Cananga odorata

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Ylang-ylang
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"Ylang-Ylang" redirects here. Not to be confused with pianist Lang Lang.

Ylang-ylang
Cananga odorata in bloom
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Magnoliids
Order: Magnoliales
Family: Annonaceae
Genus: Cananga
Species:
C. odorata
Binomial name
Cananga odorata
A Cananga odorata in Maui

Cananga odorata, known as ylang-ylang (/ˈiːlæŋ ˈiːlæŋ/ EE-lang-EE-lang) or cananga tree, is a tropical tree that is native to the Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, and Queensland, Australia. It is also native to parts of Thailand and Vietnam.[1] It is valued for the essential oils extracted from its flowers (also called "ylang-ylang"), which has a strong floral fragrance. Ylang-ylang is one of the most extensively used natural materials in the perfume industry, earning it the name "Queen of Perfumes".[2][3][4]

The climbing ylang-ylang vine, Artabotrys hexapetalus[5] (synonym A. odoratissimus) is a woody, evergreen climbing plant in the same family, which is also a source of perfume.[6]

Etymology and nomenclature

The name ylang-ylang is the Spanish spelling of the Tagalog term for the tree, ilang-ilang - a reduplicative form of the word ilang, meaning "wilderness", alluding to the tree's natural habitat.[7] A common mistranslation is "flower of flowers".[6]

The tree is also called the fragrant cananga, Macassar-oil plant, or perfume tree.[8][9] It is called kenanga in Malay, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kanaŋa.[10] Its traditional Polynesian names include Mataʻoi (Cook Islands), Mohokoi (Tonga), Mosoʻoi (Samoa), Motoʻoi (Hawaii), and Mokosoi, Mokasoi or Mokohoi (Fiji).[11] Other traditional names include sampangi (Telugu).[12]

Description

Francisco Manuel Blanco
's Flora de Filipinas

Cananga odorata is a fast-growing tree of the

sea star in appearance, and yields a highly fragrant essential oil. Its pollen is shed as permanent tetrads.[13]

Cananga odorata var. fruticosa, dwarf ylang-ylang, grows as small tree or compact shrub.

Distribution and habitat

The plant is native to

Pacific Islands, South Asia, Africa, and the Americas.[1] It is commonly grown in Madagascar,[14] Polynesia, Melanesia, Micronesia, and the Comoros Islands.[15] It grows in full or partial sun, and prefers the acidic soils of its native rainforest habitat. Ylang-ylang has been cultivated in temperate climates
under conservatory conditions.

In Madagascar, it is grown in

plantations with Hewittia malabarica (L.) Suresh as a groundcover plant.[14]

Ecology

Its clusters of black fruit are an important food item for birds, such as the collared imperial pigeon, purple-tailed imperial pigeon, Zoe's imperial pigeon, superb fruit dove, pink-spotted fruit dove, coroneted fruit dove, orange-bellied fruit dove, and wompoo fruit dove.[16] Sulawesi red-knobbed hornbill serves as an effective seed disperser for C. odorata.[17]

Uses

The essential oil is used in

sebum secretion for skin problems, and is considered to be an aphrodisiac. The oil from ylang-ylang is widely used in perfumery for oriental- or floral-themed perfumes (such as Chanel No. 5
). Ylang-ylang blends well with most floral, fruit, and wood scents.

In Indonesia, ylang-ylang flowers are spread on the bed of

sampaguita
, are strung into a necklace (lei) and worn by women and used to adorn religious images.

Ylang-ylang's essential oil makes up 29% of the Comoros' annual export (1998).[18]

Ylang-ylang is grown in Madagascar and exported globally for its essential oils.[19]

Ylang-ylang essential oil is one of the basic ingredients of macassar oil.

Ylang-ylang essential oil

Ylang-ylang (Cananga odorata) essential oil

Characteristics

The

p-cresyl methyl ether, and methyl benzoate, responsible for its characteristic odor.[20]

Chemical constituents

Typical chemical compositions of the various grades of ylang-ylang essential oil are reported as:[21]

See also

  • Jasminum sambac, the Arabian jasmine, another plant widely used in perfumes

References

  1. ^ a b "Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook.f. & Thomson". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2019-02-11.
  2. ISBN 9788190439886
    .
  3. ISBN 9781851668724
    .
  4. ISBN 9781351089579
    .
  5. ^ "Tropicos". Tropicos. Retrieved 2012-12-30.
  6. ^ a b c "ylang-ylang". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2012-12-30.
  7. ISBN 9789710844654
  8. ^ "University of Melbourne: multilingual plant names database". Plantnames.unimelb.edu.au. 2004-08-05. Retrieved 2012-12-30.
  9. ^ p. 12 In: Vanoverbergh, Morice (1968). Iloko-English Dictionary:Rev. Andres Carro's Vocabulario Iloco-Español. Catholic School Press, Congregation of the Immaculate Heart of Mary, Baguio City, Philippines. 370pp.
  10. ^ Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen (2010). "*kanaŋa a tree with fragrant flowers: Cananga odorata". Austronesian Comparative Dictionary. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
  11. ^ "Cook Island Biodiversity and Natural Heritage". 2007. Archived from the original on 2 December 2005. Retrieved 18 June 2016.
  12. ^ "Cananga odorata - Ylang Ylang". www.flowersofindia.net. Retrieved 2023-12-30.
  13. ^ Walker JW (1971) Pollen Morphology, Phytogeography, and Phylogeny of the Annonaceae. Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University, 202: 1-130.
  14. ^ a b G. J. H. Grubben and O.A. Denton Plant Resources of Tropical Africa 2;Vegetables (2004), p. 311, at Google Books
  15. ^ Royal Berglee, PhD (17 June 2016). "13.1 The Pacific Islands". World Regional Geography: People, Places and Globalization. Archived from the original on 2 July 2017. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
  16. ^ Frith, H.J.; Rome, F.H.J.C. & Wolfe, T.O. (1976): Food of fruit-pigeons in New Guinea. Emu 76(2): 49-58. HTML abstract
  17. S2CID 84282134
    .
  18. ^ "Production of ylang ylang flowers under threat in Comoros?". Premium Beauty News. Retrieved 2022-04-26.
  19. ^ "Essential oils from Madagascar, essences coveted for their origin". EDBM (in French). 2020-07-22. Retrieved 2022-04-26.
  20. ^ Manner, Harley and Craig Elevitch,Traditional Tree Initiative: Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry (2006), Permanent Agricultural Resources, Honolulu, Hi.
  21. ^ "Ylang-Ylang Essential Oil - Chemical Composition". scienceofacne.com. Archived from the original on 2012-04-14. Retrieved 2012-02-26.

Further reading

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cananga odorata.
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