February 1951[17]: 211 | 9 June 1952[17]: 280 | 2 October 1954 State of West Bengal
|
Karikal
|
N.A. | 18 October 1954[14] | 1 November 1954[14] | 28 May 1956[15] | 16 August 1962[15] | 1 July 1963 into UT of Pondicherry
|
Mahé | 16 June 1954[19] | 18 October 1954[14] | 1 November 1954[14] | 28 May 1956[15] | 16 August 1962[15] | 1 July 1963 into UT of Pondicherry
|
Yanaon | 13 June 1954[19] | 18 October 1954[14] | 1 November 1954[14] | 28 May 1956[15] | 16 August 1962[15] | 1 July 1963 into UT of Pondicherry
|
† Some communes of Pondicherry were liberated. The communes of Nettapacom, Tiroubouvane were liberated on 31 March 1954 and 6 April 1954 respectively. Also, some villages of Bahour commune were liberated around same time.[20]
Geography
The district lies in the delta of the Godavari River; the town is situated where at the confluence of the Koringa River, nine kilometres from the Bay of Bengal on the Circar coast.
Soil
Yanam's soil is
found in the black streaks. There are no minerals of economic value in the region.Irrigation
Yanam receives irrigation water via the Bank Canal, which begins at the
After its merger with the
Climate
Yanam's climate is characterised by high humidity (over 70% in the day and 60% in the evenings throughout the year), a hot summer season (with humidity of 68 to 80%), and plentiful rainfall. It enjoys the benefits of both the Southwest and Northeast monsoons. Average annual rainfall is 1226 mm.
Temperature
Temperatures in Yanam range from 27 °C to 45 °C in summer, and 17 °C to 28 °C in winter. From February, temperatures start rising rapidly until May, which is the hottest month, with the mean maximum around 37 °C and mean minimum around 28 °C. Humidity being high, the heat is exhausting. The maximum temperature on some days in May or early June, before the onset of the south-west monsoon, may touch 47 °C. The sea breeze affords some relief in the afternoons.
Similarly, pre-monsoon thunder-showers may also bring relief on some days. With the onset of the monsoon in June the temperature falls rapidly, and usually remains steady until September. In this season the mean maximum temperature is around 32 °C, and night temperatures fall rapidly until December or January, when day temperatures are around 27 °C, and night temperatures around 19 °C. At times the minimum temperature may drop to 14 °C. December and January are the coolest months.
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1843 | 4,000 | — |
1882 | 4,536 | +13.4% |
1884 | 4,552 | +0.4% |
1885 | 4,266 | −6.3% |
1900 | 5,005 | +17.3% |
1901 | 4,681 | −6.5% |
1911 | 4,727 | +1.0% |
1926 | 4,995 | +5.7% |
1931 | 5,249 | +5.1% |
1936 | 5,220 | −0.6% |
1941 | 5,711 | +9.4% |
1948 | 5,853 | +2.5% |
1961 | 7,032 | +20.1% |
1971 | 8,291 | +17.9% |
1981 | 11,631 | +40.3% |
1991 | 20,297 | +74.5% |
2001 | 25,511 | +25.7% |
2011 | 31,500 | +23.5% |
2014 | 35,000 | +11.1% |
As of 2001[update] India census,[22] Yanam had a population of 31,362. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. In Yanam, 14% of the population is under 6 years of age.
- 1843 – 4,000
- 1882 – 4,536[23]
- 1884 – 4,552[24]
- 1885 – 4,266
- 1900 - 5,005[25]
- 1901 – 4,681[26]
- 1911 – 4,727[26]
- 1926 – 4,995[26]
- 1931 – 5,249[26]
- 1936 – 5,220[27]
- 1941 – 5,711[28]
- 1948 – 5,853[26]
- 1961 - 7,032[29]
- 1971 – 8,291
- 1981 – 11,631
- 1991 – 20,297[30]
- 2001 - 25,511
- 2011 - 31,500
- 2014 - 35,000
Villages
Apart from the town of Yanam itself, Agraharam, Darialatippa, Farampeta, Guerempeta, Savithrinagar, Kanakalapeta, Kurasampeta and Mettakur villages fall under the district's jurisdiction.
Literacy
Yanam has a literacy rate of 80%, higher than the national average of 74.04%, with male literacy at 84% and female literacy at 77%.[citation needed]
French nationality
After liberation, the French government offered citizenship to the people living in colonies of
In Yanam, some 10,000 people chose French nationality. According to some estimates, nearly 120 to 150 Telugu families from former French India live in France. On the other hand, there are some French nationals living in Yanam and enjoying French pension (In Telugu, Guddi Pinchanu).
