York Minster

Coordinates: 53°57′43″N 1°4′55″W / 53.96194°N 1.08194°W / 53.96194; -1.08194
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

York Minster
The Cathedral and Metropolitical
Church of Saint Peter
Canon Missioner
Maggie McLean
ArchdeaconSamantha Rushton
Laity
Director of musicRobert Sharpe
Business managerDavid Colthup (Chapter Steward)
Official arms of Archbishop of York
Official nameYork Minster cathedral precinct
Designated8 October 1937
Reference no.1017777
Listed Building – Grade I
Official nameCathedral Church of St Peter, York Minster
Designated14 June 1954
Reference no.1257222

York Minster, formally the "Cathedral and Metropolitical Church of Saint Peter in York", is an

Grade I listed building and a scheduled monument
.

The first record of a church on the site dates to 627; the title "

Perpendicular Gothic
eastern arm and central tower.

The minster retains most of its medieval stained glass, a significant survival among European churches.[7] The east window, which depicts the Last Judgment, is the largest expanse of medieval stained glass in the world. The north transept contains the Five Sisters window, which consists of five lancets, each over 53 feet (16.3 m) high, filled with grisaille glass.[8]

History

A bishop of York was summoned to the

Council of Arles in 314, indicating the presence of a Christian community in York at this time; however, archaeological evidence of Christianity in Roman York is limited.[9][10] The first recorded church was a wooden structure built hurriedly in 627 to provide a place to baptise Edwin, King of Northumbria. The location of this church, and its pre-1080 successors, is unknown. It was probably in or beside the old Roman principia, (the military headquarters), which may have been used by the king when in residence in York. Archaeological evidence indicates the principia was located partly beneath the post-1080 Minister site, but excavations undertaken in 1967-73 found no remains of the pre-1080 churches. It can therefore be inferred that Edwin's church, and its immediate successors, was near the current Minster (possibly to the north, underneath the modern Dean's Park)[11] but not directly on the same site. [12]

Moves towards a more substantial building began shortly after Edwin's baptism. According to Bede, Edwin set about building a larger church made of stone, intended to enclose the wooden chapel in which he had been baptised.

Oswald and was dedicated to Saint Peter. The church soon fell into disrepair and was dilapidated by 670 when Saint Wilfrid ascended to the See of York. He repaired and renewed the structure, installing leaded roofs, glass windows, and rich furnishings.[14] The attached school and library were established and by the 8th century were some of the most substantial in Northern Europe.[15][16]

In 741, the cathedral may have been damaged or destroyed in a fire.

William the Conqueror in 1066. Ealdred died in 1069 and was buried in the cathedral.[21]

In January 1069 a rebellion in support of

Danish invaders supporting the Ætheling sailed up the Humber and Ouse; they attacked the city, in the course of which a fire broke out, burning the cathedral.[22] Anything at this point remaining of the cathedral may then have been further damaged by William's Harrying of the North. The first Norman archbishop, Thomas of Bayeux, arriving in 1070, apparently organised repairs, but in 1075, another Danish force sailed up the river, "travelled to York and broke into St Peter’s Minster, and there took much property, and so went away."[23] Building of a new cathedral, the Norman Minster, began in 1080, and was completed before Thomas's death in 1100.[24] The new cathedral was likely immediately to the south of the old Saxon cathedral, which was probably demolished once the new structure was completed.[25][26] Built in the Norman
style, the new cathedral was 364.173 ft (111 m) long and rendered in white and red lines. The new structure was damaged by fire in 1137 but was soon repaired. The choir and crypt were remodelled in 1154, and a new chapel was built, all in the Norman style.

The

central tower was also completed, with a wooden spire
. Building continued into the 15th century.

The Chapter House was begun in the 1260s and was completed before 1296. The wide nave was constructed from the 1280s on the Norman foundations. The outer roof was completed in the 1330s, but the vaulting was not finished until 1360. Construction then moved on to the eastern arm and chapels; the Norman choir was demolished in the 1390s with the exception of its undercroft of c. 1160, which was reconstructed to provide a platform for the new high altar.

The nave of York Minster

The

Thomas Fairfax
prevented any further damage to the cathedral.

