Yelena Bonner
Yelena Bonner | |
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Елена Боннэр | |
Truman-Reagan Medal of Freedom |
Yelena Georgiyevna Bonner (Russian: Елена Георгиевна Боннэр; 15 February 1923 – 18 June 2011)[1][2] was a human rights activist in the former Soviet Union and wife of the physicist Andrei Sakharov. During her decades as a dissident, Bonner was noted for her characteristic blunt honesty and courage.[3][4]
Biography
Early life and education
Lusik Georgiyevna Alikhanova[5] was born in Merv, Turkestan ASSR, Soviet Union (now Mary, Turkmenistan). She was born to Ruf "Ruth" Bonner, a Jewish communist activist from Siberia, and Levon Kacharyan, an Armenian. Her father died a year after her birth, and her mother remarried to Gevork Alikhanyan, founding First Secretary of the Communist Party of Armenia and a Comintern executive.[6] She had a younger brother, Igor, who became a career naval officer. Her family had a summer dacha in Sestroretsk and Bonner had fond memories there.[7]
In 1937, Bonner's father was arrested by the
Marriage and children
In medical school she met her first husband, Ivan Semyonov. They had a daughter, Tatiana, in 1950,[12] and a son, Alexey, in 1956. Her children immigrated to the United States in 1977 and 1978, respectively. Bonner and Semyonov separated in 1965, and eventually divorced.[13]
In October 1970, while attending the trial of human rights activists Revol't (Ivanovich) Pimenov and Boris Vail in Kaluga, Bonner met Andrei Sakharov, a nuclear physicist and human rights activist; they married in 1972.[1] The year before they met, 1969, Sakharov had been widowed from his wife, Klavdia Alekseyevna Vikhireva, with whom he had two daughters and a son.[14]
Activism
Beginning as early as the 1940s, Bonner had helped political prisoners and their families. Although Bonner had joined the Soviet Communist Party in 1964 while she was working as a physician,[1][15] only a few years later she was becoming active in the Soviet human rights movement. Her resolve towards dissidence was strengthened in August 1968 after Soviet bloc tanks rolled into Czechoslovakia in order to crush the Prague Spring movement. That event strengthened her belief that the system could not be reformed from within.[15]
At the Kaluga trial in 1970, Bonner and Sakharov met Natan Sharansky and began working together to defend Jews sentenced to death for attempting an escape from the USSR in a hijacked plane.[2] Under pressure from Sakharov, the Soviet regime permitted Yelena Bonner to travel to the West in 1975, 1977 and 1979 for treatment of her wartime eye injury. When Sakharov, awarded the 1975 Nobel Peace Prize, was barred from travel by the Soviet authorities, Bonner, in Italy for treatment, represented him at the ceremony in Oslo.[1]
Bonner became a founding member of the
In December 1986, Gorbachev allowed Sakharov and Bonner to return to Moscow.
In 1994, outraged by what she called "genocide of the Chechen people", Bonner resigned from Yeltsin's Human Rights Commission and was an outspoken opponent to Russian armed involvement in
Bonner was among the 34 first signatories of the online anti-Putin manifesto "
Last years and death
From 2006, Bonner divided her time between Moscow and the United States, home to her two children, five grandchildren, one great-granddaughter, and one great-grandson.[1] She died on 18 June 2011 of heart failure in Boston, Massachusetts, aged 88, according to her daughter, Tatiana Yankelevich.[1] She had been hospitalized since 21 February.[1]
Works and awards
Bonner was the author of Alone Together (Knopf 1987),
She was also awarded the Giuseppe Motta Medal in 2004 for protection of human rights.[24]
In 2005 Bonner participated in "
Depiction in media
Bonner was portrayed by Glenda Jackson in the 1984 film Sakharov.
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Stanley, Alessandra; Schwirtz, Michael (19 June 2011). "Yelena Bonner, Russian Rights Activist, Dies at 88". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 25 June 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2012.
- ^ a b Beckerman, Gal (22 June 2011). "Remembering Yelena Bonner – Natan Sharansky Reminisces About His Ally and Friend". The Jewish Daily Forward (issue of 1 July 2011). Archived from the original on 23 June 2011. Retrieved 24 June 2011.
[...] Bonner suggested that, in addition to Sakharov's assessment of the Soviet Union and the state of the dissident movement, they provide the new president with a list of political prisoners. By memory, she then wrote out the names of the 16 most difficult cases.
- ^ Schmemann, Serge (19 June 2011). "Elena Georgievna Bonner, A True Human Rights Activist for 40 Years". "The New York Times". Archived from the original on 4 April 2015. Retrieved 2 February 2012.
- ISBN 978-0-679-74335-4.
- ^ Yelena Bonner biography Archived 6 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine (In Russian)
- ^ "Elena Bonner". The Independent Institute. Retrieved 11 August 2023.
- ^ "Yelena Bonner". The Economist. 23 June 2011. Archived from the original on 4 November 2012. Retrieved 30 August 2012.
- ^ ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
- ^ Adler, Nanci (2002). The Gulag Survivor: Beyond the Soviet System. New Brunswick: Routledge. p. 212.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
- ^ a b c d e "Elena Bonner". The Independent Institute. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
- ^ Figes, Orlando. The Whisperers: Private Life in Stalin´s Russia.
