Yongle Emperor
Yongle Emperor 永樂帝 | |||||||||||||||||
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Prince of Yan | |||||||||||||||||
Tenure | 2 May 1370 – 17 July 1402 | ||||||||||||||||
Successor | Himself as emperor | ||||||||||||||||
Born | 2 May 1360 Yuan Zhizheng 20, 17th day of the 4th month (元至正二十年四月十七日) Yingtian Prefecture, Ming dynasty (present-day Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China) | ||||||||||||||||
Died | 12 August 1424 Ming Yongle 22, 18th day of 7th month (明永樂二十二年七月十八日) Khailas-ausu (Yumuchuan), Ming dynasty (present-day Duolun County, Inner Mongolia, China) | (aged 64)||||||||||||||||
Burial | 8 January 1425 Changling Mausoleum, Ming tombs, Beijing | ||||||||||||||||
Spouse | |||||||||||||||||
Issue |
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House | Zhu | ||||||||||||||||
Dynasty | Ming | ||||||||||||||||
Father | Hongwu Emperor | ||||||||||||||||
Mother | Empress Xiaocigao | ||||||||||||||||
Religion | Confucianism |
Yongle Emperor | ||
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Tâi-lô | Íng-lo̍k tē |
The Yongle Emperor (2 May 1360 – 12 August 1424), personal name Zhu Di (Chinese: 朱棣; pinyin: Zhū Dì; Wade–Giles: Chu Ti), was the third emperor of the Ming dynasty, reigning from 1402 to 1424.
Zhu Di was the fourth son of the
Eager to establish his own legitimacy, Zhu Di voided the Jianwen Emperor's reign and established a wide-ranging effort to destroy or falsify records concerning his childhood and rebellion.
The Yongle Emperor died while personally leading a military campaign against the Mongols. He was buried in the Changling Mausoleum, the central and largest mausoleum of the Ming tombs located north of Beijing.
Youth
The Yongle Emperor was born Zhu Di (
Zhu Di grew up as a prince in a loving, caring environment.[ – who was also his own father-in-law – to continue the pacification of the region.
The official Ming histories portray a Zhu Di who impressed his father with his energy, daring, and leadership amid numerous successes; nonetheless, the Ming dynasty suffered numerous reverses during his tenure and the great victory at Buir Lake was won not by Zhu Di but by his brother's partisan Lan Yu. Similarly, when the Hongwu Emperor sent large forces to the north, they were not placed under Zhu Di's command.
Rise to power
The
The Jianwen Emperor's harsh campaign against his weaker uncles (dubbed 削蕃, lit. "Weakening the Marcher Lords") made accommodation much more difficult, however: Zhu Di's full brother, Zhu Su, Prince of Zhou, was arrested and exiled to Yunnan; Zhu Gui, Prince of Dai was reduced to a commoner; Zhu Bai, Prince of Xiang committed suicide under duress; Zhu Fu, Prince of Qi and Zhu Pian, Prince of Min were demoted all within the later half of 1398 and the first half of 1399. Faced with certain hostility, Zhu Di pretended to fall ill and then "went mad" for a number of months before achieving his aim of freeing his sons from captivity to visit him in the north in June 1399. On 5 August, Zhu Di declared that the Jianwen Emperor had fallen victim to "evil counselors" (奸臣) and that the Hongwu Emperor's dynastic instructions obliged him to rise in arms to remove them, a conflict known as the Jingnan campaign.[1]
In the first year, Zhu Di survived the initial assaults by superior forces under Geng Bingwen and Li Jinglong thanks to superior tactics and capable Mongol auxiliaries. He also issued numerous justifications for his rebellion, including questionable claims to have been the son of Empress Ma and bold-faced lies that his father had attempted to name him as the rightful heir, only to be thwarted by bureaucrats scheming to empower Zhu Biao's son. Whether because of this propaganda or for personal motives, Zhu Di began to receive a steady stream of turncoat eunuchs and generals who provided him with invaluable intelligence allowing a hit-and-run campaign against the imperial supply depots along the Grand