York and Lancaster Regiment

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York and Lancaster Regiment
Volunteer and Territorial battalions
Up to 12 hostilities-only battalions
Part ofYorkshire Brigade
Garrison/HQPontefract Barracks, Pontefract
Nickname(s)The Tigers
Cat and Cabbage
Young and Lovelies
Motto(s)Honi soit qui mal y pense
MarchQuick: The York and Lancaster, The Jockey of York
Slow: Regimental Slow March of the York and Lancaster
Mascot(s)Cat (unofficial)
Commanders
Colonel of
the Regiment
Herbert Plumer

The York and Lancaster Regiment was a line infantry regiment of the British Army that existed from 1881 until 1968. The regiment was created in the Childers Reforms of 1881 by the amalgamation of the 65th (2nd Yorkshire, North Riding) Regiment of Foot and the 84th (York and Lancaster) Regiment of Foot. The regiment saw service in many small conflicts and both World War I and World War II until 1968, when the regiment chose to be disbanded rather than amalgamated with another regiment, one of only two infantry regiments in the British Army to do so, with the other being the Cameronians (Scottish Rifles).

History

The regiment was formed on 1 July 1881 through the amalgamation of two regiments of foot and a militia regiment:[1]

Under the original scheme of amalgamation announced in March 1881 the title of the new regiment was to be The Hallamshire Regiment.

Regiments of Foot lacking a county designation and the title was given in recognition of the fact that the unit had been raised in York in 1793, with a second battalion in Preston, Lancashire in 1808.[5][6]

Sudan, 1884

British soldiers landing at Trinkitat, February 1884 a sketch by Melton Prior

The 1st battalion of the new regiment had spent 11 years in India (as the 65th Reg) 1871–1882. They were moved to Aden to be held in reserve for the Egyptian Campaign. After 18 months, they shipped on the Serapis to Trinkitat, Sudan, arriving 28 February 1884. The next day they came under gun fire and made a bayonet charge, capturing two Krupp guns. Later that day seven were killed and 35 wounded at the

Battle of El Teb. The 1st battalion was reported as 421 strong when at Souakim, 14 March, before losing 32 killed and 25 wounded. They embarked on the troopship HMS Jumna on 29 March, arriving at Dover on 22 April 1884.[7]

Second Boer War

The Relief of Ladysmith. Sir George Stuart White greets Major Hubert Gough on 28 February. Painting by John Henry Frederick Bacon (1868–1914)

The 1st battalion embarked for South Africa as part of the reinforcements for the Second Boer War in late 1899. It took part in the Relief of Ladysmith.[8]

Service in the Empire

Following the end of the war in South Africa in 1902, the 1st battalion was sent to British India, where it replaced the 2nd battalion in Mhow. The 2nd battalion returned home, for the first time since 1883.[9]

In 1908, the Volunteers and Militia were reorganised nationally, with the former becoming the

Special Reserve;[10] the regiment now had one Reserve and two Territorial battalions.[11][12]

First World War

Graves of three soldiers of the York and Lancaster Regiment who died at Epinoy, France on 1 October 1918.

In total, 22 battalions of the regiment served during the Great War, losing 8,814 officers and men killed in action.[13]

Men of the York and Lancaster Regiment receiving instructions in the trenches before starting out on a patrol near Roclincourt, France, 12 January 1918. Note their camouflaged outfits.

The 22 battalions consisted of the two regular battalions, the depot battalion, six Territorial Force battalions, nine Service, two Reserve, one Transport and one Labour battalion. Of these battalions, 17 saw service overseas.[14]

During the Battle of the Somme, eight battalions of the Yorks and Lancs' went over the top on the first day, 1 July 1916, suffering huge casualties. Eleven battalions of the regiment fought during the Somme offensive.[14]

Regular Army

The

1st Battalion returned from service in British India to be formed up as part of the 83rd Brigade in the 28th Division. The 28th Division consisted of regular battalions returning from overseas service and was shipped to France in January 1915.[15] The 1st Battalion saw action in the Second Battle of Ypres and the Battle of Loos. The battalion was then shipped to the Balkans as part of the British Salonika Army where it would remain until the end of the war.[14] While the battalion was still in France Private Samuel Harvey was awarded the York and Lancs' first Victoria Cross since the regiment's creation in 1881.[16]

The

6th Division as part of the original British Expeditionary Force.[15] The 2nd Battalion fought its first battle at Radinghem[17] south of Armentières during the Race to the Sea.[14] The 2nd Battalion fought in most of the major battles of the war including the Battle of the Somme and spent the entire war serving in France and Flanders.[14] Private John Caffrey, 2nd battalion, was awarded the Victoria Cross in 1915. Following the armistice of 11 November 1918 troops from the York's and Lancaster Regiment were involved in a mutinous riot at the Clipstone Camp, Nottinghamshire, following disquiet at the slow rate of being demobilised.[18]

Territorial Force

Men of the York and Lancaster Regiment, probably 2/4th Battalion, part of 187th Brigade, take up wire for use by a night working party on the 62nd Division front between Oppy and Gavrelle, 13 January 1918.

