Yucatán
You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Spanish. (January 2023) Click [show] for important translation instructions.
|
Yucatán
Yúukatan (Yucatec Maya) | ||
---|---|---|
Free and Sovereign State of Yucatán Estado Libre y Soberano de Yucatán (Spanish) U Péetluʼumil Yucatán (Yucatec Maya) | ||
Deputies | ||
Area Area code | Area codes | |
Ranked 20th | ||
Website | Official website |
Yucatán (
It is located on the northern part of the Yucatán Peninsula. It is bordered by the states of Campeche to the southwest and Quintana Roo to the southeast, with the Gulf of Mexico off its northern coast.
Before the arrival of
After the
As of 2016[update] the Mexican National Public Security System ranked Yucatán among the safest Mexican states.[20] Mérida was awarded City of Peace in 2011. It is one of the two states the U.S. advises its citizens to exercise normal precautions, alongside neighbouring Campeche.[21]
Etymology
The name Yucatán, also assigned to the
The first is that the name resulted from confusion between the
- According to one of them, Spaniards gave the name of Yucatán to the region because the Mayan answered their questions with the phrase uh yu ka t'ann, which in the Maya language means hear how they talk.
- It is also said that it came from the answer of an indigenous Mayan to the question of a Spanish explorer, who wanted to know the name of the region. The Mayan probably replied Ma'anaatik ka t'ann which means in the Maya language I do not understand your speech or I do not understand you.
Probably the first person to propose the "I do not understand" version was the friar Toribio de Benavente Motolinía. In his book Historia de los indios de la Nueva España (History of the Indians of New Spain) he says
because talking with those Indians of the coast, whatever the Spanish asked the Indians responded: Tectetán, Tectetán which means I don't understand you, I don't understand you; they corrupted the word, and not understanding what the Indians said, they said: Yucatán is the name of this land; and the same happened in a place, a cape, which they also called Cape Cotoch; and Cotoch in that language means house.[22]
The second proposed explanation comes from Bernal Díaz del Castillo. In his book Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva España (True History of the Conquest of New Spain), he says Yucatá means "land of yucas",[23] a plant that was cultivated by the Maya and was an important food source for them.[24]
History
Pre-Columbian era
The origin of the first settlements has not been scientifically confirmed, although the presence of first humans in the area dates from the late Pleistocene or ice age (about 10,000–12,000 years), according to the findings in the Loltún caves and caverns of Tulum (Women of the Palms).[25]
The first Maya moved to the Peninsula circa 250 CE, from the
Exploration by Spanish soldiers
In 1513, Juan Ponce de León had already conquered the island of Borinquén (now Puerto Rico) and had visited Florida.[30] Antón de Alaminos, who was with Ponce de León on this latest discovery, suspected that west of Cuba they could find new land. Under their influence, Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar, supported by the governor of Cuba, organized an expedition commanded by Francisco Hernández de Córdoba to explore the seas west of the island.[31]
This expedition sailed from port of Ajaruco on February 8, 1517, to
Spanish conquest
The conquest of Yucatán was completed two decades after the
From Tabasco, Montejo led a new campaign to Yucatán from the west (1531–35) and failed again in his attempt for conquest. Circa 1535, after many bloody battles with the natives, he reached the complete pacification of the Province of Tabasco and began planning his new foray to Yucatán.
El Adelantado was appointed governor of
Francisco de Montejo "El Adelantado" appointed his nephew, Francisco de Montejo "el Sobrino", to head the conquest of the eastern Yucatán, which was achieved after many bloody battles, ending with the foundation of the city of Valladolid on May 28, 1543.
Canek rebellion, during the colonial Yucatán
Oppressive policies of inequality and prejudice were imposed on the native Mayans by the Spanish colonial government. In November 1761, Jacinto Canek, a Mayan from the town of Cisteil (now located in Yaxcabá Municipality), led an armed uprising against the government, which was quickly put down. Captured insurgents were taken to Mérida, where they were tried and tortured. As a warning to the population against rebellion, Cisteil was burned and covered with salt.