Etching by William Martin, brother of arsonist Jonathan Martin

Following the easing of religious tensions some work was done to restore the cathedral. From 1730 to 1736 the whole floor of the minster was relaid in patterned

Archdeaconry of York.[29]

During the 20th century there was more concerted preservation work, especially following a 1967 survey that revealed the building, in particular the central tower, was close to collapse. £2,000,000 was raised and spent by 1972 to reinforce and strengthen the building foundations and roof. During the excavations that were carried out, remains of the north corner of the Roman Principia (headquarters of the Roman fort of Eboracum) were found under the south transept. This area, as well as remains of the Norman cathedral, re-opened to the public in spring 2013 as part of the new exhibition exploring the history of the building of York Minster.[30]

1984 fire

On 9 July 1984, York Minster suffered a serious fire in its south transept during the early morning hours.[31] Firefighters made a decision to deliberately collapse the roof of the south transept by pouring tens of thousands of gallons of water onto it, in order to save the rest of the building from destruction.[32] A total of 114 firefighters from across North Yorkshire responded to the fire and contained it,[31] while York Minster's staff and clergy rushed to preserve historical objects in the building.[31] The glass of the south transept rose window was shattered by the heat but the lead held it together, allowing it to be taken down for restoration.[33][32] A subsequent investigation found an 80% chance that the fire was caused by a lightning strike to a metal electrical box atop the roof, a 10% chance that the fire was caused by arson, and a 10% chance that the fire was caused by an electrical fault.[31] Some traditionalist Anglicans suggested the fire was a sign of divine displeasure at the recent consecration as Bishop of Durham of David Jenkins, whose views they considered heterodox.[34]

Firemen inspect damage the day after the fire in 1984

A repair and restoration project was completed in 1988 at a cost of £2.25 million,[31] and included new roof bosses to designs which had won a competition put on by BBC Television's Blue Peter programme for children.[32] The roof trusses were rebuilt in oak, but some were coated with fire-retardant plaster.[31]

2002 West Door renewal

In 2002, the carvings round the great west door. which had become severely weathered, were replaced with new sculptures carved by Minster masons to designs by the sculptor Rory Young, telling the Genesis story.

2007–2018 renovation

In 2007 renovation began on the east front, including the Great East Window, at an estimated cost of £23 million.[35][36] The 311 glass panels from the Great East Window were removed in 2008 for conservation. The project was completed in 2018.[37]

Schools

There have been choir schools associated with the Minster since the 7th century. A 'song school' was founded in 627 by Paulinus of York, the first Archbishop of York.[38] Buildings used by the former Minster school have been awarded listed status, among them the school house built 1830–33,[39] two houses dating back to 1837,[40] and a Georgian building of 1755.[41]

Architecture of the present building

York Minster is the second-largest

Perpendicular Period. The present building was begun in about 1230 and completed in 1472. York Minster is the largest cathedral completed during the Gothic period of architecture, Cologne Cathedral only being completed in 1880, after being left uncompleted for 350 years. It has a cruciform plan with an octagonal chapter house attached to the north transept, a central tower and two towers at the west front. The stone used for the building is magnesian limestone, a creamy-white coloured rock that was quarried in nearby Tadcaster. The Minster is 524.5 feet (159.9 m) long[3] and the central tower has a height of 235 feet (72 m).[3] The choir has an interior height of 102 feet (31 m).[citation needed
]

The north and south transepts were the first parts of the new church to be built. They have simple lancet windows, including the Five Sisters in the north transept. These are five lancets, each 16.3 metres (53 ft) tall and five feet wide[42] and glazed with grey (grisaille) glass,[43] rather than narrative scenes or symbolic motifs that are usually seen in medieval stained-glass windows. In the south transept is a rose window whose glass dates from about 1500 and commemorates the union of the royal houses of York and Lancaster. The roofs of the transepts are of wood; that of the south transept was burnt in the fire of 1984 and was replaced in the restoration work which was completed in 1988. New designs were used for the bosses, five of which were designed by winners of a competition organised by the BBC's Blue Peter television programme.

Work began on the

Purbeck marble to adorn the piers, adding to the richness of decoration. The chapter house exhibits the influence of Saint-Urbain, Troyes in the tracery in the vestibule, while the stalls are enlarged versions of the archivolt niches in the portal of Notre-Dame de Paris.[44]

The

Decorated style of English Gothic architecture.[47][46][48] Because of deterioration of stone mullions, the tracery was replaced in the late 1980s with an exact copy.[47]

The east end of the Minster was built between 1361 and 1405 in the

high altar
and serve to throw light onto it. Behind the high altar is the Great East Window, the largest expanse of medieval stained glass in the country, which underwent a decade-long restoration and conservation project, completed in 2018.

The sparsely decorated Central Tower was built between 1407 and 1472 and is also in the Perpendicular style. Below this, separating the choir from the crossing and nave is the striking 15th-century

choir screen. It contains sculptures of the kings of England from William the Conqueror to Henry VI with stone and gilded
canopies set against a red background. Above the screen is the organ, which dates from 1832. The West Towers, in contrast with the Central Tower, are heavily decorated and are topped with battlements and eight pinnacles each, again in the Perpendicular style.

