Qasimid State

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Yemeni Zaidi State
)
Qasimid State
Zaidiyyah (Shia Islam
)
Sunni Islam (1830s–1849)[1]
GovernmentImamate
Imam 
• 1597-1620
Al-Mansur al-Qasim
• 1620-1640
Al-Mu'ayyad Muhammad
• 1640-1676
Al-Mutawakkil Isma'il
• 1676-1681
Al-Mahdi Ahmad
• 1681-1686
al-Mu'ayyad Muhammad II
• 1689-1718
Al-Mahdi Muhammad
• 1716-1727
Al-Mutawakkil al-Qasim
• 1727-1748
Al-Mansur al-Husayn II
• 1748-1775
Al-Mahdi Abbas
• 1775-1809
Al-Mansur Ali I
Historical era
Early modern
• Proclamation
1597
• Takeover of Sanaa
1628
• Secession of Lahej
1740
• Loss of coastal territories
1803
• Reincorporation into Ottoman Empire
1849
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Yemen Eyalet
Sultanate of Lahej
Yemen Eyalet
Principality of Najran
Other Zaidi sultanates
Today part of Yemen
 Saudi Arabia
 Oman
Part of a series on the
History of Yemen
Ancient history
Islamic history
Modern history
flag Yemen portal

The Qasimid State (

Zaidi-ruled independent state in the Greater Yemen region, which was founded by al-Mansur al-Qasim in 1597 and absorbed much of the Ottoman Yemen Eyalet by 1628 and completely expelled the Ottomans from Yemen by 1638. The Zaidi State continued to exist into 18th and 19th century, but gradually fractured into separate small states. The most notable of those states was the Sultanate of Lahej; most of those states (except Lahej) were submitted by the Ottomans and incorporated into the restored Ottoman province of Yemen Eyalet
in 1849.

Background

The

Zaydi Islam
.

History

Proclamation and expansion

Mocha peacefully.[6] The reasons behind Al-Mu'ayyad Muhammad's success were the tribes' possession of firearms and the fact that they were unified behind him.[7]

Mocha
was Yemen's busiest port in the 17th and 18th century.

In 1632 CE, Al-Mu'ayyad Muhammad sent an expeditionary force of 1000 men to conquer Mecca.[8] The army entered the city in triumph and killed its governor.[8] The Ottomans were not ready to lose Mecca after Yemen, so they sent an army from Egypt to fight the Yemenites.[8] Seeing that the Turkish army was too numerous to overcome, the Yemeni army retreated to a valley outside Mecca.[9] Ottoman troops attacked the Yemenis by hiding at the wells that supplied them with water. This plan proceeded successfully, causing the Yemenis over 200 casualties, most from thirst.[9] The tribesmen eventually surrendered and returned to Yemen.[10]

By 1636, the Zaydi tribesmen had driven the Ottomans out of the country completely.[11]

Asir in the north to Dhofar in the east.[12][13][14][15]

Consolidation (17th-18th centuries)

During

Zaydi
state to ever exist.

At the death of the imam in 1681, his son Muhammad was prevented from assuming the imamate due to counter-claims by relatives in Rada,

Sa'dah and Mansura. Through mediation of the Ulama (religious scholars), one of these, al-Mu'ayyad Muhammad II
, took power.

Al-Mu'ayyad Muhammad II was not a warlike leader, but rather an

Muhammad ash-Shawkani considered him one of the most righteous imams. He died in 1686 in Hamman Ali in the Anis region, possibly from poisoning. The deceased imam was buried in Jabal Dawran, at the side of his father.[16] Seven contenders claimed the succession after him in a period of only three years; of these, al-Mahdi Muhammad finally gained power in 1689 after a violent struggle.[17][18]

Decline and partition (18th-19th centuries)

The imamate did not follow a cohesive mechanism for succession, and family quarrels and tribal insubordination led to the political decline of the Qasimi dynasty in the 18th century.[19]

In 1728 or 1731 the chief representative of

Lahej became completely independent.[20] It became independent thanks to the fracturing of the Zaidi State in north Yemen.[21]
The Sultanate of Lahej became an independent entity, from 1728 to 1839.

