Cordeauxia
Cordeauxia edulis | |
---|---|
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Rosids |
Order: | Fabales |
Family: | Fabaceae |
Subfamily: | Caesalpinioideae |
Genus: | Cordeauxia Hemsley (1907) |
Species: | C. edulis
|
Binomial name | |
Cordeauxia edulis Hemsley (1907)
|
Cordeauxia edulis is a plant in the family Fabaceae and the
Taxonomy
Cordeauxia edulis is a leguminous plant (Fabaceae) from the genus Cordeauxia. The genus Cordeauxia is in subfamily Caesalpinioideae[2] and tribe Caesalpinieae,[3] and is closely related to the genera Caesalpinia and Stuhlmannia. There are at least two varieties of the species C. edulis: Moqley and Suley.[1][4] Moqley has smaller and darker leaves as well as a smaller stem diameter than Suley. Furthermore, the pods of Moqley include just one seed whereas the pods of Suley contain several smaller seeds. The seeds of Moqley are claimed to be sweeter.[4] The common name of C. edulis is Yeheb-Nut (English) or Yeheb (French).[4][5] Other names are Yebb, Hebb, Ye’eh, Yi-ib, Yehib or Yicib.[6] In amharic it is called Ehb, Qud or Quda.[7]
History
The yeheb nut bush has been known to the
Distribution
The yeheb tree is native in the arid and semi-arid areas in Somalia (Central) and Ethiopia (Ogaden).[4][5][9] Its distribution has rapidly declined from 50% coverage down to only small locations nowadays. These regions are often semi-deserts or open bushy steppes located at altitudes from 100 to 300m. The rainfall rates are very low and frost does not occur. The ground is a very poor red sandy soils.[6] The existence of C. edulis is threatened by war, over-utilization[6] and by drought.[8][9] Another cause for the decrease of C. edulis is the loss of seeds removed through the local people, eaten by wildlife and destroyed by insects.[10] Its extinction would represent an irreplaceable loss for the long-term survival of the nomadic populations.[8] In 1975, the National Range Agency of Somalia protected an area of about 50ha by prohibiting grazing. Since then, many other areas have been protected from grazing. In these areas and in all the native areas, the situation of Yeheb bush had considerably improved according to a 1983 study.[6] However, a mission in 2015[11] found that the species had disappeared from the Haud plateau of Somaliland, although still to be found on the Ethiopian side of the border.
It is exotic in
Biology
It is an evergreen, multistemmed shrub[5] of about 1.6m height[7] but it can also grow up to 4 m.[8] The Yeheb tree has a taproot system, which can go 3m deep.[5] Like that it reaches deep water and can stay green all year round.[6]
- Leaves: The lower surface of the leaves is green with glandular hair. The hair contain cordeauxiaquinone, a magenta-red pigment.[8] The upper surface is olive green. The leaves are alternate and leathery. They have an oval shape and form an asymmetrical pinna with 1-6 pairs but mostly 4.[9] The leaves measure 3–5 cm.[8] They curl when the soil moisture gets low.[10]
- Flowers: The flowers are yellow and contain both sexes.corymbs with very few flowers at the end of the branch.[8] Flowering occurs throughout the year but is more profuse during the rainy season.[8] They are pollinated by insects.[9] The flowers develop at the first stage of the fruit formation, exhibit a dormancy through the dry season and continue the development at the onset of the next rainy period. After that, they mature within a few days.[10]
- Seeds: They have the size of a big hazel-nut,[6] weight 1–3 g[4] and are red-brown.[9] The indehiscent pods include 1–4 round or ovoid seeds, they are by mistake called nuts.[5] The germination rate is about 80% growth.[8]
- Trunk and Bark: They have a yellow-brownish color.[9]
- Growth: The growth in the first developing stages is slow due to small proportion of reserve proteins and the development of the taproot system.[5][8]
- Chromosome number: 2n=24[4][8]
- Inflorescence: The inflorescence is a terminal few-flowered raceme.[4]
Cultivation
C. edulis is cultivated on a small scale in Somalia and near Voi in Kenya. It has only recently been a subject to domestication, therefore little knowledge about propagation, the agronomic practices and its potential for selection as well as breeding exists.[4][13] The potential of this multipurpose plant is very promising, especially for other arid, hot regions as an important food and fodder resource.[14]
Environmental requirements
C. edulis is a drought resistant plant and tolerant to desertification. For optimal plant development, average temperature and rainfall requirements are 25 °C and 250 - 400mm/year (two rainy seasons).