In 2003, English Heritage made publicly available a monograph on the architectural history of York Minster.[49] The book charts the construction and development of the minster based on the architectural recording of the building from the 1970s.

  • The cruciform plan of York Minster; drawing by Georg Dehio.
    The cruciform plan of York Minster; drawing by Georg Dehio.
  • The chapter house
  • The Kings Screen and organ
    The Kings Screen and organ
  • Crossing
    Crossing
  • Some of the 15 statues of kings, from Henry III to Henry VI, in the 15th-century Kings Screen
    Some of the 15 statues of kings, from Henry III to Henry VI, in the 15th-century Kings Screen
  • One of the towers, near sunset, York Minster
    One of the towers, near sunset, York Minster

Stained glass

  • The west window (1338–39), with curvilinear tracery in the Decorated style
    The west window (1338–39), with curvilinear tracery in the
    Decorated style
  • Detail from the east window, depicting the first two days of creation
    Detail from the east window, depicting the first two days of creation
  • The east window (1405–1408), in the Perpendicular style
    The east window (1405–1408), in the
    Perpendicular style
  • Detail of a clerestory window, depicting part of a miracle of St Nicholas
    Detail of a
    St Nicholas
  • The Five Sisters window, in the Early English style
    The Five Sisters window, in the
    Early English
    style

Some of the stained glass in York Minster dates back to the 12th century and much of the glass (white or coloured) came from Germany.[50] The glass was painted, fired, then joined with lead strips (came) into the windows. The 77-foot (23 m) tall and 32-foot (9.8 m) wide[51] Great East Window was created by John Thornton in the early 15th century; he was paid £66 for the work.[52] This is the largest expanse of medieval stained glass in the country, according to the Minster.[53] The window represents scenes from the Book of Revelation, and the glazier Thornton may have been influenced by earlier illuminated manuscripts on the subject such as the Latin Douce Apocalypse (Oxford, Bodleian Library, Douce MS 180) and the Old French Queen Mary Apocalypse (London, British Library Royal MS BXV).[54] The work was conceived by Archbishop John of Thoresby in the mid fourteenth century, but the window itself was only completed thanks to the funding of Bishop Walter Skirlaw and Archbishop Richard Scrope.[54]

Another important window is the 53-foot (16.3 m)

First World War and the "Five Sisters" window was restored in 1925 with £3,500 raised by Almyra Gray and Helen Little.[55] The glass was removed again during the Second World War
.

In 2008 a conservation project of the Great East Window commenced, involving the removal, repainting and re-leading of each individual panel.[56] While the window was in storage in the minster's stonemasons' yard, a fire broke out in some adjoining offices, due to an electrical fault, on 30 December 2009.[57] The window's 311 panes, stored in a neighbouring room, were undamaged and were successfully moved to safety.[58][59] In September 2015, the first phase of the renovation project of the East Front of the Minster was completed.[60] The final phase of the £11 million restoration[61] of the 311 panels was completed in September 2017 and they were re-installed between November 2017 and January 2018. In total, the work on the Great East Window had taken 92,400 hours of labour, including the time required to add protective UV coating on the glass.[62] The work was largely undertaken or overseen by Peter Gibson, who worked on all the Minster's windows during his career.[63]

Towers and bells

York Minster in Moon Light, Waverley Novels IV 1844

The two west towers of the minster hold

bells, clock chimes and a concert carillon. The north-west tower contains Great Peter (216 cwt or 10.8 tons) and the six clock bells (the largest weighing just over 60 cwt or 3 tons). The south-west tower holds 14 bells (tenor 59 cwt or 3 tons) hung and rung for change ringing
and 22 carillon bells (tenor 23 cwt or 1.2 tons) which are played from a baton keyboard in the ringing chamber (all together 36 bells.)

Low Petergate
with the Minster towers in the background

The clock bells ring every quarter of an hour during the daytime and Great Peter strikes the hour.

The change ringing bells fell silent in October 2016, following the controversial termination of the ringers' volunteer agreements by the dean and chapter.[64][65] The pause in ringing included the Christmas period of 2016, reported as the first time in over 600 years that the Minster's bells were not heard on Christmas Day.[66] After a year with no change ringing, a new band was appointed and ringing resumed.[67]

York Minster became the first cathedral in England to have a carillon of bells with the arrival of a further twenty-four small bells on 4 April 2008. These are added to the existing "Nelson Chime" which is chimed to announce Evensong around 5:00 pm each day, giving a carillon of 35 bells in total (three chromatic octaves). The new bells were cast at the Loughborough Bell Foundry of

Beethoven to the Beatles may be heard.[68]

Shrines

When

feretory containing the relics to their new resting-place and Anthony Beck, consecrated the same day as Bishop of Durham
, paid all the expenses.