This abortive rebellion was not of great consequence to the colonial regime, but it marked the history of the peninsula and clearly delineated anti-colonial tensions in the region. The uprising was a precursor to the social upheaval that would explode less than a century later, as the Caste War. The Canek rebellion is remembered today as a symbol of the racial and social conflict that predominated for centuries in the Spanish colonies.
Yucatán in independent Mexico
Because of its geographical remoteness from the center of New Spain, especially from Mexico City, Yucatán was not militarily affected by the Mexican War of Independence, though the influence was felt in other ways. In 1820 Lorenzo de Zavala, member of Sanjuanistas (a group of creoles who met at the church of San Juan in downtown Mérida), created the Patriotic Confederation, which eventually divided into two groups: the supporters of the Spanish government under the Cádiz Constitution and another led by Zavala, which sought outright independence from Spain. Mariano Carrillo Albornoz then Governor of Yucatán, sent Zavala and Manuel García Sosa as deputies of the Cortes of Cádiz to Madrid, while the other liberals were imprisoned. While this was happening in Yucatán, the Plan of Iguala was proclaimed in the current state of Guerrero (at that time part of the Intendency of Mexico).
On September 15, 1821, in the Hall of Councils of the City of Mérida, Yucatán declared its independence from Spain.[35] Almost immediately, Governor Juan María Echeverri sent two representatives to negotiate the incorporation of Yucatán into the Mexican Empire. The incorporation into the Mexican Empire took place on November 2, 1821.[36]
Republic of Yucatán
The Mexican Empire was quickly overthrown (1823) under the
The second Republic of Yucatán[c] emerged when the federal pact signed by Yucatán and endorsed in the Constitution of Yucatán of 1825 was broken by the centralist government of Mexico from 1835. In 1841 the state of Tabasco decreed its separation from Mexico and Miguel Barbachano, then governor of Yucatán, sent a commission headed by Justo Sierra O'Reilly to meet with Tabasco authorities to propose the creation of an independent federal republic from Mexico formed by the two states. The idea failed when Tabasco rejoined Mexico in 1842.
On August 22, 1846, Mexican interim president
Flag of the Republic of Yucatán
The flag of Yucatán was raised on March 16, 1841. The period of the Republic of Yucatán was the only one in which the banner was officially used by the authorities of Yucatán.
Rodolfo Menéndez de la Peña, historian, describes the flag of Yucatán: "The flag of Yucatán was divided into two parts: green on left, the right, with three divisions, red up and down and white in the middle. In the green field highlighted, five stars, symbolizing the five departments that Yucatan was divided by decree of November 30, 1840: Mérida, Izamal, Valladolid, Tekax and Campeche."[40]
The flag does not have official recognition in the state, however, it has a strong recognition among the people of the state.[41][42] De facto state flag, in any case, according to a convention led by former president Ernesto Zedillo, is a white flag with the shield of the state in the middle.
Caste War
The Caste War of Yucatán was a conflict that lasted from 1847 to 1901. It began with the revolt of native Maya people led by Maya chiefs Jacinto Pat and Cecilio Chi, against the population of European descent called "Yucatecos", who had political and economic control. A lengthy war ensued between the Yucateco forces in the north-west of the Yucatán and the independent Maya in the south-east. It officially ended with the occupation of the Maya capital of Chan Santa Cruz by the Mexican army in 1901, although skirmishes with villages and small settlements that refused to acknowledge Mexican control continued for over another decade.
Adam Jones wrote: "This ferocious race war featured genocidal atrocities on both sides, with up to 200,000 killed."[43]
Because of the conflict, on November 24, 1902, Yucatán had a second territorial division when Porfirio Díaz decreed the creation of the Federal Territory of Quintana Roo,[44] with capital in the port of Payo Obispo (today Chetumal). In little more than half a century, Yucatán lost more than two thirds of its original territory.