Sowing
The seed is often said to be viable for a few months only, but seed coated in wood ash and stored in a sack is reputed to remain viable for at least a year. The seeds should be sown on soils where the taproot can develop. There is no information available on optimal density and spacing. Under natural conditions there are up to 320plants/ha. The seedlings need ample water after planting. A transplantation of the plant destroys the taproot and leads to mortality.
Harvest
The yeheb seeds are usually harvested from wild plants.[4] The recommended harvest time is in June,[16] but in Somalia nowadays the harvest is reported to occur twice a year.[17] This is possible if both rainy seasons occur within their normal extent and contribute enough rain for the plant. The Yeheb-Nut is mainly harvested manually by children and women,[17] and the harvest process is described as hard work. Due to the high demand and many droughts in the last few years, the shrub is often harvested immature at an age below 3 years.[14] The plants are often overused as the people remove all seeds at the same time.[4]
Yield
Yeheb produces few fruits in the first three years, but it can live up to many years. The quantity of the yield increases with higher age, but also depends on the amount of rainfall. The yield is about 5–8 kg seeds.[18] The estimated average forage production is 325–450 kg/ha.[4]
Postharvest treatment and storage
The seeds are rarely eaten fresh by Somali children, more often they are first dried in the shade during 7–10 days and then the hard seed coat is removed. For storage, the seeds have to be roasted or boiled to prevent fungal attack, to kill insects eggs and larvae inside the seeds and to harden the seed coat.[4] After roasting in the hot ash, which leads to yield losses due to damage of the seeds, the seeds are coated in weed ash and stored in sacks in the house for personal use or for trade at local markets at a later time.[17] The seeds treated this way are storable for about one year.[9] Pastoralists keep the seeds in containers out of dried and tanned camel leather, where they can be stored for many years.[4] The firewood for roasting is often taken from the shrub, which hampers the regeneration of the population in addition to the complete removal of all the seeds.[9]
Use
The seeds are usually consumed by local people and rarely sold in town. The demand exceeds the supply, because the plant population is declining.[4]
Human Use
- Food: The seeds are eaten dried, boiled, roasted or raw.[5][15] Sometimes the seeds of C. edulis is the only available food for Somali nomads during droughts. The seeds are nutritious and taste sweet with a chestnut flavour after roasting.[1][4] Fresh or dried seeds taste sour. Local people like its taste so there is a saying Fadhi iyo Fuud Yicibeed lays la waa”, which means: Those who remain seated and laze will not get Yihib.[6] The raw seeds contain a considerable amount of serine protease (trypsin) inhibitors, causing nausea or stomach distress. These inhibitors are destroyed by heating during cooking or roasting.[8]
- Drinks: People made a tea out of the leaves[5][15] or drink the sweet water in which the seeds have been boiled as a beverage.[1][4]
- Medicine: C. edulis can regulate
Forage
C. edulis is an important bee forage.
C. edulis also contains a
Density (plant/ha) | Forage (kg/ha) | Forage (kg/plant) |
---|---|---|
162 | 325.62 | 1.99 |
226 | 334.48 | 1.48 |
319 | 452.98 | 1.42 |
N | P | K | Ca | Mg | S | Si | Cl | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Moqley variety | 1.49 | 0.13 | 0.71 | 1.49 | 0.18 | 0.17 | 0.55 | 0.23 |
Suley variety | 1.27 | 0.11 | 0.65 | 1.75 | 0.11 | 0.14 | 0.40 | 0.09 |
Al | Fe | Mn | Cu | Zn | B | Ni | Cr | V | Ti | Sr | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Moqley variety | 913 | 735 | 46 | 14 | 24 | 18 | - | - | - | - | - |
Suley variety | 593 | 438 | 39 | 8 | 21 | 48 | 2.2 | 2.8 | 1.1 | 12.6 | 81.7 |
Protein (%) | Energy (KJ/100g dry matter) | Digestibility of dry matter (%) | Tannin Content (%) | Cordeauxione (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
7.5-11.8 | 559-586 | 27.2-39.8 | 2.5-2.7 | 0.7-0.8% |
Industrial Use
- Fuel: The wood is a good firewood, also when wet.[4][5][15]
- Insect defence: Roasting or boiling of freshly picked seeds provide a good insect defence.