The Yanam French Peoples Association was formed and its president is Penupothu Suryanarayan. As of the 2000s, around 80 French nationals live in Yanam.
Court House (Palais de justice)
The Court building is situated in an ancient white monument building of French architecture. It is called the Palais de justice (
Dutch India
Yanam Judicial Magistrate Court is an ancient court formed prior to the French domain i.e. before 1725 while Yanam was as a Dutch colony. The Judicial Magistrate Court was existing then.
Subsequently, while this area came under the French on the reorganisation of French domain in 1725 the same court has been converted as French Court under French Law as a Judicial Court. Both civil and criminal cases tried there.
After independence
After independence, the court was converted as an Indian Court as a Judicial Magistrate Court, Yanam in 1956, whereas, the Regional Administrative Officer of Yanam was the judge of the court having both executive and judicial powers on civil and criminal cases.
After bifurcation of the judiciary, the court came under a separate Judicial Department of Government of Puducherry and under the administration of the
Notable people
First Laurel Poet of Andhra, Chellapilla Venkata Kavi (1870–1950), One of the duo of the famous Tirupati Venkata Kavulu lived here. There were poets such as the late Villa Reddi Naidu, V. Venkataswami Naidu. Some important politicians include Kanakala Tatayya Naidou and Md. Abdul Razzaq.
A prominent leader who was instrumental in the merger of Yanam into India was
Another prominent leader who was also key player in the merger was mayor Madimchetty Satianandam. He became prominent in Yanam politics during the 1940s and after the election of 1948, he was elected as mayor of Yanam. When he switched to pro-merger camp headed by Dadala, his home got pillaged by people. Aftermath liberation, his involvement in Yanam politics reduced gradually.
In early 20th century,
One of Bapa Naidou's councillors in the "
Bezawada charan Naidou's bitter opponent The Grand Old Man of Yanam,
Venugopala Rao Naidou's son,
Malladi Krishna Rao is a politician of Indian National Congress and was Minister for Revenue includes Mines, Excise, Tourism, Civil Aviation, Sports and fisheries.
Present day
Local administration
Following the introduction of the Pondicherry Municipalities Act, 1973, four municipalities came into existence in
Yanam Municipality is composed of 10 municipal wards,
- Mettakur
- Ambedkar Nagar
- Vishnalayam
- Pillaraya
- Giriumpeta
- Farampeta
- Pydikondala
- Pedapudi
- Aghraharam
- Kanakalapeta
Legislative administration
As the people aspired for a popular government, the
After delimitation in 1964, Yanam was allocated with one seat in the
The present
Culture
Yanam has a mixed
Official languages
The official languages used in Yanam for most of the official purposed are Telugu and English. French is also an official language of Puducherry Union territory. Though it was official language of French India (1673–1954), its official language status was preserved by Traité de Cession (Treaty of Cession) signed by India and France on 28 May 1956 and Pondicherry assembly resolution in 1963.[3] It remained as de jure official language of Puducherry U.T by the Article XXVIII of 1956 Traité de Cession, which states that,[7]
Le français restera langue officielle des Établissements aussi longtemps que les représentants élus de la population n’auront pas pris une décision différente
(The French language shall remain the official language of the Establishments so long as the elected representatives of the people shall not decide otherwise.)
An official mention in Rajya Sabha Parliamentary debates during 2006 confirm that Puducherry have all these five languages as official.[36]
Tourism
Yanam is covered with coconut trees. It is located over the banks of the Gauthami Godavari River. The river Gauthami Godavari is one of the main branches of the river Godavari.[37] It enters the Bay of Bengal after flowing about 12 km through Yanam.
Yanam Ferry Road was inaugurated by the
Transport
Yanam is located on
The Yanam bus station is located in the town.
Festivals
Śrī Rājarājeśwara Kalyāṇōtsavālu
Śrī Rājarājeśwara Kalyāṇōtsavām at Yanam is an annual festival at Sivalayam celebrated for twenty days in the month of Māgha (January/February). Kalyāṇam will be performed on Māgha Śuddha Dvādaśi i.e., on the twelfth day of the festival. Lord's holy consort is Goddess Śrī Rājarājeśwari Ammavāru
Venkanna Babu Kalyāṇōtsavālu
The Kalyāṇōtsavam Festival is celebrated in the month of Phālguṇa (February/March) every year by the people of Yanam. The festival commences on Phālguṇa Śuddha Pāḍyami with Lord Venkanna Babu's Kalyāṇam. On that day he will be made bridegroom and then a procession on streets with chariots each day occurs and Ponnavōhanam, Ratha Yātra (Rathōtsavam) and Chakratīrtham are the important events of the festival. Vāhana Samprōkshaṇa (ritual cleansing of the chariot) will be done by priests every day for each Vāhanam used for procession. During the festival days, 150,000 devotees come to Yanam to receive the blessings of Lord Venkanna Babu.
