Yugoslav First League
Founded | 1923 |
---|---|
Folded | 1992 |
Country | Yugoslavia |
Confederation | UEFA |
Level on pyramid | 1 |
Relegation to | Yugoslav Second League |
Domestic cup(s) | Yugoslav Cup |
International cup(s) | European Cup UEFA Cup |
Last champions | Red Star Belgrade (1991–92) |
Most championships | Red Star Belgrade (19 titles) |
Most appearances | Enver Marić (439) |
Top goalscorer | Slobodan Santrač (218) |
The Yugoslav First League (Bosnian: Prva savezna liga u fudbalu, Serbian: Прва савезна лига у фудбалу, Prva savezna liga u fudbalu, Croatian: Prva savezna nogometna liga, Slovene: Prva zvezna nogometna liga, Macedonian: Прва сојузна фудбалска лига, Albanian: Liga e parë federale e futbollit, Hungarian: Első szövetségi labdarúgó-bajnokság) was the premier football league in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1918–1941) and Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1945–1992).
The First League Championship was one of two national competitions held annually in Yugoslavia, the Yugoslav Cup being the other.
The league became fully professional in 1967.[1]
Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1923–1940)
This was the first club competition on a national level for clubs from
It was governed at first by the
Champions and top scorers
Season | Format | Champions | Runners-up | Top scorer(s)[4] | Goals | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1923 | Cup tournament (One-legged knockout; 6 clubs) |
Građanski Zagreb (1)
|
SAŠK Sarajevo
|
Jugoslavija Beograd )
|
4 | |
1924 | Cup tournament (One-legged knockout; 7 clubs) |
Jugoslavija Beograd (1)
|
Hajduk Split
|
Jugoslavija Beograd )
|
6 | |
1925 | Cup tournament (One-legged knockout; 7 clubs) |
Jugoslavija Beograd (2)
|
Građanski Zagreb
|
Jugoslavija Beograd )
|
4 | |
1926 | Cup tournament (One-legged knockout; 7 clubs) |
Građanski Zagreb (2)
|
Jugoslavija Beograd
|
Jugoslavija Beograd )
|
4 | |
1927 | League (Single round-robin; 6 clubs) |
Hajduk Split (1)
|
BSK Beograd
|
BSK Beograd )
|
6 | |
1928 | League {Single round-robin; 6 clubs) |
Građanski Zagreb (3)
|
Hajduk Split
|
Hajduk Split )
|
8 | |
1929 | League (Double round-robin; 5 clubs) |
Hajduk Split (2)
|
BSK Beograd
|
BSK Beograd )
|
10 | |
1930 | League (Double round-robin; 6 clubs) |
Concordia Zagreb (1)
|
Jugoslavija Beograd
|
BSK Beograd )
|
10 | |
1930–31 | League (Double round-robin; 6 clubs) |
BSK Beograd (1)
|
Concordia Zagreb
|
BSK Beograd )
|
12 | |
1931–32 | Cup tournament (Two-legged knockout; 8 clubs) |
Concordia Zagreb (2)
|
Hajduk Split
|
Concordia Zagreb )
|
10 | |
1932–33 | League (Double round-robin; 11 clubs) |
BSK Beograd (2)
|
Hajduk Split
|
Hajduk Split )
|
21 | |
1933–34 | National championship was not played. | |||||
1934–35 | League (Double round-robin; 10 clubs) |
BSK Beograd (3)
|
Jugoslavija Beograd
|
Hajduk Split )
|
18 | |
1935–36 | Cup tournament (Two-legged knockout; 14 clubs) |
BSK Beograd (4)
|
Slavija Sarajevo
|
BSK Beograd )
|
5 | |
1936–37 | League (Double round-robin; 10 clubs) |
Građanski Zagreb (4)
|
Hajduk Split
|
BSK Beograd )
|
21 | |
1937–38 | League (Double round-robin; 10 clubs) |
HAŠK Zagreb (1)
|
BSK Beograd
|
Građanski Zagreb )
|
17 | |
1938–39 | League (Double round-robin; 12 clubs) |
BSK Beograd (5)
|
Građanski Zagreb
|
Građanski Zagreb )
|
22 | |