Canal. By 1402, he knew enough to be able to avoid the main hosts of the imperial army while sacking Xuzhou, Suzhou, and Yangzhou. The betrayal of Chen Xuan gave him the imperial army's Yangtze River fleet; the betrayal of Li Jinglong and the prince's half-brother Zhu Hui, Prince of Gu opened the gates of Nanjing on 13 July. Amid the disorder, the imperial palace quickly caught fire: Zhu Di enabled his own succession by claiming three bodies – charred beyond recognition – as the Jianwen Emperor, his consort, and their son but rumours circulated for decades that the Jianwen Emperor had escaped in disguise as a Buddhist monk.[1][4][5]
Having captured the capital, Zhu Di now left aside his former arguments about rescuing his nephew from evil counsel and voided the Jianwen Emperor's entire reign, taking 1402 as the 35th year of the Hongwu era.[1] His own brother Zhu Biao, whom the Jianwen Emperor had posthumously elevated to emperor, was now posthumously demoted; Zhu Biao's surviving two sons were demoted to commoners and placed under house arrest; and the Jianwen Emperor's surviving younger son was imprisoned and hidden for the next 55 years. After a brief show of humility where he repeatedly refused offers to take the throne, Zhu Di accepted and proclaimed that the next year would be the first year of the Yongle era. On 17 July 1402, after a brief visit to his father's tomb, Zhu Di was crowned[clarification needed] emperor of the Ming dynasty at the age of 42. He would spend most of his early years suppressing rumours and outlaws.
Becoming the emperor
With many
Chinese law had long allowed for the
The Yongle Emperor followed traditional rituals closely and held many popular beliefs. He did not overindulge in the luxuries of palace life, but still used Buddhism and Buddhist festivals to help calm civil unrest. He stopped the warring between the various Chinese tribes and reorganised the provinces to best provide peace within the Ming Empire. The Yongle Emperor was said to be an "ardent Buddhist" by Ernst Faber.[8]
Due to the stress and overwhelming amount of thinking involved in running a post-rebellion empire, the Yongle Emperor searched for scholars to serve in his government. He had many of the best scholars chosen as candidates and took great care in choosing them, even creating terms by which he hired people. He was also concerned about the degeneration of Buddhism in China.
Reign
Relations with Tibet
In 1403, the Yongle Emperor
Deshin Shekpa convinced the Yongle Emperor that there were different religions for different people, which does not mean that one is better than the others. The Karmapa was very well received during his visit and a number of miraculous occurrences were reported. He also performed ceremonies for the imperial family. The emperor presented him with 700 measures of silver objects and bestowed the title of 'Precious Religious King, Great Loving One of the West, Mighty Buddha of Peace'.[9] A khatvanga in the British Museum was one of the objects given to the Karmapa by the Yongle Emperor.[10]
Aside from the religious matter, the Yongle Emperor wished to establish an alliance with the Karmapa similar to the one the 13th- and 14th-century
Deshin Shekpa left Nanjing on 17 May 1408.
Selecting an heir
When it was time for him to choose an heir, the Yongle Emperor wanted to choose his second son, Zhu Gaoxu, Prince of Han. Zhu Gaoxu had an athletic-warrior personality which contrasted sharply with his elder brother's intellectual and humanitarian nature. Despite much counsel from his advisers, the Yongle Emperor chose his older son, Zhu Gaozhi (the future Hongxi Emperor), as his heir apparent mainly due to advice from Xie Jin. As a result, Zhu Gaoxu became infuriated and refused to give up jockeying for his father's favour and refusing to move to Yunnan Province, where his princedom was located. He even went so far as to undermine Xie Jin's counsel and eventually killed him.