The Ratham was built in 1950 by the then Committee under then Assemblée Répresentative, Kanakala Tatayya Naidou. The Ratham's weight is around 15 tonnes. It was partially damaged to the heavy cyclonic storm in November 1996 but was renovated in 1998. The Ratham was carried throughout the town in the early days. After the electrification work, the Ratham's route has been limited from Chinna Center to the Kotha Bus Stand. It is carried by devotees singing slogans and bhajans. The Government of Puducherry has declared a holiday for Yanam on this special event.
Catholic Festival
Every year in March, a Catholic Festival is celebrated. Devotees come and honor and pray to
Fête de Pondichéry
Fête de Pondichéry is a three-day annual cultural festival conducted by the Department of Art and Culture of the government of Puducherry.
Brahmotsavam
It is conducted for Lord Venkanna Babu in Yanam during the months of September/October and resembles the
Places of worship
Sivalayam
Lord Śrī Rājarājeśwara Temple is at Yanam on the bank of Atreya Godavari (also known as Corangi river). The temple was built by the Chalukya kings of Rajamahendravaram (Rajahmundry) in the 15th century. The sculptures of those period are present in the temple. Though Kalyāṇōtsavām and Rathōstavam has been performed since old days. It is carried by devotees singing slogans and bhajans.
The Kalyāṇōtsavam Festival is celebrated in the month of Māgha (January/February) every year by the people of Yanam. The festival commences on Māgha Śuddha Pāḍyami, Lord Śrī Rājarājeśwara will be made bridegroom and then a procession on streets with chariots each day occurs and Kalyāṇam, Rathōtsavam and Triśūlatīrtham are the important events of the festival. Vāhana Samprōkshaṇa (ritual cleansing of the chariot) will be done by priests everyday for each Vāhanam used for procession. During the festival days, devotees come to Yanam to receive the blessings of Lord Śrī Rājarājeśwara.
Venkanna Babu Temple
A Vishnu Temple is present in Vishnalayam street (Rue Vichenou) of Yanam named Alivelu Manga Sametha Shri Venkateswara Alayam. The God is well known as "Venkanna Babu", "Chaldikudu Venkanna" and "Meesala Venkanna". The speciality of the Temple is that the Swamy Idol has big moustaches like Lord Sathyanarayana Swamy of
The Venkanna Babu Temple had been performing child marriages during the pre-independence days. Due to the efforts of the Social Reformer, Shri
As the Yanam Region was under French rule, the people from the nearby state, came to the Temple to perform child marriages. Even people from Madras,
However, the temple was demolished for a facelift in 2020 and became an controversial issue in Yanam.[39]
Grand Mosque
The site for the mosque was donated by the French Government in 1848. At that time a small mosque was constructed. Then in 1956, it was remodelled. It was demolished in 1978 and a new mosque constructed. In 1999–2000, the mosque was expanded to become the Grand Mosque. Around 200 persons can pray in this mosque at a time. Every year, Ramadan, Eid al-Adha and Mawlid functions are celebrated. The mosque caters to the people of nearby villages like Thallarevu, Kolanka, Sunkarapalem. which are in the adjacent state of Andhra Pradesh.
Catholic church
The monument in remembrance of the Catholic French rulers is linked with the church named St. Ann's Catholic Church. Built in the European style, the furniture and decoration articles were imported from France. The church was built in 1846 by French missionaries. The foundation stone was laid down by Father Michel Lecnam who he died on 30 April 1836 before completion of the church work. In his remembrance, a culvert was fixed in the church. The church work was completed in 1846.
Sports
YSR Indoor Stadium is an indoor stadium in the city which has hosted matches of Junior National Badminton Championships, South Zone basketball championships as well as few volleyball and basketball matches. In 2011 the Indian Volley League's third leg matches were held there, and it became the home of the Yanam Tigers.[40]
See also
- Municipal Administration in French India
- Yanam Śrī Rājarājeśwara Kalyāṇōtsavam
- Yanam Venkanna Babu Kalyāṇōtsavam
- Yanam Venkanna Babu Brahmōtsavam
- Pondicherry (Lok Sabha constituency)
- Puducherry Legislative Assembly
- Pondicherry Municipality
- Yanam Municipality
- YSR Indoor Stadium
- French East India Company
- Dadala Raphael Ramanayya
- Coup d'État de Yanaon
- French colonial empire
- French India
References
- ^ "Census data". www.censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
- ^ a b "The Pondicherry Official Languages Act, 1965" (PDF). lawsofindia.org. Laws of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 May 2020. Retrieved 10 June 2019.