The henequen industry
In the late 19th century, the henequen industry grew to unprecedented power in the Yucatan. The henequen grown in the Yucatan was used around the world for rope and twine, and became known as sisal rope, named after the seaside town of Sisal, from where the rope was shipped. Today Sisal is a sleepy fishing village, being rediscovered by locals and visitors as a beach location for vacation homes. The henequen industry provided financial autonomy to the isolated Yucatán. The fiber of the
Korean immigration to Mexico began in 1905. The first Korean migrants settled in Yucatán as workers in henequen plantations. Labour brokers began advertising in newspapers in the Korean port city of Incheon in 1904 for workers willing to go to Mexico to work on henequen plantations for four- or five-year contracts.[citation needed] A total of more than one thousand were recruited and departed from Incheon on board a British cargo ship on 4 April 1905, despite efforts by the Korean government to block their departure. Once their contracts were up, most settled in Mexico, either continuing to work on henequen plantations or moving to various cities in the country.[citation needed]
Hundreds of prosperous haciendas abounded in the state until the advent of synthetic products after World War II, the cultivation of henequén in other parts of the world and the self-serving actions of some of the leading henequen-growing families led to the gradual decline of the Yucatan's monopoly on the industry.[citation needed]
The great influx of wealth during that period from the henequen industry focused mainly on Mérida, the capital of Yucatán State. It allowed the city of Mérida to install street lights and a tram system even before Mexico City. It is said that in the early 20th century, the city had the largest number of millionaires per capita in the world. Today, Paseo de Montejo (inspired by the Parisian avenue Champs-Élysées), is lined with the elegant houses built during that time. These houses are mostly now renovated and serve as everything from private homes to banks, hotels and restaurants. Many of the haciendas today[45] have also been renovated and now serve as private homes, event venues and upscale luxury hotels.
Late 20th century
Until the mid-20th century most of Yucatán's contact with the outside world was by sea; trade with the US and Cuba, as well as Europe and other Caribbean islands, was more significant than that with the rest of Mexico. In the 1950s Yucatán was linked to the rest of Mexico by railway, followed by highway in the 1960s, ending the region's comparative isolation. Today Yucatán still demonstrates a unique culture from the rest of Mexico, including its own style of food.
Commercial jet airplanes began arriving in Mérida in the 1960s, and additional international airports were built first in Cozumel and then in the new planned resort community of Cancún in the 1980s, making tourism a major force in the economy of the Yucatán Peninsula.
The first Maya governor of Yucatán, Francisco Luna Kan, was elected in 1976.
Today, the Yucatán Peninsula is a major tourism destination, as well as home to one of the largest indigenous populations in Mexico, the Maya people.
Geography
The State of Yucatán is located on the
Demography
Largest cities
Rank | Municipality | Pop. | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mérida Kanasín |
1 | Mérida | Mérida | 921,771 | Valladolid Umán | ||||
2 | Kanasín | Kanasín | 139,753 | ||||||
3 | Valladolid | Valladolid | 56,494 | ||||||
4 | Umán | Umán | 56,409 | ||||||
5 | Tizimín | Tizimín | 52,593 | ||||||
6 | Progreso | Progreso | 41,965 | ||||||
7 | Ticul | Ticul | 35,183 | ||||||
8 | Tekax de Álvaro Obregón | Tekax | 28,461 | ||||||
9 | Hunucmá | Hunucmá | 28,412 | ||||||
10 | Oxkutzcab | Oxkutzcab | 26,175 |
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1895[47] | 298,569 | — |
1900 | 309,652 | +3.7% |
1910 | 339,613 | +9.7% |
1921 | 358,221 | +5.5% |
1930 | 386,096 | +7.8% |
1940 | 418,210 | +8.3% |
1950 | 516,899 | +23.6% |
1960 | 614,049 | +18.8% |
1970 | 758,355 | +23.5% |
1980 | 1,063,733 | +40.3% |
1990 | 1,362,940 | +28.1% |
1995 | 1,556,622 | +14.2% |
2000 | 1,658,210 | +6.5% |
2005 | 1,818,948 | +9.7% |
2010 | 1,955,577 | +7.5% |
2015 | 2,097,175 | +7.2% |
2020[9] | 2,320,898 | +10.7% |
Languages
The most widespread indigenous language of Yucatán is
Korean immigration
In 1905, 1,003 Korean immigrants, which included 802 men and 231 women and children, departed from the port of
Government and politics
Government
The
Executive power rests in the
Municipalities
The State of Yucatán is divided into 106 municipalities, each headed by a
Politics
The most recent local election in Yucatán was held on June 6, 2021.