1939–40 | League[5] (Double round-robin; 6 clubs) |
Građanski Zagreb (5)
|
BSK Beograd
|
BSK Beograd )
|
10 |
Performance by clubs
# | Club | Champions | Runners-up |
---|---|---|---|
1 | BSK Beograd | 5 | 4 |
2 | Građanski Zagreb | 5 | 2 |
3 | Hajduk Split | 2 | 5 |
4 | Jugoslavija Beograd | 2 | 3 |
5 | Concordia Zagreb | 2 | 1 |
6 | HAŠK | 1 | 0 |
7 | Slavija Sarajevo | 0 | 1 |
8 | SAŠK Sarajevo | 0 | 1 |
World War II competitions
- Serbian Football League (1940–44), in Serbia (Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia)
SFR Yugoslavia (1945–1992)
Champions and top scorers
Titles by club
Club | Titles | Winning seasons |
---|---|---|
Red Star | 19[b] | 1951, 1952–53, 1955–56, 1956–57, 1958–59, 1959–60, 1963–64, 1967–68, 1968–69, 1969–70, 1972–73, 1976–77, 1979–80, 1980–81, 1983–84, 1987–88, 1989–90, 1990–91, 1991–92 |
Partizan | 11 | 1946–47, 1948–49, 1960–61, 1961–62, 1962–63, 1964–65, 1975–76, 1977–78, 1982–83, 1985–86, 1986–87 |
Hajduk Split | 7 | 1950, 1952, 1954–55, 1970–71, 1973–74, 1974–75, 1978–79 |
Dinamo Zagreb | 4 | 1947–48, 1953–54, 1957–58, 1981–82 |
Vojvodina | 2 | 1965–66, 1988–89 |
Sarajevo | 2 | 1966–67, 1984–85 |
Željezničar | 1 | 1971–72 |
Titles by republic
Republic | Titles | Clubs |
---|---|---|
SR Serbia | 32[b] | Red Star, Partizan, Vojvodina |
SR Croatia | 11 | Hajduk Split, Dinamo Zagreb |
SR Bosnia and Herzegovina | 3 | Sarajevo, Željezničar |
SR Macedonia | 0 | – |
SR Montenegro | 0 | – |
SR Slovenia | 0 | – |
Performance by club
Club | Champions | Runners-up | Third place | Total top three finishes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Red Star Belgrade | 19[b] | 9 | 7 | 35 |
Partizan | 11 | 9 | 8 | 28 |
Hajduk Split | 7 | 6 | 8 | 21 |
Dinamo Zagreb | 4 | 11 | 7 | 22 |
Vojvodina | 2 | 3 | 2 | 7 |
Sarajevo | 2 | 2 | 0 | 4 |
Željezničar | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 |
Velež Mostar | 0 | 3 | 4 | 7 |
OFK Belgrade* | 0 | 2 | 2 | 4 |
Radnički Belgrade | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
Radnički Niš | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
Lokomotiva Zagreb
|
0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Sloboda Tuzla | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
- *Known as BSK Belgrade before 1957
All-Time First Yugoslav League table
Rank | Club | MP | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Red Star | 1335 | 719 | 328 | 288 | 2560 | 1415 | +1145 | 1766 |
2 | Partizan | 1335 | 657 | 354 | 324 | 2285 | 1428 | +857 | 1668 |
3 | Dinamo Zagreb | 1302 | 597 | 366 | 339 | 2151 | 1495 | +656 | 1560 |
4 | Hajduk Split | 1302 | 587 | 346 | 369 | 2088 | 1486 | +602 | 1520 |
5 | Vojvodina | 1221 | 465 | 311 | 445 | 1670 | 1595 | +75 | 1241 |
6 | Sarajevo | 1228 | 447 | 311 | 470 | 1674 | 1773 | -99 | 1205 |
7 | Velež Mostar | 1174 | 435 | 309 | 430 | 1668 | 1615 | +53 | 1179 |
8 | Željezničar | 1063 | 403 | 274 | 386 | 1456 | 1424 | +32 | 1080 |
9 | OFK Beograd | 977 | 343 | 281 | 353 | 1355 | 1355 | 0 | 967 |
10 | Radnički Niš | 979 | 339 | 250 | 390 | 1088 | 1244 | -156 | 928 |
11 | Vardar | 1005 | 328 | 251 | 426 | 1195 | 1459 | -264 | 907 |
12 | Rijeka | 898 | 310 | 252 | 336 | 1083 | 1163 | -80 | 857 |
Best finish in Europe by club
Table only shows best-finish achievements in major European/Intercontinental competitions during the SFR Yugoslavia period (1945–1992).