- ^ ISBN 9791036549892.
- ^ More, J. B. Prashant (2007). The Telugus of Yanam and Masulipatnam: from French rule to integration with India. M.S. pp. 30, 201, 268.
- ^ "My Struggle for freedom of French Provinces in India" autobiography written by Sri Dadala Raphael Ramanayya
- ^ "November 1 is Liberation Day". The Hindu. 30 August 2014. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
- ^ a b c "Traité de cession des Établissements français de Pondichéry, Karikal, Mahé et Yanaon" (in French). 1956. Retrieved 31 July 2022.
- ^ "Civil Affairs". Monthly Journal of Local Govt. and Public Administration in India. 1958.
- ^ Mathew, Pheba (16 August 2016). "Liberated from France 55 years ago, Puducherry celebrated 'De Jure Day' for the first time ever". The News Minute. Retrieved 3 July 2022.
- ^ "68th De Facto Merger Day of Puducherry to Be Celebrated on November 1". News18. 16 August 2016. Retrieved 3 July 2022.
- )
- ^ "Constitution Amendment in India" (PDF). Lok Sabha Secretariat. p. 87. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 2 December 2013. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ a b "The Government of Union Territories Act, 1963" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Scant footfalls at memorials as De jure day comes and goes". The Hindu. 25 August 2014. Retrieved 2 July 2022.
- ^ ISBN 978-01-98835-09-7.
- ^ "A vote for India, then and now". The Telegraph. 29 April 2014. Retrieved 2 July 2022.
- ^ ISBN 978-93-80607-23-8.
- ISBN 978-93-80607-41-2.
- ^ ISBN 979-10-36549-89-2.
- ^ "Liberated Communes in French India". The Hindu. 17 May 1954.
- ^ "The Union Territory of Pondicherry, Maps & Charts" (PDF). Ajaib Singh, Bureau of Statistics. Government of Pondicherry. 1963. p. 4.
- ^ "Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)". Census Commission of India. Archived from the original on 16 June 2004. Retrieved 1 November 2008.
- ^ Annuaire des etablissements français dans l’Inde pour l’année, 1882
- ^ Annuaire des etablissements français dans l’Inde pour l’année, 1884
- ^ Paul Pelet. Atlas des colonies françaises dressées par ordre du ministère des colonies, Paris : Librairie Armand Colin, 1900
- ^ a b c d e Annuaire des etablissements français dans l’Inde pour l’année, 1900-1948
- ^ p.4, Indo-Chine-Inde – 1936
- ^ p.144, La population de l'Inde, by Pierre Meile.
- ^ Census 1961
- ^ Manorama Year Book (1993), pp20
- ^ J.B.P.More (29 December 2008). "SAMATAM KRISTAYA, un Yanaonais mort pour la France". Retrieved 3 July 2022.
- ^ The Telugus of Yanam and Masulipatnam: From French rule to Integration with India (2007), by J B Prashant More.
- ^ "p.50. Proceedings of the Indian Science Congress, 1952 - Science". Indian Science Congress Association. 1952.
- )
- ^ "Directory of Indian Women Today, 1976". Ajīta Kaura, Arpana Caur. India International Publications. 1976. p. 251.
- ^ India. Parliament. Rajya Sabha (2006). "Parliamentary Debates: Official Report, Volume 208, Issues 18-19". www.gstcouncil.gov.in. Council of States Secretariat. p. 263. Retrieved 3 August 2022.
- ^ Baidyanath Saraswati (1984). The Spectrum of the Sacred: Essays on the Religious Traditions of India. Concept Publishing Company. p. 41.
- ^ "Ferry Road - Things to Know Before Visiting". www.travalour.com. Retrieved 10 August 2022.
- ^ J. Stalin, ed. (10 August 2019). "Madras high court upholds order on Yanam temple facelift". Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 11 August 2022.
- ^ The Hindu Retrieved 24 June 2011
External links
- Official regional website of Yanam
- Future of French India, by Russel H. Fifield (Associate Professor of Political Science at University of Michigan)
- Pravasandhrulu in France: identity and integration by Jonnalagadda Anuradha, France
- Official website of the government of the Union Territory of Puducherry
- Indian Ministry for External Affairs – 1956 Treaty of Cession
- The French and Portuguese Settlements in India
- Tourism in Yanam