Tourism in Yucatán | ||||
Chichen Itza | Uxmal | Dzibilchaltun | Ek' Balam
|
Kabah |
Mérida | Tizimín | Valladolid | Progreso | Izamal |
Loltun, Oxkutzcab | Bolón-Chohol, Cuzamá | Dzitnup, Valladolid | Ik Kil, Kaua | Sacred Cenote, Chichen Itza |
Media
Newspapers of Yucatán include: Artículo 7, De Peso (Mérida), Diario de Yucatán, La I Noticias para Mí Mérida, Milenio Novedades (Antes El Mundo al Día), and Por Esto! (Yucatán).[52][53]
Food
Yucatecan food is its own unique style and is very different from what most people would consider Mexican food. It includes influences from the local Mayan culture,[54] as well as Caribbean, European (Spanish), (North) African, and Middle Eastern cultures, as well as influence from the cuisine of other parts of Mexico.
There are many regional dishes. Some of them are:
- Poc Chuc, a Mayan/Yucatecan version of barbecued pork.
- Habanerochiles accompany most dishes, either in solid or puréed form, along with fresh limes and corn tortillas.
- Queso relleno, a "gourmet" dish featuring ground pork inside of a carved Edam cheese ball served with tomato sauce and gravy.
- Pavo en Relleno Negro, a turkey meat stew cooked with a black paste made from roasted chiles, a local version of the mole de guajalote found throughout Mexico. The meat soaked in the black soup is also served in tacos, sandwiches and even in panuchos or salbutes and is usually referred to as "Relleno negro".
- Sopa de Lima, a lime-flavored soup with meat (turkey, chicken, or pork), served with tortilla chips.
- Papadzules, egg tacos covered in pumpkin seed sauce and tomatoes.
- Cochinita Pibil, a marinated pork dish and by far the most renowned of Yucatecan food.
- Xcatik, a type of chili.
- Pavo en Relleno Blanco (or simply "Relleno Blanco"), a turkey stew almost like Pavo en Relleno Negro.
- Seville orangejuice
Safety
Yucatán is the safest state in Mexico[55][56] and Mérida was awarded City of Peace in 2011.[57][58]
The
Notable people
- Bennetto Payne (1909–1987), professional boxer
See also
- Caste War of Yucatán
- Cenote
- Chicxulub crater
- Governor of Yucatán
- Himno de Yucatán
- Municipalities of Yucatán
- Spanish conquest of Yucatán
- Villa Carlota, Mexico
- Yucatán State Police
Notes
- ^ Joined the federation under the name Federated Republic of Yucatán, and included the modern states of Yucatán, Campeche and Quintana Roo.
- ^ Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Yucatán; Yucatec Maya: U Péetluʼumil Yucatán.[15]
- ^ Usually when historians talk about of the Republic of Yucatán, they are talking about the second republic.
References
- ^ "La bandera de Yucatán". Diario de Yucatán. Archived from the original on December 24, 2009. Retrieved August 30, 2010.
- ^ "La historia de la República de Yucatán". Portal Electronico de Dzidzantun Yucatán. Archived from the original on June 6, 2017. Retrieved August 30, 2010.
- ^ a b "Las Diputaciones Provinciales" (PDF) (in Spanish). p. 15. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 28, 2016. Retrieved April 11, 2011.
- ISBN 978-968-12-0586-7. Archivedfrom the original on October 18, 2023. Retrieved February 20, 2011.
- ^ "Les comparto este importante mensaje". Raúl Paz. Archived from the original on September 21, 2022. Retrieved September 21, 2022.
- ^ "Senadores por Yucatán LXIV y LXV Legislatura". Senado de la República. Archived from the original on June 15, 2019. Retrieved March 24, 2019.
- ^ "Resumen". Cuentame INEGI. Archived from the original on April 19, 2013. Retrieved February 12, 2013.
- ^ "Relieve". Cuentame INEGI. Archived from the original on July 23, 2011. Retrieved October 20, 2010.