- ^ "Bonner a Human Rights 'Heroine,' but Soviets See a Modern Mata Hari". Los Angeles Times. 27 April 1986. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
- ^ Drell, Sidney D., and Sergei P. Kapitsa (eds.), Sakharov Remembered, pgs. 3, 92. New York: Springer, 1991.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-7658-0585-0.
- ^ "Jewish Ideas Daily » Daily Features » One Woman Army". www.jewishideasdaily.com. Archived from the original on 18 June 2012. Retrieved 26 April 2018.
- ^ "On Israel and The World" Archived 24 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Address by Bonner at the Freedom Forum in Oslo.
- ^ "Russian Dissident Yelena Bonner Dies". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
- ISBN 978-0-394-75538-0.
- ^ "A Personal Take on Soviet History: MOTHERS AND DAUGHTERS, by Elena Bonner, translated by Antonina W. Bouis, Alfred A. Knopf, $23; 349 pages". Los Angeles Times. 11 February 1992. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
- ^ "Yelena Bonner". The Rafto Foundation. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
- ^ "Elena Bonner-Sakharov receives the Robert Schuman Medal". Multimedia Centre (in German). Retrieved 17 December 2019.
- ^ "News and Notes". Journal of Democracy. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
- ^ http://motta.gidd.eu.org/#!medal-winners-2004/cqa4 Archived 22 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine Giuseppe Motta Medal Website
- ^ Robert Bernstein "Why We Need A New Human Rights Organization", 24 February 2011. Archived 7 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine
Works
- Bonner, Elena (1988) [1986]. Alone together (3 ed.). New York: Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-394-75538-0.
- Bonner, Elena (1986). Un exil partagé [A shared exile] (in French). Paris: Seuil. ISBN 978-2-02-009394-1.
- Bonner, Elena (1986). Soli insieme in esilio con Andrej Sacharov [Alone together in exile with Andrei Sakharov] (in Italian). Alessandria: Garzanti-Vallardi.
- Bonnėr, Elena (1987). לבד ביחד [Alone together] (in Hebrew). מסדה.
- Bonner, Jelena (1998) [1991]. In Einsamkeit vereint. Meine Jahre mit Andrej Sacharow in der Verbannung [Alone together. My years with Andrei Sakharov in exile] (in German) (2 ed.). München, Zürich: Piper. ISBN 978-3-492-11522-3.
- Bonner, Jelena (1993) [1992]. Mütter und Töchter – Erinnerungen an meine Jugend 1923 bis 1945 [Mothers and daughters – memories of my youth 1923–1945] (in German) (2 ed.). München, Zürich: Piper. ISBN 978-3-492-03440-1.
- Боннэр, Елена (1990). Постскриптум. Книга о горьковской ссылке [Postscript: A book about the Gorky exile] (in Russian). Moscow: Интербрук.
- Bonner, Elena (1991). Звонит колокол… Год без Андрея Сахарова [The bell tolls… A year without Andrei Sakharov] (in Russian). Moscow: ПИК.
- Bonner, Elena (1992). Mothers and daughters. Hutchinson. ISBN 978-0-09-174911-8.
- Bonner, Elena (1994). Дочки-матери [Mothers and daughters] (in Russian). Moscow: Прогресс, Литера.
- Bonner, Elena (1996). Вольные заметки к родословной Андрея Сахарова [Free notes to the ancestry of Andrei Sakharov] (in Russian). Moscow: Права человека. ISBN 978-5-7712-0017-0.
- Cox, Caroline; Eibner, John; Bonnėr, Elena (1993). Ethnic cleansing in progress: war in Nagorno Karabakh. Institute for Religious Minorities in the Islamic World. ISBN 978-3-9520345-2-1.
- Bonner, Elena (2003). Madri e figlie [Mothers and daughters] (in Italian). Spirali. ISBN 978-88-7770-633-1.
- Glucksmann, André; Bonner, Elena (2013). На захисті свободи. Діалоги Андре Ґлюксмана з Оленою Боннер [Protecting freedom. Dialogues by André Glucksmann to Elena Bonner] (in Ukrainian). Kiev: Дух і Літера. ISBN 978-966-378-313-0.
Further reading
- De Boer, S. P.; Driessen, Evert; Verhaar, Hendrik (1982). "Bonner, Elena Georgievna". Biographical dictionary of dissidents in the Soviet Union: 1956–1975. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 62. ISBN 978-90-247-2538-0.
- Hermann, Anton (November 1987). "Elena Bonner and Andrei Sakharov". Quadrant. 33 (11): 78–79.
- Klose, Kevin (1986). Russia and the Russians – inside the closed society. W.W. Norton Incorporated. pp. 161–198. ISBN 978-0-393-30312-4.
- Lichterman, Boleslav (2011). "Elena Georgievna Bonner: Soviet paediatrician, dissident, and human rights activist". S2CID 71082264.
- Simone, Alexandre (1987). "Elena Bonner. Un exil partagé" [Elena Bonner. A shared exile]. Politique étrangère (in French). 52 (1): 220–221.
- "Elena Bonner: heroic figure for Karabagh". The Armenian Weekly. 29 June 2011.