National economy and construction projects
After the Yongle Emperor's overthrow of the Jianwen Emperor, China's countryside was devastated. The fragile new economy had to deal with low production and depopulation. The Yongle Emperor laid out a long and extensive plan to strengthen and stabilise the new economy, but first he had to silence dissension. He created an elaborate system of censors to remove corrupt officials from office that spread such rumors. The emperor dispatched some of his most trusted officers to reveal or destroy secret societies, bandits, and loyalists to his other relatives. To strengthen the economy, he fought population decline, using the most he could from the existing labour force, and maximising textile and agricultural production.
The Yongle Emperor also worked to reclaim production rich regions such as the Lower
The Yongle Emperor ambitiously planned to move his capital to Beijing. According to a popular legend, the capital was moved when the emperor's advisers brought the emperor to the hills surrounding Nanjing and pointed out the emperor's palace showing the vulnerability of the palace to artillery attack.
The emperor planned to build a massive network of structures in Beijing in which government offices, officials, and the imperial family resided. After a painfully long construction time (1407–1420), the Forbidden City was finally completed and became the imperial capital for the next 500 years.
The Yongle Emperor finalised the architectural ensemble of his father's
Even though the Hongwu Emperor may have meant for his descendants to be buried near his own Xiaoling Mausoleum (this was how the Hongwu Emperor's heir apparent,
Religion and philosophy
The Yongle Emperor was a Chinese traditionalist. He promoted
The Yongle Emperor sponsored a mosque each in Nanjing and Xi'an; both survive. Repairs to mosques were encouraged and conversion to other uses was forbidden.[18][19]
He commissioned
Military campaigns
This article needs additional citations for verification. (April 2009) |
Wars against the Mongols
Mongol invaders were still causing many problems for the Ming Empire. The Yongle Emperor prepared to eliminate this threat. He mounted five military expeditions into the Mongol steppes and crushed the remnants of the Yuan dynasty that had fled north after being defeated by the Hongwu Emperor. He repaired the northern defences and forged buffer alliances to keep the Mongols at bay in order to build an army. His strategy was to force the Mongols into economic dependence on the Chinese and to launch periodic initiatives into Mongolia to cripple their offensive power. He attempted to compel Mongolia to become a Chinese tributary, with all the tribes submitting and proclaiming themselves vassals of the Ming Empire, and wanted to contain and isolate the Mongols. Through fighting, the Yongle Emperor learned to appreciate the importance of cavalry in battle and eventually began spending much of his resources to keep horses in good supply. The emperor spent his entire life fighting the Mongols. Failures and successes came and went, but after the emperor's second personal campaign against the Mongols, the Ming Empire was at peace for over seven years.
Conquest of Vietnam
Diplomatic missions and exploration of the world
As part of his desire to expand Chinese influence throughout the known world, the Yongle Emperor sponsored the massive and long term
The Chinese expeditions were a remarkable technical and logistical achievement. The Yongle Emperor's successors, the Hongxi and Xuande Emperors, felt that the costly expeditions were harmful to the Ming Empire. The Hongxi Emperor ended further expeditions and the descendants of the Xuande Emperor suppressed much of the information about Zheng He's treasure voyages.
On 30 January 1406, the Yongle Emperor expressed horror when the Ryukyuans castrated some of their own children to become eunuchs to serve in the Ming imperial palace. The emperor said that the boys who were castrated were innocent and did not deserve castration, and he returned the boys to Ryukyu and instructed them not to send eunuchs again.[30]
In 1411, a smaller fleet, built in
After the death of
One of the Yongle Emperor's consorts was a Jurchen princess, which resulted in many of the eunuchs serving him being of Jurchen origin, notably Yishiha.[34][35]
Due to Ming rule in Manchuria, Chinese cultural and religious influence such as
After
The Yongle Emperor instituted a Ming governor on Luzon during
States in Luzon,[46][47] Sulu (under King Paduka Pahala),[45][48] Sumatra,[49] and Brunei[50][51] all established diplomatic relations with the Ming Empire and exchanged envoys and sent tribute to the Yongle Emperor.