The rising power of the fervently Islamist

Wahhabi movement on the Arabian Peninsula cost the Zaidi state its coastal possessions after 1803 CE. The imam was able to regain them temporarily in 1818, but new intervention by the Ottoman viceroy of Egypt in 1833 again wrested the coast from the ruler in Sana'a. After 1835 the imamate changed hands with great frequency and some imams were assassinated. After 1849 the Zaidi polity descended into chaos that lasted for decades.[22]

Economy

During that period, Yemen was the sole coffee producer in the world.

Persia, the Ottomans of Hejaz, the Mughal Empire in India and Ethiopia. The Fasilides of Ethiopia sent three diplomatic missions to Yemen, but the relations did not develop into a political alliance as Fasilides had hoped, due to the rise of powerful feudalists in the country.[24] In the first half of the 18th century, the Europeans broke Yemen's monopoly on coffee by smuggling out coffee trees and cultivating them in their own colonies in the East Indies, East Africa, the West Indies and Latin America.[25]

See also

Notes

References

  1. ISBN 978-90-04-42525-5. When al-Shawkānī died in 1834, the Qāsimī Imāms had fully embraced Sunnī traditionism.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  2. ISBN 978-1859641989
    .
  3. ISBN 1860648363
    .
  4. ^
    doi:10.4000/cy.11
    . Retrieved 3 February 2014.
  5. ^ 'Abd al-Samad al-Mawza'i (1986). al-Ihsan fî dukhûl Mamlakat al-Yaman taht zill Adalat al-'Uthman [الإحسان في دخول مملكة اليمن تحت ظل عدالة آل عثمان] (in Arabic). New Generation Library. pp. 99–105.
  6. ^ Amira Maddah (1982). l-Uthmâniyyun wa-l-Imam al-Qasim b. Muhammad b. Ali fo-l-Yaman [العثمانيون والإمام القاسم بن محمد في اليمن] (in Arabic). p. 839.
  7. ^ Musflafâ Sayyid Salim (1974). al-Fath al-'Uthmani al-Awwal li-l-Yaman [الفتح العثماني الأول لليمن] (in Arabic). p. 357.
  8. ^ a b c Accounts and Extracts of the Manuscripts in the Library of the King of France. Vol. 2. R. Faulder. 1789. p. 75.
  9. ^ a b Accounts and Extracts of the Manuscripts in the Library of the King of France. Vol. 2. R. Faulder. 1789. p. 76.
  10. ^ Accounts and Extracts of the Manuscripts in the Library of the King of France. Vol. 2. R. Faulder. 1789. p. 78.
  11. ISBN 978-1-4381-1025-7
    . Retrieved 2013-02-25.
  12. ISBN 978-1848855892
    .
  13. ISBN 978-0761448501
    .
  14. ISBN 1857281217
    .
  15. ISBN 978-0810855281
    .
  16. ^ Tomislav Klaric, 'Chronologie du Yémen (1045-1131/1635-1719)', Chroniques yémenites 9 2001, http://cy.revues.org/36 .
  17. ^ Robert W. Stookey, Yemen; The Politics of the Yemen Arab Republic. Boulder 1978, p. 147.
  18. ^ David Solomon Sassoon (ed.), Ohel Dawid (vol. 2), Oxford University Press: London 1932, p. 969, s.v. דופי הזמן - Vicissitudes of Time - being a description of 17th and 18th century chronology written by a Yemenite Jew (Hebrew); a Microfilm of the manuscript is available at the National Library at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem (Givat Ram Campus), Manuscript Dept., Microfilm reel # F-9103, and where pp. 13-14 mention in great detail the struggles of al-Mahdi Muhammad (Hebrew)
  19. ISBN 978-9004265370
    .
  20. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica, 1984 Edition, Vol. I, p. 11
  21. JSTOR 41623653
    .
  22. ^ R.L. Playfair (1859), A History of Arabia Felix or Yemen. Bombay; R.B. Serjeant & R. Lewcock (1983), San'a': An Araban Islamic City. London.
  23. ISBN 9774249372
    .
  24. ISBN 978-0253007971
    .
  25. ISBN 1852872497
    .


Sources

External links

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