Yarmuk (river)
(Redirected from
Yarmouk River
)| Yarmuk | |
|---|---|
Arabic) | |
| Location | |
| Country | Syria, Jordan, Israel |
| Region | Middle East, Eastern Mediterranean littoral |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Source | |
| • location | Hauran |
| Mouth | Jordan River |
• location | Naharayim/Baqura Area Israel/Jordan |
• coordinates | 32°38′39″N 35°34′22″E / 32.64417°N 35.57278°E |
| Length | Approx. 70 km (43 mi) |
| Basin size | Approx. 7,000 km2 (2,700 sq mi) |
| Discharge | |
| • average | 14.5 m3/s (510 cu ft/s) |
| Basin features | |
| Tributaries | |
| • left | Ruqqad, 'Allan |
| • right | Ehreir, Zeizun |
The Yarmuk River (
Latin: Hieromyces[1] or Heromicas;[2] sometimes spelled Yarmouk)[3] is the largest tributary of the Jordan River.[4] It runs in Jordan, Syria and Israel, and drains much of the Hauran plateau. Its main tributaries are the wadis of 'Allan and Ruqqad from the north, Ehreir and Zeizun from the east. Although the Yarmuk is narrow and shallow throughout its course, at its mouth it is nearly as wide as the Jordan, measuring thirty feet in breadth and five in depth. The once celebrated Matthew Bridge used to cross the Yarmuk at its confluence with the Jordan.[5]
History
Yarmuk forms a natural border between the plains to the north - Hauran, Bashan and Golan - and the Gilead mountains to the south. Thus it has often served as boundary line between political entities.[6]
Neolithic
The
Yarmukian is a Pottery Neolithic culture that inhabited parts of Israel and Jordan.[dubious ] Its type site is at Sha'ar HaGolan, on the river mouth[dubious ].[7]
Bronze Age
Early Bronze Age I is represented in the Golan only in the area of the river.[7]
Abila (Tel Abil) is attested in the 14th-century BC
Dara'a, Heet, Jalin; and the archaeological sites of Tell Shihab and Khirbet ed-Duweir (See Lo-debar).[6]
Iron Age
The
Persian empires the province of Ashteroth Karnaim laid to the north, and that of Gal'azu (Gilead) to the south.[6]
Hellenistic period
In Hellenistic times, the territory of
Dion sat on the eastern tributaries.[6]
Byzantine period
The Battle of the Yarmuk, where Muslim forces defeated those of the Byzantine Empire and gained control of Syria, took place north of the river in CE 636.
1905–1948
A fork of the
hydroplant of Naharayim, on the confluence with Jordan River, served Mandatory Palestine from 1932 to 1948.[9]
After 1948
Today, the lower part of the river, close to the
Franco-British Boundary Agreement). The area of Al-Hamma, or Hamat Gader
in the valley is held by Israel but claimed by Syria.
The Al-Wehda Dam was constructed on the border between Jordan and Syria in the 2000s. There are political agreements between Jordan and Syria (1953 and 1987) and between Jordan and Israel (1994), about the management and allocation of the shared waters of the Yarmouk.[9]
References
- ^ Meyers, E. M.; Brown, J. P. (October 27, 2017). "Hieromyces (river): a Pleiades place resource". Pleiades: a gazetteer of past places.
- ^ "TM Places". www.trismegistos.org.
- ISBN 9781472558299. Retrieved 2021-04-07.
- ^ It is one of three main tributaries which enter the Jordan between the Sea of Galilee and the Dead Sea; to the south there are the Zarqa (Jabbok) and the Mujib (Arnon) rivers.
- ^ "YARMUK - JewishEncyclopedia.com". jewishencyclopedia.com.
- ^ a b c d e Ma'oz, p. 420
- ^ ISBN 978-0195112153.
- ^ Yarmuk River railway bridges, 1933 aerial photographs. Aerial Photographic Archive for Archaeology in the Middle East / National Archives, London.
- ^ a b Hussein, Hussam, and Mattia Grandi. "Dynamic political contexts and power asymmetries: the cases of the Blue Nile and the Yarmouk Rivers." International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics (2017): 1-20.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Yarmouk River.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "Yarmuk (modern Shari'at al-Manaḍirah)". The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.- Yarmouk Hydro-Political Story Map by the UEA Water Security Research Centre
- Photos of Yarmouk river at the American Center of Research
| Mediterranean | |
|---|---|
| Persian Gulf |
|
| endorheic |
|
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