The Yongle Emperor exchanged ambassadors with
Death
On 1 April 1424, the Yongle Emperor launched a large campaign into the Gobi Desert to chase an army of fleeing Oirats. Frustrated at his inability to catch up with his swift opponents, the Yongle Emperor fell into a deep depression and then into illness, possibly owing to a series of minor strokes.[citation needed] On 12 August 1424, the Yongle Emperor died. He was entombed in Changling (長陵), a location northwest of Beijing.
Legacy
The Yongle Emperor is generally regarded to have had a lifelong pursuit of glory, power, and wealth. He respected and worked hard to preserve
He is remembered very much for his cruelty, just like his father. He killed most of the Jianwen Emperor's palace servants, tortured many of his nephew's loyalists to death, killed or by other means badly treated their relatives.
Family
Consorts and issue
- Empress Renxiaowen, of the Xu clan (1362–1407), personal name Yihua
- Princess Yong'an (1377–1417), personal name Yuying, first daughter
- Married Yuan Rong, Marquis of Guangping (廣平侯 袁容) in 1395, and had issue (one son, three daughters)
- Zhu Gaochi, the Hongxi Emperor (16 August 1378 – 29 May 1425), first son
- Princess Yongping (1379 – 22 April 1444), personal name Yuegui, second daughter
- Married Li Rang, Marquis of Fuyang (富陽侯 李讓) in 1395, and had issue (one son)
- Prince of Han(30 December 1380 – 6 October 1426), second son
- Prince Jian of Zhao(19 January 1383 – 5 October 1431), third son
- Princess Ancheng (安成公主; 1384 – 16 September 1443), third daughter
- Married Song Hu, Marquis of Xining (西寧侯 宋琥) in 1402, and had issue (one son)
- Princess Xianning (咸寧公主; 1385 – 27 July 1440), personal name Zhiming (智明), fourth daughter
- Married Song Ying, Marquis of Xining (西寧侯 宋瑛; d. 1449) in 1403, and had issue (one son)
- Princess Yong'an (1377–1417), personal name Yuying, first daughter
- Noble Consort Zhaoxian, of the Wang clan (d. 1420)
- Noble Consort Zhaoyi, of the Zhang clan (昭懿貴妃 張氏)
- Andong Gwonclan (1391–1410)
- Consort Zhongjingzhaoshunxian, of the Yu clan (d. 1421)
- Consort Kangmuyigonghui, of the Wu clan (康穆懿恭惠妃 吳氏)
- Zhu Gaoxi (18 January 1392 – January/February 1392), fourth son
- Consort Gongshunrongmuli, of the Chen clan (恭順榮穆麗妃 陳氏; d. 1424)
- Consort Duanjinggonghuishu, of the Yang clan (端靜恭惠淑妃 楊氏)
- Consort Gongherongshunxian, of the Wang clan (恭和榮順賢妃 王氏)
- Consort Zhaosujinghuixian, of the Wang clan (昭肅靖惠賢妃 王氏)
- Consort Zhaohuigongyishun, of the Wang clan (昭惠恭懿順妃 王氏)
- Consort Huimuzhaojingshun, of the Qian clan (惠穆昭敬順妃 錢氏)
- Consort Kanghuizhuangshuli, of the Korean Cheongju Han clan (d. 12 August 1424)
- Consort Kangjingzhuanghehui, of the Korean Choi clan (康靖莊和惠妃 崔氏; 1395–1424)
- Consort Anshunhui, of the Long clan (安順惠妃 龍氏)
- Consort Zhaoshunde, of the Liu clan (昭順德妃 劉氏)
- Consort Kangyishun, of the Li clan (康懿順妃 李氏)
- Consort Huimushun, of the Guo clan (惠穆順妃 郭氏)
- Consort Zhenjingshun, of the Zhang clan (貞靜順妃 張氏)
- Consort Shun, of the Korean Im clan (順妃 任氏 1392–1421)
- Consort Hwang, of the Korean Hwang clan (d. 1421)
- Lady of Bright Deportment, of the Korean Yi clan (1392–1421)
- Lady of Handsome Fairness, of the Korean Yeo clan (1393–1413)
- Beauty Gongrong, of the Wang clan (恭榮美人 王氏)
- Beauty Jinghui, of the Lu clan (景惠美人 盧氏)
- Beauty Zhuanghui (莊惠美人)
- Unknown
- Princess Changning (常寧公主; 1387 – 5 April 1408), fifth daughter
- Married Mu Xin, Marquis of Xiping (西平侯 沐昕; 1386–1453), the fourth son of Mu Ying, on 20 June 1403, and had issue (one son)
- Princess Changning (常寧公主; 1387 – 5 April 1408), fifth daughter
Ancestry
Zhu Sijiu | |||||||||||||||||||
Zhu Chuyi | |||||||||||||||||||