The tomb of

Purbeck marble under a canopy resting on ten light pillars. It was subsequently somewhat hidden behind a screen of ironwork erected by Archbishop William Markham
in the early 19th century.

On 9 November 2022

Queen Elizabeth II in a niche on the west facade of York Minster.[70]

Consulting architects

The Minster's consulting architects (since 1965 called "Surveyors of the Fabric" – see Cant and Aylmer, York Minster, p. 554) have included the following:

Vaults

  • Chancel
    Chancel
  • South transept
    South transept
  • North transept
    North transept
  • Chapter house
    Chapter house
  • Nave
    Nave

Organ

The fire of 1829 destroyed the organ and the basis of the present organ dates from 1832, when Elliot and Hill constructed a new instrument. This organ was reconstructed in 1859 by William Hill and Sons. The case remained intact, but the organ was mechanically new, retaining the largest pipes of the former instrument.

In 1903, J. W. Walker and Sons built a new instrument in the same case. They retained several registers from the previous instrument.

Some work was undertaken in 1918 by Harrison & Harrison when the Tuba Mirabilis was added and the Great chorus revised. The same firm rebuilt this Walker-Harrison instrument in 1931 when a new console and electro-pneumatic action were added together with four new stops. The smaller solo tubas were enclosed in the solo box. In 1960, J. W. Walker & Sons restored the actions, lowered wind pressures and introduced mutations and higher chorus work in the spirit of the neo-classical movement. They cleaned the organ in 1982.

The fire of 1984 affected the organ but not irreparably; the damage hastened the time for a major restoration, which was begun in 1991 and finished two years later by Principal Pipe Organs of York, under the direction of their founder, Geoffrey Coffin, who had at one time been assistant organist at the Minster.[71]

In 2018, a £2 million project to refurbish the current organ was announced. The project took two years for its completion in March 2021 and saw nearly all of its 5,403 pipes removed and taken to organ specialists Harrison & Harrison in Durham.[72][73]

  • The organ on the choir screen
    The organ on the choir screen
  • The choir
    The choir
  • The crypt
    The crypt

Organists

The organists of York Minster have had several official titles, the job description roughly equates to that of

Organist and Master of the Choristers
. The current Organist and Director of Music of the Minster is Robert Sharpe. There is also an assistant director of Music, Ben Morris.

Among the notable organists of York Minster are four members of the Camidge family, who served as the cathedral's organists for over 100 years, and a number of composers including John Naylor, T. Tertius Noble, Edward Bairstow, Francis Jackson, and Philip Moore.

Dean and chapter

As of 20th January 2024:

  • DeanDominic Barrington (since 12 November 2022 installation)[74]
  • Pastor – Timothy Goode (since 9 September 2023 installation)[75]
  • Missioner – Maggie McLean (since 17 November 2019 installation)[76]
  • Precentor – Victoria Johnson (from 11 January 2020)[77]
  • Chancellor – vacant since 31 August 2020[78]

Burials

Prime minister of the United Kingdom
, in York Minster

Astronomical clock

The

Second World War.[79]
The clock is not currently working.

Illuminations

The West Door, illuminated in December 2005

In November 2002, York Minster was illuminated in colour, devised by York-born Mark Brayshaw, for the first time in its history. The occasion was televised live on the BBC1 Look North programme. Similar illuminations have been projected over the Christmas period in subsequent years.

York Minster was also artistically illuminated on 5 November 2005, celebrating the 400th anniversary of the foiling of York-born Guy Fawkes' gunpowder plot. This was done by Patrice Warrener using his unique "chromolithe" technique with which he 'paints' with light, picking out sculpted architectural details.

In October 2010, York Minster's south transept was selected for "Rose", a son et lumiere created by international artists Ross Ashton and Karen Monid which lit up the entire exterior of the south transept of the minster and illuminated the Rose Window. There were also satellite illuminate events in Dean's Park.

York Mystery Plays

In 2000, the Dean and Chapter allowed the York

Mystery Plays to be performed for the first time inside the Minster, directed by Gregory Doran.[80] The Plays returned to the Minster for a second time in 2016, directed by Phillip Breen with Philip McGinley performing the role of Jesus.[81]

See also

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Sources

External links