No minor European tournaments (like Mitropa Cup) included.
Table sorted by success at European Cup / UEFA Champions League first and foremost.
Club | European Cup / UEFA Champions League |
UEFA Cup / Europa League |
UEFA Cup Winners' Cup | UEFA Super Cup | Intercontinental Cup | Inter-Cities Fairs Cup | UEFA Intertoto Cup |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Red Star Belgrade | Winner 1990–91 |
Runners-up 1978–79 |
Semi-finals 1974–75 |
Runners-up 1991 |
Winner 1991 |
Semi-finals 1961–62 |
– |
Partizan | Runners-up 1965–66 |
Third Round (3) 1974–75; 1984–85; 1990–91 |
Quarter-finals 1989–90 |
– | – | Second Round 1967–68 |
– |
Hajduk Split | Quarter-finals (3) 1975–76; 1979–80; 1994-1995 |
Semi-finals 1983–84 |
Semi-finals 1972–73 |
– | – | Second Round 1970–71 |
– |
Vojvodina | Quarter-finals 1966–67 |
– | – | – | – | Quarter-finals 1961–62 as Novi Sad XI |
Group Winner 1976
|
Sarajevo | Second Round 1967–68 |
Third Round 1982–83 |
– | – | – | – | Group Stage (2) 1962–63; 1964–65 |
Željezničar | First Round 1972–73 |
Semi-finals 1984–85 |
– | – | – | First Round 1970–71 |
Group Stage 1965–66 |
Dinamo Zagreb | First Round 1982–83 |
Second Round (3) 1971–72; 1976–77; 1988–89 |
Semi-finals 1960–61 |
– | – | Winner 1966–67 |
– |
Vardar | First Round 1987–88 |
Second Round 1985–86 |
First Round 1961–62 |
– | – | – | – |
Radnički Niš | – | Semi-finals 1981–82 |
– | – | – | – | Group Stage (2) 1964–65; 1965–66 |
OFK Beograd | – | Quarter-finals 1972–73 |
Semi-finals 1962–63 |
– | – | Semi-finals 1958–60 as Belgrade XI |
– |
Velež Mostar | – | Quarter-finals 1974–75 |
Second Round (2) 1981–82; 1986–87 |
– | – | – | Group Stage (2) 1962–63; 1963–64 |
Rijeka | – | Second Round 1984–85 |
Quarter-finals 1979–80 |
– | – | – | Quarter-finals 1962–63 |
Sloboda Tuzla | – | First Round 1977–78 |
– | – | – | – | Group Winner 1983
|
Rad Belgrade | – | First Round 1989–90 |
– | – | – | – | Group Runners-up 1988 |
Borac Banja Luka | – | – | Second Round 1975–76 |
– | – | – | – |
Olimpija Ljubljana
|
– | - | First Round 1970–71 |
– | – | First Round (2) 1966–67; 1968–69 |
Group Runners-up 1990 |
Bor | – | – | First Round 1968–69 |
– | – | – | – |
Budućnost | – | – | – | – | – | – | Group Winner 1981
|
Čelik Zenica | – | – | – | – | – | – | Group Winner 1975
|
While the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup is recognised as the predecessor to the UEFA Cup, it was not organised by UEFA.[9] Consequently, UEFA do not consider clubs' records in the Fairs Cup to be part of their European record.[9][10] However, FIFA do view the competition as a major honour.[11]
All time top goalscorers
This table possibly contains original research. (October 2012) |
Complete list of players who scored 100 goals or more in the 1946-1992
# | Name | First League goals | First League matches | Goals per match ratio | Clubs | First League career |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Slobodan Santrač | 218 | 365 | 0.60 | OFK Beograd, Partizan, Galenika | 1965–1974, 1976–1980, 1982–1983 |
2 | Darko Pančev | 168 | 243 | 0.69 | Vardar, Red Star Belgrade | 1982–1992 |
3 | Dušan Bajević | 166 | 322 | 0.51 | Velež Mostar | 1966–1977, 1981–1983 |
4 | Bora Kostić | 158 | 257 | 0.61 | Crvena Zvezda | 1951–1961, 1962–1966 |
