Weight cycling
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Weight cycling, also known as yo-yo dieting, is the repeated loss and gain of weight, resembling the up-down motion of a yo-yo. The purpose of the temporary weight loss the yo-yo diet delivers is to lure the dieting into the illusion of success, but due to the nature of the diet, they are impossible to sustain, therefore the dieter gives up, often due to hunger or discomfort, and gains the weight back. The dieter then seeks to lose the regained weight, and the cycle begins again. Other individuals cycle weight deliberately in service of bodybuilding or athletic goals. Weight cycling contributes to increased risk of later obesity, due to repeated signals being sent to the body signalling that it's in starvation mode; therefore it learns to be better and better at storing fat, and increases the strain on vital organs, likely promoting cardiometabolic disease.[1][2][3]
Causes
Dieting
The reasons for yo-yo dieting are varied but often include embarking upon a hypocaloric diet too extreme to maintain. At first the dieter may experience elation at the thought of
Sports
In some sports where an athlete's weight is important, such as those that use
Mechanism
The process of regaining weight and especially body fat is further promoted by the high metabolic plasticity of skeletal muscle. The Summermatter cycle[8] explains how skeletal muscle persistently reduces energy expenditure during dieting. In addition, food restriction increases physical activity which further supports body weight loss initially. Such weight regain in the form of preferential catch-up-fat is well documented after weight loss due to malnutrition, cancer, septic shock or AIDS and thus constitutes a general phenomenon related to weight loss.[8]
Health effects
Weight cycling certainly has negative health effects from repeated strain on the body, confusing the metabolism, and stress on vital organs.[1]
A 2019 systematic review and meta-analysis found that "Body-weight fluctuation was associated with higher mortality due to all causes and CVD and a higher morbidity of CVD and hypertension."[9]
A 2019 review found that self-reported weight cycling was correlated with an increased risk of endometrial cancer.[10] Weight cycling is also correlated with kidney cancer, independently of whether the person is overweight.[11]
A 2021 systematic review and meta-analysis found that "weight cycling was a strong independent predictor of new-onset diabetes".[12]
Weight cycling is also associated with poorer mental health.[13]
See also
- Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)
- Food faddism
- Healthy diet
- Peltzman effect
References
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- ^
Amigo, I.; Fernandez, C. (2007). "Effects of diets and their role in weight control". Psychology, Health & Medicine. 12 (3): 312–327. S2CID 19290926.
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- ^ PMID 22290535.
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- ISBN 978-1-119-69527-1.