The 1/4th (Hallamshire) Battalion and the 1/5th Battalion landed at Boulogne-sur-Mer as part of the 3rd West Riding Brigade in the West Riding Division in April 1915 for service on the Western Front.[15] The 2/4th (Hallamshire) Battalion and the 2/5th Battalion landed at Le Havre as part of the 187th Brigade in 62nd (2nd West Riding) Division in January 1917 also for service on the Western Front.[15]

New Armies

The 6th (Service) Battalion landed at Suvla Bay in Gallipoli as part of the 32nd Brigade in the 11th (Northern) Division; the battalion was evacuated in December 1915 and moved to Egypt before moving on to France in July 1916 for service on the Western Front.[15] The 7th (Service) Battalion (Pioneers) landed at Boulogne-sur-Mer as pioneer battalion for the 17th (Northern) Division in July 1915 also for service on the Western Front.[15] The 8th and 9th (Service) Battalions landed at Boulogne-sur-Mer as part of the 70th Brigade in the 23rd Division in August 1915 also for service on the Western Front and then moved to Italy in November 1917.[15] The 10th (Service) Battalion landed at Boulogne-sur-Mer as part of the 63rd Brigade in the 21st Division in September 1915 also for service on the Western Front.[15]

The three Pals battalions, the 12th (Sheffield City) Battalion and the 13th and 14th Barnsley Battalions, landed in France as part of the 94th Brigade in the 31st Division in March 1916 for service on the Western Front.[15] They suffered particularly heavily during the Battle of the Somme.[14]

Second World War

Regular Army

The 1st Battalion was part of the

Italian Campaign, fighting, most notably, in the First Battle of Monte Cassino in January 1944 and remained there holding their objectives gained during the battle, before being sent to the Anzio beachhead in March. The battalion, as in the aftermath of Monte Cassino, remained at Anzio until late May, where it took part in Operation Diadem, and in June was withdrawn from the front line, returning to the Middle East in July, where the battalion remained for the next seven months, resting and refitting after nearly a year of continuous action in Sicily and Italy. Landing briefly in Italy in February 1945, the battalion, with the rest of the 5th Division, transferred to Belgium soon afterwards, arriving there in March, to take part in the Western Allied invasion of Germany, where the battalion ended the war.[19]

Men of the 2nd Battalion, rest while on patrol in the jungle of Burma, July 1944.

The

Arakan offensive toward the end of the war.[21]

Territorial Army

The

Namsos Campaign and were evacuated back to Britain by 5 May. The Hallamshires were sent to Iceland and the United Kingdom in April 1942, not seeing active service until the battalion was landed in Normandy soon after D-Day in June 1944 and fought its way through France, Belgium (where Corporal John Harper was awarded the regiment's fifth Victoria Cross), and into the Netherlands, where it was part of the bitter fighting that led to the eventual capture of Arnhem in April 1945.[22]

Troops from the Hallamshire Battalion, York and Lancaster Regiment unloading coils of barbed wire from a boat in the flooded village of Zetten, 2 March 1945.

The former 5th Battalion (Territorial Army), which had converted to anti-aircraft artillery in 1936, served in the

North African Campaign in 1941, as the 67th (York and Lancaster) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, before being transferred to India and then Burma, where it was prominent at Imphal, and later at Mandalay. From October 1944 to January 1945, the regiment served as infantry due to the shortage of manpower in the British Army at the time.[23]

The 6th Battalion was a 2nd Line Territorial duplicate of the 4th Battalion, formed in 1939 when the TA was doubled in size. The battalion, part of the

Tunisian Campaign until it ended in mid-May, with the battalion capturing thousands of Axis soldiers. After spending three months resting, refitting and training, the battalion then, in early September 1943, took part in the Allied invasion of Italy, suffering very heavy casualties. The battalion, after helping in the liberation of Naples, later participated in the breaching the Volturno Line, and advanced up the spine of western Italy, fighting along the Winter Line, and in the First Battle of Monte Cassino. In March 1944, the battalion, after nearly six months of continuous action, was withdrawn to Egypt and later Palestine to rest and refit. Returning to Italy in July, the battalion fought on the Gothic Line, before, in December 1944, being sent to Greece and returning again to Italy in April 1945.[24]

Hostilities-only

Meanwhile, the 7th Battalion, which was raised in 1940, was in India (from December 1942), but served mainly on the

North-West Frontier, before being moved to Burma in 1945, too late to contribute to the defeat of the Japanese.[25]

The 8th and 9th battalions, both raised in 1940, after being stationed in

The 10th Battalion was converted to tanks in India, becoming the 150th Regiment,

Post Second World War

Following the Second World War, the regiment saw service around the world, including participation in the Suez Crisis of 1956. With the reorganisation of the army in 1968, the York and Lancaster Regiment was one of two infantry regiments that chose to be disbanded rather than amalgamated with another regiment, the other regiment being the Cameronians (Scottish Rifles). However, although the 1st Battalion was disbanded in 1968, with the Regimental HQ closing in 1987, the traditions of the regiment were continued through the descendants of the Hallamshire Battalion, which was constituted as two companies in the Yorkshire Volunteers.[22]