- Industry: The red dye in the glands of the leaves can be used for dyeing textiles.[5][15] The dye can also be extracted by alkaline or acid dissolver, whereas first leads to a more intense violet color.[4]
- Soap: Soap can be made out of the seed oil.[4]
- Construction timber: The wood is popular as a building material due to its resistance to termites.[17]
Other Uses
International trade
There is some trade between Ethiopia, Somalia and Arabia, but no quantitative information available.[4] The Yeheb seed is suggested by many studies to have a potential market in Europe as a "dessert nut".[4]
Pests and diseases
- Seeds: weevils and moth larvae[9]
- Shrubs: rarely any insect pests
Nutritional aspects
The seeds are rich in
Moqley variety | Suley variety | |
---|---|---|
Moisture | 16.9 | 16.2 |
Protein | 12.6 | 14.4 |
Fat | 9.9 | 10.8 |
Starch | 34.0 | 31.4 |
Reducing sugars | 2.3 | 2.2 |
Sucrose | 19.5 | 20.1 |
Ash | 2.7 | 2.9 |
Fibre |
2.1 | 2.0 |
The seeds of yeheb are rich in sodium, potassium and phosphorus; thus they contain a small amount of calcium and magnesium.[15]
Element | Moqley | Suley |
---|---|---|
Sodium | 452 | 493 |
Potassium | 625 | 633 |
Calcium | 31 | 33 |
Magnesium | 82 | 79 |
Phosphorus | 221 | 232 |
Chlorine | 92 | 94 |
Both varieties contain a lot of
Amino Acid | Lysine | Histidine | Arginine | Aspartic acid | Threonine | Serine | Proline | Glycine | Alanine | Cystine | Valine | Methionine | Isoleucine | Leucine | Tyrosine | Phenylalanine |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | 3.9 | 1.3 | 9.1 | 18.7 | 2.1 | 6.7 | 8.8 | 8.2 | 8.6 | tr. | 1.3 | 2.4 | tr. | 3.8 | 2.9 | 1.4 |
References
- ^ PMID 7155187.
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- PMID 28814915.
- ^ ISBN 978-90-5782-170-7.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p AgroForestryTree Database [1] 13.10.13
- ^ ISBN 978-92-5-101354-0.
- ^ ISBN 978-9966-896-15-5.
- ^ S2CID 32746975.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-85598-109-9.
- ^ hdl:1957/39372.
- ^ Ismail, Muna (2015). Report of a scoping mission to examine the restoration and possible domestication of the Yeheb plant in Somaliland. London: Initiatives of Change.
- ^ ISBN 978-9251027455.
- ^ Bosch, C.H.; Borus D.J.; Brink M. (2007). Cereals and pulses of Tropical Africa. Conclusions and recommendations based on PROTA 1: Cereals and pulses (Report). Wageningen, NL: PROTA Foundation.
- ^ ISBN 978-92-5-103748-5.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Mansfeld's World Database of Agriculture and Horticultural Crops [2] 13.10.2013
- ^ Wickens, G.E.; Storey, I.N.J. (1984). "Cordeauxia edulis Hemsley. Survey of the economic plants of the arid and semi-arid tropics (SEPASAT)". Royal Botanic Gardens. Dossier No. 5 (revised).
- ^ S2CID 10825535.
- ISBN 978-92-5-101354-0.
- ^ Heuzé V., Thiollet H., Tran G., Lebas F., 2017. Yeheb (Cordeauxia edulis). Feedipedia, a programme by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO. https://www.feedipedia.org/node/598
- ^ a b Söderberg, Vera (2010). "The importance of Yeheb (Cordeauxia edulis) for Somali livestock production and its effects on body tissues when fed to Swedish domestic goats". Departement of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Science. p. 41. Retrieved 4 November 2013.
- ^ S2CID 32254718.