Yazur
Yazur
يازور | ||
---|---|---|
Etymology: Yazur[1][2] | ||
Geopolitical entity Mandatory Palestine | | |
Subdistrict | Jaffa | |
Date of depopulation | 1 May 1948[5] | |
Area | ||
• Total | 9,742 dunams (9.742 km2 or 3.761 sq mi) | |
Population (1945) | ||
• Total | 4,030[3][4] | |
Cause(s) of depopulation | Military assault by Yishuv forces | |
Secondary cause | Influence of nearby town's fall | |
Current Localities | Azor,[6] Holon |
Yazur (
During the Fatimid period in Palestine, a number of important people were born in Yazur. In the modern era, the town was the birthplace of Ahmed Jibril, the founder of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command (PFLP-GC).
Yazur was depopulated and mostly destroyed during the
was developed on the site.History
Iron Age
The village is mentioned in the annals of the Assyrian ruler Sennacherib (704 – 681 BCE) as Azuro.[7]
Fatimid, Crusader, Ayyubid and Mamluk eras
The Arab geographer
Ottoman era
During early
In the 1596
The Syrian
In 1863
In the late summer of 1870, the governor of
While riding between Natter's property and the city, the Wali was beset by Arab women and men who begged him, holding onto the reigns {sic, should be 'reins'} of his mule, and onto his trousers, to help them regain their rights, the Jews were taking away their land; here they pointed at Natter, who rode next to the Wali, screaming "the Jews, the Jews." The Pasha, riding on the other side, asked Ernst for his riding crop and chased them away himself. The Wali accepted a petition handed him by a shaykh, incidentally.[17]
The PEF's Survey of Western Palestine reported that in 1882 the village structures were built of adobe brick, there were dispersed gardens and wells, and Yazur contained a domed shrine.[18]
British Mandate era
Modern Yazur was divided into four quarters, one for each of four clans (hama´il, sing. hamula) that lived there. The houses were traditionally made of stone or adobe brick and straw and were built in groups called ahwash (pl. of hawsh, "courtyard"). Each house in such a group opened onto a common courtyard that had a single entrance, often an arched gate. Extended families lived in the ahwash.
The village had two elementary schools, one for boys (built in 1920) and another for girls (opened in 1933). The boys' school occupied 27 dunums (the bulk of which was allocated for training students in agronomy) and had its own
In the
According to the
Lead-up to 1947-1948 war, and after
The
The largest came on 12 February, when Yazur and Abu Kabir were attacked by Zionist mortars and machine-guns. Several houses in Yazur were destroyed.[23] Attacks followed almost weekly, including on 20 February when Zionist forces attacked the village with tanks and armoured vehicles, destroying an ice factory, two houses, and killing one villager and wounding four.[24][25]
During the
Though there was no explicit mention of the prospective treatment of the villagers, the order spoke of "cleansing the area" [tihur hashetah].[26] The final operational order stated: "Civilian inhabitants of places conquered would be permitted to leave after they are searched for weapons." Soldiers were instructed not to harm women and children "insofar as possible" and not to loot captured villages.[27] Most of the village buildings were destroyed in the fighting.
The village today
According to Walid Khalidi, 1992, two Muslim shrines remain standing in the village. One is made of stone and its roof is topped with a dozen domes clustered around a more prominent dome at the center. A number of other structures and houses are also still intact; some are used, while others are vacant. One house, occupied by a Jewish family, is a two-storey concrete unit that has a rectangular door and a modified gabled roof.[24]
According to Petersen, the small mosque/shrine located at a distance of some 50 meters from Maqam Imam ´Ali, on the opposite side of the road, was known as Shaykh al-Katanan. Inspected in 1991, it was found to be built on a square plan with a shallow dome resting on an octagonal drum. The building is entered through a doorway in the middle of the north side. Inside there are windows on the west and east side flanked by niches. In the middle of the south wall is a shallow niche, which was found decorated with inscriptions painted in henna.[28]
According to Meron Benvenisti, 2000, the village of Yazur holds the venerated grave of Imam ´Ali, a famous miracle-worker. Another dozen places also claim to have his grave. The Yazur site is a massive building with a central dome encircled by nine smaller ones. It is most widely held to be the actual burial site of Imam ´Ali. His tomb is nearly the sole monument left in the village.[29]
The tomb building is now used by Israelis for the Sha´arei Zion
Across the road, in the Holon industrial park, is located yet another Muslim holy site, this one deserted and falling to pieces.[29]
Persons associated with Yazur
- PFLP-GC
- Sunni vizier and chief judge of Fatimid ruler Al-Mustansir Billah, from 1050-58[30]
See also
- Depopulated Palestinian locations in Israel
- Salama (town)
References
- ^ Palmer, 1881, p. 220
- ^ The original name said to be Adalia, according to a local, see Clermont-Ganneau, in QSPEF, 1874, p 5
- ^ a b Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 28
- ^ a b Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 53
- ^ Morris, 2004, p. xviii, village #215. Also gives cause(s) of depopulation.
- ^ Morris, 2004, p. xxi, Settlement #92.
- ^ a b c d e f g Khalidi 1992, p. 261
- ^ le Strange, 1890, p. 553
- ^ Singer, 2002, p. 50
- ^ Marom, R. (2022-11-01). "Jindās: A History of Lydda's Rural Hinterland in the 15th to the 20th Centuries CE". Lod, Lydda, Diospolis.