5 | Frane Matošić | 149 | Hajduk Split | 1946–1953 | ||
6 | Toza Veselinović | 145 | 227 | 0.64 | Vojvodina, Partizan, Proleter Zrenjanin | 1948–1949, 1951–1961, 1967–1968 |
7 | Stjepan Bobek | 129 | 201 | 0.64 | Partizan | 1945–1956 |
=7 | Zoran Prljinčević | 129 | FK Radnički Beograd, Crvena Zvezda
|
|||
9 | Dušan Savić | 120 | 202 | 0.59 | Red Star Belgrade | 1973–1982 |
10 | Dragan Džajić | 113 | 306 | 0.37 | Red Star Belgrade | 1963–1975, 1977–1978 |
11 | Vojin Lazarević | 112 | 188 | 0.60 | Sutjeska Nikšić, Red Star Belgrade | 1964–1965, 1966–1970, 1972–1974 |
12 | Josip Bukal | 111 | 258 | 0.43 | Željezničar | 1963–1973, 1977–1978 |
13 | Petar Nadoveza | 108 | 217 | 0.50 | Hajduk Split
|
1963–1973 |
14 | Kosta Tomašević | 104 | 156 | 0.67 | Red Star Belgrade, Spartak Subotica | 1946–1956 |
15 | Vahid Halilhodžić | 103 | 207 | 0.50 | Velež Mostar | 1972–1981 |
16 | Snješko Cerin | 103 | Dinamo Zagreb | 1976–1986 | ||
17 | Petar Nikezić | 102 | 301 | 0.34 | Vojvodina, Osijek | 1967–1978, 1979–1982 |
18 | Zlatko Vujović | 101 | 240 | 0.42 | Hajduk Split | 1977–1986 |
All time top appearances
# | Name | First League appearances | Clubs | First League career |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Enver Marić | 429 | Velež Mostar
|
1967–1976, 1978–1985 |
2 | Slavko Vlahović | 413 | Budućnost | 1977–1991 |
3 | Slobodan Janjuš | 403 | Sutjeska Nikšić
|
1970–1977, 1985–1988, 1977–1978, 1981–1982,, 1982–1983, 1983–1984, 1984–1985 |
4 | Nedžad Verlašević | 397 | Željezničar
|
1975–1983, 1983–1985, 1987–1990, 1985–1986 |
5 | Momčilo Vukotić | 395 | Partizan | 1968–1978, 1979–1984 |
6 | Vili Ameršek | 392 | Olimpija Ljubljana | 1966–1976, 1979–1984 |
7 | Slobodan Santrač | 365 | OFK Beograd, Partizan, Galenika | 1965–1974, 1976–1977, 1977–1980, 1980–1983 |
8 | Franjo Vladić | 361 | Velež Mostar
|
1968–1979, 1981–1985 |
9 | Tone Rožič | 360 | Olimpija Ljubljana | 1970–1984 |
10 | Ilija Petković | 354 | OFK Beograd | 1964–1973, 1976–1983 |
11 | Kočo Dimitrovski | 336 | Vardar Skopje
|
1968–1985 |
12 | Mustafa Hukić | 332 | Sloboda Tuzla
|
1968–1978, 1983–1985 |
13 | Ivica Miljković | 327 | Dinamo Zagreb, Osijek
|
1969–1977, 1977–1980 |
14 | Dušan Bajević | 322 | Velež Mostar
|
1966–1977, 1981–1983 |
15 | Ibrahim Biogradlić | 318 | FK Sarajevo | 1951–1967 |
16 | Milovan Obradović | 312 | Radnički Niš, Vojvodina
|
1974–1985, 1985–1986 |
17 | Ivica Hlevnjak
|
312 | Hajduk Split
|
1962–1973 |
18 | Dragan Holcer | 310 | Hajduk Split
|
1963–1967, 1967–1975 |
19 | Ratomir Dujković | 308 | Red Star Belgrade, Osijek, Galenika | 1962–1974, 1977–1980, 1980–1983 |
20 | Dragan Džajić | 306 | Red Star Belgrade | 1963–1975, 1977–1978 |
Notable clubs (at least 10 top-flight seasons or at least one title)
Over the years the Yugoslav First League featured many different teams, but there were always a number of teams that stood out, typically from the bigger cities. Among these were:
|
|
UEFA coefficients
The following data indicates historical Yugoslav coefficient rankings among European football leagues.[12]
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
Successor leagues
The
The UEFA recognised the First League of FR Yugoslavia as its successor league.