Empress Heng | |||||||||||||||||||
Zhu Shizhen (1281–1344) | |||||||||||||||||||
Empress Yu | |||||||||||||||||||
Hongwu Emperor (1328–1398) | |||||||||||||||||||
Lord Chen (1235–1334) | |||||||||||||||||||
Empress Chun (1286–1344) | |||||||||||||||||||
Yongle Emperor (1360–1424) | |||||||||||||||||||
Lord Ma | |||||||||||||||||||
Empress Xiaocigao (1332–1382) | |||||||||||||||||||
Lady Zheng | |||||||||||||||||||
See also
- Chinese emperors family tree (late)
- Ming dynasty in Inner Asia
- Yongle Tongbao
Notes
- ^ This posthumous name was initially conferred by the Hongxi Emperor
- ^ This posthumous name was changed by the Jiajing Emperor
- ^ This temple name was conferred by the Hongxi Emperor
- ^ This temple name was changed by the Jiajing Emperor
References
Citations
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- ^ Levathes, Louise. When China Ruled The Seas: The Treasure Fleet of the Dragon Throne 1405–1433, p. 59. Oxford Univ. Press (New York), 1994.
- ^ Lü Bi (吕毖). A Short History of the Ming Dynasty (《明朝小史》), Vol. 3. (in Chinese)
- ^ Gu Yingtai (谷應泰). Major Events in Ming History (《明史紀事本末》), Vol. 16. (in Chinese)
- ^ Chinamonitor.org. "Examination of China's Death Penalty: Torture from the Time of the Ming" (《中国死刑观察 – 明初酷刑》). (in Chinese)
- ^ Ni Zhengmao (倪正茂). An Exploration of Comparative Law (比较法学探析). China Legal Publishing (中国法制出版社), 2006.
- ^ Ernst Faber (1902). Chronological handbook of the history of China: a manuscript left by the late Rev. Ernst Faber. Pub. by the General Evangelical Protestant missionary society of Germany. p. 196. Retrieved 6 June 2011.
- ^ Brown, 34.
- ^ "Use this image 20263001 | British Museum".
- ^ Sperling, 283–284.
- ^ Brown, 33–34.
- ^ Sperling, 284.
- ^ "Rubin Museum's Faith and Empire: Tibetan Buddhist Art". Retrieved 27 September 2023.
- ^ a b Brook, 46–47.
- ^ Brook, 47.
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- ^ Ji, Yun (1781). 四庫全書. Beijing: Emperor Gaozong of the Qing dynasty. p. 695.
- ^ Cordier & Yule 1993, p. 131.
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- ^ Based on descriptions of the coast from 860. Ronan, Colin; Needham, Joseph (1986), The Shorter Science and Civilisation in China, vol. 3, p. 133
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- )
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While Hai Tong and Hou Xian were busy courting the Mongols and Tibetans, a Ming eunuch of Manchurian stock, Yishiha, also quietly carried the guidon in the exploration of Northern Manchuria and Eastern Siberia. In 1375, the Ming dynasty established the Liaodong Regional Military Commission at Liaoyang, using twenty-five guards (each guard consisted of roughly 5,600 soldiers) to control Southern Manchuria. In 1409, six years after the Yongle Emperor ascended the throne, he launched three campaigns to shore up Ming influence in the lower Amur River valley. The upshot was the establishment of the Nuerkan Regional Military Commission with several battalions (1,120 soldiers theoretically made up a battalion) deployed along the Songari, Ussuri, Khor, Urmi, Muling and Nen Rivers. The Nuerkan Commission, which parallelled that of the Liaodong Commission, was a special frontier administrations; therefore the Ming government permitted its commanding officers to transmit their offices to their sons and grandsons without any dimunition in rank. In the meantime, The Ming court periodically sent special envoys and inspectors to the region, making sure that the chiefs of various tribes remained loyal to the Ming emperor. But the one enboy who was most active and played the most significant role in the region was the eunuch Yishiha.