- ^ a b "México en cifras". January 2016. Archived from the original on July 18, 2021. Retrieved January 26, 2021.
- ^ Citibanamex (June 13, 2023). "Indicadores Regionales de Actividad Económica 2023" (PDF) (in Spanish). Retrieved August 13, 2023.
- ^ a b "Yucatán". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Archived from the original on July 26, 2019. Retrieved July 26, 2019.
- ^ "Yucatán". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press.[dead link]
- ^ "Yucatán". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved July 26, 2019.
- ^ "Yucatán". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Retrieved July 26, 2019.
- ^ "U Noj Aʼalmajtʼaanil U Péetluʼumil Yucatán" [Political Constitution of the State of Yucatán] (PDF) (in Yucatec Maya). Archived (PDF) from the original on April 5, 2023. Retrieved October 18, 2023.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ISBN 968-6843-59-0.
- ISBN 978-0874805697.
- ^ (Molina Solís 1896, p. 33)
- ISBN 970-9071-04-1.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - ISBN 9781789192872. Archivedfrom the original on October 20, 2023. Retrieved August 4, 2022.
2016 The Mexican National Public Security System calls Yucatán one of the safest states in Mexico.
- ^ "Travel Advisory". Mexico Travel Advisory. U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on August 31, 2023. Retrieved September 1, 2023.
- ^ (de Motolinía 1858, p. 196)
- ^ (Díaz del Castillo 2005, p. 22)
- ^ "¿Cómo se alimentaban los mayas?". Archived from the original on June 15, 2010. Retrieved May 4, 2010.
- ^ Diario de Yucatán (January 2001). "La Ruta Puuc". Archived from the original on March 30, 2010. Retrieved May 4, 2010.
- ^ (Silva 2006, p. 62)
- ^ (de Landa 1984, p. 19)
- ^ (Molina Solís 1896, p. 10)
- ^ (Silva 2006, p. 63)
- ^ Peck, Douglas T. "Misconceptions and Myths Related to the Fountain of Youth and Juan Ponce de Leon's 1513 Exploration Voyage" (PDF). New World Explorers, Inc. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 9, 2008. Retrieved May 5, 2010.
- ^ (López de Cogolludo 2007, p. 21)
- ^ (López de Cogolludo 2007, p. 22)
- ^ (López de Cogolludo 2007, p. 68)
- ^ (Ancona 1878, p. 6)
- ^ "Datos de Interes" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved April 11, 2011.
- ISBN 968-6160-00-0
- ^ "La Historia de la República de Yucatán" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on June 6, 2017. Retrieved October 31, 2010.
- ISBN 9789681205867. Archivedfrom the original on October 20, 2023. Retrieved October 21, 2020.
- ^ "SEP" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on October 26, 2011.
- ^ Esquivel, Duran (September 14, 2002). "Las estrellas y la vigencia de la bandera de Yucatán" [The Stars and Effect of the Flag of Yucatan]. Diario de Yucatán (in Spanish). Archived from the original on May 20, 2012. Retrieved May 11, 2017.
... la bandera yucateca se dividió en dos campos: a la izquierda, uno de color verde, y a la derecha, otro con tres divisiones, de color rojo arriba y abajo y blanco en medio. En el campo o lienzo verde de la bandera se destacaban cinco hermosas estrellas que simbolizaban a los cinco departamentos en que se dividía Yucatán por Decreto del 30 de noviembre de 1840, a saber: Mérida, Izamal, Valladolid, Tekax y Campeche...
- ^ Diario de Yucatán. "160 aniversario de la Bandera de Yucatán". Archived from the original on February 25, 2010. Retrieved August 10, 2010.
- ^ Diario de Yucatán. "Buenos Aires City, anfitrión de un evento al estilo de Las Vegas". Retrieved August 26, 2010.[permanent dead link]
- ISBN 0253220777
- ^ Gobierno del Estado de Quintana Roo. "Historia". Archived from the original on May 29, 2010. Retrieved August 28, 2010.