Slovenia and Croatia depart
In June 1991 Slovenia declared independence and Croatia followed suit in October of the same year. This meant that their football associations separated from the
1991–92 season
The
Macedonia and FR Yugoslavia
Macedonian clubs abandoned the competition after the 1991–92 season because the new
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina proclaimed independence in late winter 1992, and already in April same year N/FSBiH applied for membership with FIFA and UEFA.[13] Meanwhile, due to the outbreak of Bosnian War in April 1992 no games were played in the 1992–93 season. In late 1993 some parts of the country re-launched football competitions with reduced scope. But just as the country was divided along ethnic lines, so was football.
In 1993
These three separate football leagues were operating in Bosnia and Herzegovina until 1998, and 2000. Since FIFA and UEFA showed support only for the association operating under patronage of the official and internationally recognized state institutions, during the war and prior to Dayton Peace Agreement as well as after its signage, they endorsed unification of all three organizations as N/FSBiH. This also came as a consequence of FIFA decision to recognize N/FSBiH already in July 1996, while in the same year UEFA admitted N/FSBiH as an adjacent member until 1998 when they recognized its full membership. This meant that only N/FSBiH clubs and its national team could compete at the international and official level.[13]
Final unification has been preceded by several stages. At first was created a playoff where clubs were playing for the champion under N/FSBiH auspices. Idea was that playoff under unified N/FSBiH auspices should bring together clubs competing under three separate organizations for the first time but was rejected by Serb association, leaving clubs from Croat football association and N/FSBiH participating playoff for the seasons 1997–98 and 1999–00, while 1998–99 playoff was canceled due to Croat's association hesitation on the decision on which stadiums games should be played. Next season playoff was resumed for the last time prior to full and final agreement on unified N/FSBiH and its competition, Premier League BiH (Premijer Liga), in the fall 2000. However, the first 2000–01 season seen clubs from Federation of BiH only, while clubs from Republic of Srpska entity continue to compete in their own separate league as their entity association still refused to join agreed unified N/FSBiH and its new competition. However, UEFA and FIFA never intended to recognize this separate organization nor its competition, which meant clubs couldn't compete outside territory of the entity and wouldn't see any international football. This situation forced clubs to insist that their organization also join N/FSBiH, and two years later they became part of the competition for the season 2002–03. Ever since the year 2000 Premier League is the top tier of Bosnia and Herzegovina football, with two entity-based leagues, First League of Republika Srpska and First League of the Federation of BiH, being pushed to the second tier of the football pyramid and serve as feeder leagues to Premier League.[13]
Today's top flight successors
- Bosnia and Herzegovina → Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina (2000–present; from 1994 to 2000 had a First League of Bosnia and Herzegovina)
- Croatia → HNL (1992–present)
- Kosovo → Football Superleague of Kosovo (2016–present)[14][c]
- North Macedonia → Macedonian First League (1992–present)
- Montenegro → Montenegrin First League (2006–present; from 1992 to 2006 had a joint league with Serbia)
- Serbia → Serbian SuperLiga (2006–present, from 1992 to 2006 had a joint league with Montenegro)
- Slovenia → Slovenian PrvaLiga (1991–present)
UEFA recognised FR Yugoslavia and subsequently Serbia as the only official successor of Yugoslavia[15][16][17] and consequently the clubs from FR Yugoslavia kept the ranking and ponctuation within UEFA.