- ISBN 978-0804806534. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
- ISBN 0-7914-2687-4. Retrieved 2 March 2012.
Yishiha belonged to the Haixi tribe of the Jurchen race. The Ming shi provides no background information on this Manchurian castrato except that Yishiha worked under two powerful early Ming eunuchs, Wang Zhen, and Cao Jixiang. It is also likely that Yishiha gained prominence by enduring the hard knocks of court politics and serving imperial concubines of Manchurian origin, as the Yongle Emperor kept Jurchen women in his harem. At any rate, in the spring of 1411, the Yongle Emperor commissioned Yishiha to vie for the heart and soul of the peoples in Northern Manchuria and Eastern Siberia. Yishiha led a party of more than 1,000 officers and soldiers who boarded twenty-five ships and sailed along the Amur River for several days before reaching the Nuerkan Command post. Nuerkan was located on the east bank of the Amur River, approximately 300 li from the river's entrance and 250 li form the present-day Russian town of Nikolayevka. Yishiha's immediate assignment was to confer titles on tribal chiefs, giving them seals and uniforms. He also actively sought new recruits to fill out the official ranks for the Regional Commission
- ISBN 0521477719.
- ISBN 0520227360.
- ^ Sei Wada, ‘The Natives of the Lower reaches of the Amur as Represented in Chinese Records’, Memoirs of the Research Department of Toyo Bunko, no. 10, 1938, pp. 40‒102, (Shina no kisai ni arawaretaru Kokuryuko karyuiki no dojin 支那の記載に現はれたる黒龍江下流域の土人( The natives on the lower reaches of the Amur river as represented in Chinese records), Tõagaku 5, vol. 1, Sept. 1939.) Wada, ‘Natives of the Lower Reaches of the Amur River’, p. 82.
- ^ Morris-Suzuki, Tessa (15 November 2020). "Indigenous Diplomacy: Sakhalin Ainu (Enchiw) in the Shaping of Modern East Asia (Part 1: Traders and Travellers)". Japan Focus: The Asia-Pacific Journal. 18 (22).
- ^ Ho 2009, p. 33.
- ^ Karnow 2010,
- ^ Yust 1949, p. 75.
- ^ Yust 1954, p. 75.
- ^ "Philippine Almanac & Handbook of Facts" 1977, p. 59.
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- ^ Bo Yang, 中國人史綱, ch. 28
- ^ 宋端儀, 立齋閑錄, vol. 2
- ^ 陸人龍, 型世言, ch.1
- ^ 建文帝出亡宁德之谜揭秘八:建文帝出亡闽东金邶寺
- ^ "Forbidden scandal in China". Travel Weekly. 22 October 2012.
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ignored (help)CS1 maint: others (link) - University of Manila Journal of East Asiatic Studies, Volume 7. Contributors Manila (Philippines) University, University of Manila (revised ed.). University of Manila. 1959. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
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Further reading
- Tsai, Shih-Shan Henry, Perpetual Happiness: The Ming Emperor Yongle, University of Washington Press, 2002. ISBN 0-295-98124-5. Partial texton Google Books.
- Louise Levathes, When China Ruled the Seas: The Treasure Fleet of the Dragon Throne, 1405–1433, Oxford University Press, 1997, trade paperback, ISBN 0-19-511207-5
- 《明實錄太宗實錄》 in the Veritable Records of the Ming