- ^ Fields, Ellen. "Haciendas of the Yucatan". Yucatan Living. Archived from the original on May 6, 2015. Retrieved May 11, 2015.
- ^ "Censo Yucatán 2020". Archived from the original on June 6, 2023. Retrieved June 6, 2023.
- ^ "Mexico: extended population list". GeoHive. Archived from the original on March 11, 2012. Retrieved July 29, 2011.
- ^ CorMexCamp (January 19, 2010), Inmigración coreana a México, archived from the original on November 7, 2021, retrieved June 14, 2016
- ^ a b Novelo, Victoria (2009). Yucatecos en Cuba: Etnografía de una migración. Yucatan,Mexico: CIESAS/Conaculta/Instituto de Cultura de Yucatán/La Casa Chata, Serie Antropológicas.
- ^ Dávila Valdés, Claudia (2015). "Socio-Economic Trajectory and Geographical Mobility of Lebanese and Koreans: From Motul to Mérida". Migraciones Internacionales. 8 (2): 103–131. Archived from the original on August 10, 2016. Retrieved June 13, 2016.
- ^ Hyong-Ju, Kim (2003). "La experiencia migratoria de la nueva comunidad coreana en México". Second Meeting on Korean Studies in Latin America, Centro de Estudios de Asia y África, Korea Foundation/Colmex/UBA.
- ^ "Publicaciones periódicas en Yucatán". Sistema de Información Cultural (in Spanish). Gobierno de Mexico. Archived from the original on March 2, 2021. Retrieved March 7, 2020.
- ^ "Latin American & Mexican Online News". Research Guides. US: University of Texas at San Antonio Libraries. Archived from the original on March 7, 2020.
- ^ "A Yucatán Adventure". Food & Wine. Archived from the original on August 17, 2021. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
- ^ "Yucatán, el Estado más seguro del país". Punto Medio. Archived from the original on August 16, 2010. Retrieved April 10, 2010.
- ^ "Confirman a Yucatán como estado más seguro". Grupo Sipse. Archived from the original on October 8, 2011. Retrieved April 10, 2010.
- ^ "Declararán a Mérida ciudad de la paz". Vanguardia. Archived from the original on April 13, 2019. Retrieved April 10, 2010.
- ^ "Aprovecha Mérida nombramiento de 'Ciudad de la Paz' para atraer inversiones". Diario de Yucatán. Archived from the original on January 18, 2012. Retrieved April 10, 2010.
- ^ "Misión" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on July 14, 2015. Retrieved July 14, 2015.
- ^ Diario de Yucatán (May 21, 2011). "Resalta el presidente Calderón la seguridad en Yucatán". Archived from the original on June 15, 2011. Retrieved June 9, 2011.
- ^ La Revista Peninsular. "Elogian empresarios seguridad de Yucatán". Archived from the original on November 27, 2011. Retrieved June 9, 2011.
- ^ Organización Editorial Mexicana (May 5, 2011). "Yucatán, el estado más seguro: Ivonne Ortega". Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved June 9, 2011.
- ^ puntomedio.com.mx (September 17, 2010). "Cultura, deporte y seguridad, pilares del gobierno de Ivonne Ortega". Archived from the original on November 26, 2011. Retrieved June 9, 2011.
- El Universal (October 28, 2011). "Resalta Ivonne Ortega seguridad en Yucatán". Archived from the originalon September 3, 2014. Retrieved November 28, 2011.
Sources
- )
- ISBN 9681211960.
- Molina Solís, Juan Francisco (1896). Historia del descubrimiento y conquista de Yucatán, con una reseña de la historia antigua de esta península (1st ed.). Mérida de Yucatán: Impr. y lit. R. Caballero. OL 23361775M.
- OCLC 17926841.
- ISBN 978-84-9816-640-8.
- de Motolinía, Toribio (1985) [1858]. George Baudot (ed.). Historia de los Indios de la Nueva España. Castalia. ISBN 84-7039-464-9.
- Silva, Oswaldo (2006). Civilizaciones prehispánicas de América. Santiago de Chile, Chile: Editor Universitaria. OCLC 494412139.
External links
- Geographic data related to Yucatán at OpenStreetMap