See also
- Yugoslav Cup
- Serbian Football League (1940–44)
- Football Association of Yugoslavia
- Yugoslavia national football team
Notes and references
Notes
- ^ A special format tournament was held to re-affirm the newly found Yugoslav unity. The tournament consisted of eight teams: six representing Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Slovenia respectively, one representing Vojvodina, an autonomous region within Serbia and finally the Jugoslovenska Narodna Armija team, a selection of Yugoslav People's Army football players.
- ^ a b c d e f g The last championship started without clubs from newly independent Slovenia and Croatia, while clubs from Bosnia, with exception of FK Borac Banja Luka, too abandoned competition on a winter break with imminent country's independence, leaving only Serbian, Montenegrin and Macedonian clubs competing in the second half of the season. (See subsection on 1991–92.)
- ^ From 1991 until 1999 unrecognized competition in Kosovo parallel to Serbian league system was organized, while one which was recognized compete in the 5th level of the Yugoslav league system. The champion would gain promotion to Serbian Republic League, one of Yugoslav 4th tiers. Since 1999-2000 season the Superleague ran outside FIFA and UEFA until Kosovo was admitted to both organizations, on 3 May 2016.
References
- ^ Moving with the ball: the migration of professional footballers Archived 24 July 2023 at the Wayback Machine by Pierre Lanfranchi and Matthew Taylor, p. 119.
- ^ "Povijest – počeci" (in Croatian). Croatian Football Federation. Archived from the original on 27 September 2020. Retrieved 28 June 2008.
- ^ "Fudbalski savez Srbije – History". Football Association of Serbia. Archived from the original on 2 April 2009. Retrieved 28 June 2008.
- ^ Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. 14 December 2007. Archivedfrom the original on 9 December 2022. Retrieved 26 June 2008.
- ^ The league had a contracted season. In 1939, Croatian and Slovenian clubs began leaving the Yugoslav Football Association and joining the newly found Croatian Football Federation, in protest of the alleged centralization of sport around Belgrade. A new Croatian-Slovenian Football League was started, while the Yugoslavian First League continued on, soon to be renamed the Serbian First League. The split was eventually rectified with the promise of an increase in the number of Croatian and Slovenian clubs in the league. In the end, a short ten-round season was held.
- Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. 28 May 2008. Archivedfrom the original on 23 February 2023. Retrieved 26 June 2008.
- Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. 28 May 2008. Archivedfrom the original on 23 February 2023. Retrieved 26 June 2008.
- ^ "All-Time Yugoslav First League Standings". Archived from the original on 9 March 2012. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
- ^ a b "UEFA Cup: All-time finals". UEFA. 30 June 2005. Archived from the original on 31 August 2015. Retrieved 30 September 2010.
- ^ "UEFA Europa League: History: New format provides fresh impetus". UEFA. Archived from the original on 25 October 2010. Retrieved 14 August 2014.
- ^ "Classic Football: Clubs: FC Barcelona". FIFA. Archived from the original on 29 April 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2014.
"Classic Football: Clubs: AS Roma". FIFA. Archived from the original on 17 August 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2014. - ^ "UEFA European Cup Coefficients Database". Bert Kassies. Archived from the original on 12 February 2012. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
- ^ a b c d "N/FSBiH History". nfsbih.ba. N/FSBiH. Archived from the original on 30 November 2016. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
- ^ "Kosovo relishing the future | Inside UEFA". UEFA.com. 9 July 2018. Archived from the original on 3 June 2021. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
- ^ History Archived 27 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine at FSS official website, Retrieved 4 October 2012 (in Serbian)
- ^ Serbia at FIFA official website
- ^ News: Serbia Archived 25 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine at UEFA official website, published 1 January 2011, Retrieved 4 October 2012