On 6 June 2006, the platoon took its rightful place in the ORBAT of the newly formed 4th Battalion The

Yorkshire Regiment Association (YRA) to recognise all former members of the York and Lancaster Regiment as members of the YRA.[30]

Regimental museum

The York and Lancaster Regimental Museum is based at

Battle honours

The regiment's battle honours were as follows:[12]

  • combined battle honours of 65th Regiment and 84th Regiment1, plus:
    • South Africa 1899–1902
    • The Great War [22 battalions]:
      Gallipoli 1915
      , Egypt 1916
    • The Second World War:
      Burma 1943–45

1. the honour "India" of the 84th Regt was modified to "India 1796–1819" in 1912 to differentiate it from the "India" Tiger badge of the 65th Regt

2. awarded 1909 for services of 65th Regiment

Victoria Cross awards

Affiliations

See also

References

  1. ^ "No. 24992". The London Gazette. 1 July 1881. pp. 3300–3301.
  2. ^ "The Territorial Regiments". The Times. 7 March 1881. p. 13.
  3. ^ The regiment's Territorial Army battalion dropped its number and was known simply as the Hallamshire Battalion from 1924.
  4. ^ Raikes, George Alfred (1885). Roll of the officers of the York and Lancaster regiment. The Second Battalion. London: Richard Bentley and Son. p. xii-xv.
  5. ^ Mills, T F. "84th (York and Lancaster) Regiment of Foot". Regiments.org: Land Forces of Britain, The Empire and Commonwealth. Archived from the original on 9 January 2008. Retrieved 17 December 2011.
  6. Sir James Pulteney, Secretary at War, stating that "His Majesty has been pleased to order that the 84th Regiment of Foot... shall in future assume and bear the name of 'York and Lancaster' in addition to its present numerical title." Raikes, George Alfred (1885). Roll of the officers of the York and Lancaster regiment. The Second Battalion
    . London: Richard Bentley and Son. p. viii.
  7. ^ "Records on the 65th York and Lancaster Regiment". Wanganui Herald, New Zealand. 24 July 1884. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
  8. ^ "York and Lancaster Regiment". Anglo-Boer War. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
  9. ^ "Naval & Military intelligence - The Army in India". The Times. No. 36896. London. 11 October 1902. p. 12.
  10. ^ "Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 31 March 1908. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
  11. ^ These were the 3rd Battalion (Special Reserve), with the 4th (Hallamshire) Battalion at Endcliffe Hall in Sheffield and the 5th Battalion at Wharncliffe Street in Rotherham (since demolished) (both Territorial Force)
  12. ^ a b "York and Lancaster Regiment". Regiments.org. Archived from the original on 8 January 2006. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
  13. ^ "York and Lancaster Regiment History". Yorks and Lancs.org. Archived from the original on 2 July 2007. Retrieved 5 October 2009.
  14. ^ a b c d e f "Regimental War Path". warpath.orbat.com. Archived from the original on 5 November 2006. Retrieved 5 October 2009.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i "York and Lancaster Regiment". Long, Long Trail. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
  16. ^ "No. 29371". The London Gazette (Supplement). 16 November 1915. p. 11449.
  17. ^ Wylly (1930). The York and Lancaster Regiment Volume 1.
  18. ^ Whatling, Frank Henry. "Frank Henry Whatling Memoirs". Great War Forum. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  19. ^ "15 (North East) Brigade - A history" (PDF). Ministry of Defence. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
  20. ^ Dillon, John. "Battle of Crete, 1941". John Dillon. Archived from the original on 18 June 2007. Retrieved 5 October 2009.
  21. ^ Joslen, p. 267
  22. ^ a b Norton, Colonel I.G. "Yorkshire Volunteers". Yorkshire Volunteers Regimental Association. Retrieved 2 November 2009.
  23. ^ "67 (Yorks & Lancs) Heavy AA Regiment RA (TA)". Blue Yonder. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
  24. ^ Joslen, p. 324
  25. ^ "Units in Burma". Wolftree. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
  26. ^ "51 Indian Infantry Brigade". Orders of Battle. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
  27. ^ "53 Indian Infantry Brigade". Orders of Battle. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
  28. ^ "Living conditions during the monsoon in the Arakan". Imperial War Museum. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
  29. ^ Forty, pp. 50–1.
  30. ^ "Yorkshire Regiment: Regimental Association". Ministry of Defence. Archived from the original on 27 March 2009. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
  31. ^ "York and Lancaster Regimental Museum". Clifton Park. Retrieved 10 June 2018.
  32. ^ "Defence Forces of New Zealand". Appendix to the Journal of the House of Representatives. 1913. p. 13.

Sources

Further reading

External links