- ^ Zuallart, 1587, part III, p.112. Translated and quoted in Petersen, 2001, p. 311
- ^ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 155. Quoted in Khalidi 1992, p. 261
- ^ Martinus Seusenius' reise in das Heilige Land i.j. 1602/03 Cited in Petersen, 2001, p. 311
- ^ Karmon, 1960, p. 171 Archived 2019-12-22 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Guérin, 1868, pp. 26-29
- ^ Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, pp. 256 f. Quoted in Schölch, 1993, p.281.
- ^ Die Warte, 29 September 1870, Quoted in Schölch, 1993, p. 281.
- ^ Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. 258, Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 261
- ^ Barron, 1923, Table VII, Sub-district of Jaffa, p. 20
- ^ Mills, 1932, p. 16
- ^ Filastin, 12.12.1947 and Aref, cited in Khalidi, 1992, p. 261
- ^ Filastin, 09.01.1948 and 31.01.1948, cited in Khalidi, 1992, pp. 261-2
- ^ Filastin, 14.02.1948, cited in Khalidi, 1992, pp. 261-2
- ^ a b Filastin, 21.02.1948, Khalidi, 1992, p. 262
- ^ Morris, 2008, p. 100
- ^ a b HGS\Operations to Alexandroni, etc., "Orders for Operation "Hametz", 26 Apr. 1948. IDFA 6647\49\\15. Cited in Morris, 2004, pp. 217, 286
- ^ Operation Hametz HQ to Givati, etc., 27 Apr. 1948, 14:00 hours, IDFA 67\51\\677. See also Alexandroni to battalions, 27 Apr. 1948, IDFA 922\75\\949. Cited in Morris, 2004, pp. 217, 286
- ^ Fisher et al. 1996. Cited in Petersen, 2001, p. 312
- ^ a b c Benvenisti, 2000, p. 292
- ISBN 9780521003100.
Bibliography
- Barron, J. B., ed. (1923). Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922. Government of Palestine.
- Benvenisti, M. (2000). Sacred Landscape: The Buried History of the Holy Land since 1948. University of California Press. (pp. 32–33, 292)
- Brink, van den, Edwin C.M. (2005-04-14). "Azor l Report" (117). Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel.
{{cite journal}}
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(help) - Buchennino, Aviva (2009-03-12). "Azor l Report" (118). Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel.
{{cite journal}}
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(help) - Clermont-Ganneau, C.S. (1896). [ARP] Archaeological Researches in Palestine 1873-1874, translated from the French by J. McFarlane. Vol. 2. London: Palestine Exploration Fund. (pp. 5, 254, 489)
- Conder, C.R.; Kitchener, H. H. (1882). The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology. Vol. 2. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
- Department of Statistics (1945). Village Statistics, April, 1945. Government of Palestine.
- Gorzalczany, Amir (2009-03-12). "Azor, Ha-Histadrut Street Final Report l Report" (121). Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel.
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(help) - Guérin, V. (1868). Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine (in French). Vol. 1: Judee, pt. 1. Paris: L'Imprimerie Nationale.
- Hadawi, S. (1970). Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine. Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center.
- Hütteroth, Wolf-Dieter; Abdulfattah, Kamal (1977). Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century. Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft. ISBN 3-920405-41-2.
- Karmon, Y. (1960). "An Analysis of Jacotin's Map of Palestine" (PDF). Israel Exploration Journal. 10 (3, 4): 155–173, 244–253. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-12-22. Retrieved 2017-09-09.
- ISBN 0-88728-224-5.
- Le Strange, G. (1890). Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
- Mariti, G. [in Italian] (1792). Travels Through Cyprus, Syria, and Palestine; with a General History of the Levant. Vol. 1. Dublin: P. Byrne. (pp. 406-7)
- Mills, E., ed. (1932). Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine.
- ISBN 978-0-521-00967-6.
- ISBN 9780300126969.
- Palmer, E. H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
- Petersen, Andrew (2001). A Gazetteer of Buildings in Muslim Palestine (British Academy Monographs in Archaeology). Vol. I. ISBN 978-0-19-727011-0.
- ISBN 0521-46010-7. (p. 108)
- al-Qawuqji, F. (1972): Memoirs of al-Qawuqji, Fauzi in Journal of Palestine Studies
- "Memoirs, 1948, Part I" in 1, no. 4 (Sum. 72): 27-58., dpf-file, downloadable
- "Memoirs, 1948, Part II" in 2, no. 1 (Aut. 72): 3-33., dpf-file, downloadable
- Romano, Amit (2004-06-09). "Azor Final Report" (116). Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel.
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(help) - Schölch, Alexander (1993): Palestine in Transformation, 1856–1882, ISBN 0-88728-234-2,
- ISBN 0-7914-5352-9.
- Torge, Hagit (2005-03-28). "Azor Final Report l Report" (117). Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel.
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(help) - Wilson, C.W., ed. (c. 1881). Picturesque Palestine, Sinai and Egypt. Vol. 3. New York: D. Appleton. (p. 141, 143 ff )
- Zuallart, J. [in French] (1587). Il devotissimo viaggio di Gervsalemme. Roma.Yazur p. 11 & 112 in the 1585-edition
External links
- Welcome To Yazur
- Yazur, Zochrot
- Survey of Western Palestine, Map 13: IAA, Wikimedia commons
- Yazur at Khalil Sakakini Cultural Center
- Photo of Imam Ali Mosque, circa 1887