Yemelyan Pugachev
Yemelyan Pugachev | |
---|---|
Емельян Пугачёв | |
Simbirsk (1774) | |
Born | c. 1742 present-day Kotelnikovsky District, Volgograd Oblast |
Died | 1775 | (aged 32–33)
Other names | Claimed to be Emperor Peter III |
Occupation | Leader of a Russian peasant uprising |
Yemelyan Ivanovich Pugachev (also spelled Pugachyov; Russian: Емельян Иванович Пугачёв; c. 1742 – 21 January [O.S. 10 January] 1775) was an ataman of the Yaik Cossacks and the leader of the Pugachev's Rebellion, a major popular uprising in the Russian Empire during the reign of Catherine the Great.
The son of a
Early life
Pugachev, the son of a small
Life as a fugitive
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In 1770, Pugachev requested leave to return home to recover from a severe illness, later seeking permanent discharge. Despite urging from military commanders, Pugachev refused to be treated in a military infirmary or return to the front. Convinced by his brother-in-law, Simon Pavlov, he joined a dissatisfied Cossack group who were fleeing eastward for an independent Cossack community on the
Insurrection 1773–1774
The idea of impersonating the late Emperor Peter III occurred to Pugachev early on, even before he reached the Yaik Cossacks. It is of no surprise, given another recent peasant impersonator, Fedot Bogmolov, and Russia's history of impersonators.[7] Pugachev, posing as a wealthy merchant, reportedly tested the feelings of the Cossacks at the Yaitsk by suggesting that he led a mass exodus into Turkey. When the majority seemed to agree with his plan, he deemed it the right time to begin his rebellion.[8] Though he was arrested shortly after once again, and this time held for five months at Kazan, he escaped once more and returned to the Yaitsk to start his revolt.[9] By promising to return several privileges to the Cossacks and to restore the Old Belief, he was able to gain the support he needed to promote his identity as Peter III.[10] The story of Pugachev's strong resemblance to the Tsar Peter III, who in 1762 was overthrown and murdered by his wife's supporters, the future empress Catherine II, comes from a later legend. Pugachev told the story that he and his principal adherents had escaped from the clutches of Catherine.[11]
Having amassed an army through propaganda, recruitment and promise of reform, Pugachev and his generals were able to overrun much of the region stretching between the
In response, General
Legacy
The Pugachev rebellion had a long-lasting effect on Russia for years to come. While Catherine II tried to reform the provincial administration, the horrors of the revolt caused her to drop other reforms, particularly attempts to emancipate the peasant serfs of Russia.
The Russian writer Alexander Radishchev, in his Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow, attacked the Russian government, in particular the institution of serfdom. In the book, he refers to Pugachev and the rebellion as a warning.[14]
The term "Pugachevs of the University" was frequently used to describe the generation of the Russian
The village (stanitsa) in which Pugachev was born, whose original name "Zimoveyskaya" was changed after his defeat to Potemkinskaya, was renamed Pugachevskaya in his honor in 1917, following the October Revolution.
The central square in the Kazakh town of Uralsk is named Pugachev Square.[15]
Yemelyan Pugachev's House Museum in Uralsk. Was established in 1991.
Authors such as
A fictionalised account of the rebellion is presented in Alexander Pushkin's 1836 novella The Captain's Daughter. This was in part the basis of the 1958 film Tempest, which starred Van Heflin as Pugachev.
The 1928 silent film Bulat-Batyr (directed by Yuri Tarich) is devoted to the Pugachev rebellion.[16]
In the Hulu series The Great, Pugachev (played by Nicholas Hoult) is portrayed as a decoy of Peter III (also played by Hoult) who often steals things from the palace. He is stabbed seemingly to death by Catherine at the end of the second season, but is then revealed to be alive, setting the stage for his rebellion in the third season.
See also
- Pugachev's Oak
- Pugachev
- False Dmitry I
- False Dmitry II
- False Dmitry III
- Princess Tarakanova
- Romanov impostors
References
- ^ Alexander 1973, pp. 43–45.
- ^ a b Alexander 1973, p. 45.
- ^ a b Alexander 1973, p. 46.
- ^ Alexander 1973, pp. 46–47.
- ^ Alexander 1973, p. 48.
- ^ Alexander 1973, p. 49.
- ^ Alexander 1969, p. 142.
- ^ Alexander 1973, pp. 53–55.
- ^ Alexander 1973, p. 55.
- ^ Alexander 1969.
- ^ a b Bain, Robert Nisbet (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). pp. 636–637.
- ^ Alexander 1969, pp. 144–145, 175.
- ^ Summner 1928, pp. 121–122.
- ^ "Russia – Early Imperial Russia". countrystudies.us. Retrieved 3 May 2014.
- ^ "Kazakhstan". Archived from the original on 21 August 2006. Retrieved 15 June 2006.
- ^ "Булат-Батыр".
Sources
- Alexander, John T. (1969). Autocratic politics in a national crisis: the Imperial Russian Government and Pugachev's Revolt, 1773–1775. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
- Alexander, John T. (1973). Emperor Of The Cossacks: Pugachev and the Frontier Jacquerie of 1773–1775. Lawrence, Kansas: Coronado Press.
- Longworth, Philip (1975). "The Pretender Phenomenon in Eighteenth Century Russia". ISSN 0031-2746.
- ISBN 9780882336251.
- Summner, B.H. (1928). "New Material on the Pugachev Revolt". ISSN 0037-6795.
In other languages
- Akademiia nauk SSSR [Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union] (1975). Intistorii SSSR [History of the USSR] (in Russian). Moscow: Tsentralʹnyi gosudarstvennyi arkhiv drevnikh aktov SSSR [Central government archive of ancient acts of the USSR].
- Catherine II. Political Correspondence (in Russian, French, and German). Petersburg. [1885, &c.]
- Dokumenty stavki EI Pugacheva, povstancheskikh vlastei i uchrezhdenii, 1773–1774 gg (in Russian).
- Dubrovin, N. (1884). Pugachiev and his Associates (in Russian). Petersburg.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Gnyedich, S.I. (1902). Emilian Pugachev (in Russian). Petersburg.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ISBN 978-3-89702-788-6.
- Pugachevshchina [Dark Deeds of Pugachev] (in Russian). Moscow: Gosizdat. [1926–1931]