Yugoslav torpedo boat T1
One of T1's sister ships, T3
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History | |
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Austria-Hungary | |
Name | 76 T then 76 |
Builder | Stabilimento Tecnico Triestino |
Laid down | 24 June 1913 |
Launched | 15 December 1913 |
Commissioned | 23 August 1914 |
Out of service | 1918 |
Fate | Assigned to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes |
Kingdom of Yugoslavia | |
Name | T1 |
Acquired | March 1921 |
Out of service | April 1941 |
Fate | Captured by Italy |
Italy | |
Name | T1 |
Acquired | April 1941 |
Out of service | September 1943 |
Kingdom of Yugoslavia | |
Name | T1 |
Acquired | December 1943 |
Fate | Transferred to Yugoslav Navy post-war |
Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia | |
Name | Golešnica |
Acquired | post-World War II |
Stricken | 1955 |
Fate | Sunk as a target |
General characteristics | |
Class and type | 250t-class, T-group sea-going torpedo boat |
Displacement | |
Length | 57.84 m (189 ft 9 in) |
Beam | 5.75 m (18 ft 10 in) |
Draught | 1.54 m (5 ft 1 in) |
Installed power |
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Propulsion |
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Speed | 28 knots (52 km/h; 32 mph) |
Range | 1,000 nmi (1,900 km; 1,200 mi) at 16 knots (30 km/h; 18 mph) |
Complement | 41 officers and enlisted |
Armament |
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T1 was a seagoing
Following
Background
In 1910, the
Description and construction
The
The boats were originally to be armed with three Škoda 66 mm (2.6 in) L/30[a] guns, and three 450 mm (17.7 in) torpedo tubes,[2] but this was changed to two guns and four torpedo tubes before the first boat was completed, to standardise the armament with the F group to follow.[4] A 40 cm (16 in) searchlight was mounted above the bridge.[11] The torpedo tubes were mounted in pairs, with one pair mounted between the forecastle and bridge, and the other on a section of raised superstructure above the aft machinery room.[7] They could also carry 10–12 naval mines.[4]
The third of its class to be completed, 76 T was laid down on 24 June 1913, launched on 15 December 1913, completed on 20 July 1914,[4] and commissioned on 23 August.[12] Around the time of her commissioning, one 8 mm (0.31 in) Schwarzlose M.7/12 machine gun was included in the armament of all boats of the class for anti-aircraft work. Four mounting points were installed so that the machine gun could be mounted in the most effective position depending on the expected direction of attack.[13] Until October 1915, the boat was painted black, but from that point it was painted a light blue-grey.[6]
Career
World War I
Following her commissioning, 76 T was part of the 1st Torpedo Group of the 3rd Torpedo Division of the Austro-Hungarian 1st Torpedo Flotilla.[14] The original concept of operation for the 250t-class boats was that they would sail in a flotilla at the rear of a cruising battle formation, and were to intervene in fighting only if the battleships around which the formation was established were disabled, or in order to attack damaged enemy battleships.[15] When a torpedo attack was ordered, it was to be led by a scout cruiser, supported by two destroyers to repel any enemy torpedo boats. A group of four to six torpedo boats would deliver the attack under the direction of the flotilla commander.[16] As the 250t-class boats came into service, they joined the 1st Torpedo Flotilla, which was initially led by the Novara-class scout cruiser Saida and later by her sister Helgoland. The 1st Torpedo Flotilla initially included two divisions of destroyers (1st and 2nd) and a division of torpedo boats (3rd), which the 250t-class boats joined. Throughout the war, 76 T remained with the 3rd Torpedo Division of the 1st Torpedo Flotilla.[17]
Not long after being commissioned, 76 T joined the rest of the 1st Torpedo Flotilla in an attempt to engage part of the French fleet operating in the southern Adriatic on 17 October 1914. The French were sailing in the vicinity of the island of Vis, but departed south during the night of 17/18 October, and the Austro-Hungarian flotilla was unable to launch an attack.[18] On 15 and 16 March 1915, 76 T, along with the old destroyer Magnet and 250t-class boats 75 T and 79 T, escorted the newly commissioned dreadnought battleship Szent István from the main Austro-Hungarian naval base at Pola – in the upper Adriatic – to the island of Pago to conduct firing exercises.[19] Led by Helgoland, the whole 1st Torpedo Flotilla steamed to the Ionian Sea over the period 11–15 April 1915 in search of the French fleet base, but the operation was unsuccessful.[18]
Italy declared war on Austria-Hungary on 23 May 1915,[20] and hostilities in the Adriatic, which had thus far mostly involved intermittent forays by the French fleet,[21] immediately intensified.[20] Almost the entire Austro-Hungarian fleet left Pola soon after the declaration to deliver an immediate response against Italian cities and towns along the Adriatic coast, aiming to interdict land and sea transport between southern Italy and the northern regions of that country which were expected to be a theatre of land operations. The fleet split into six groups with a range of targets up and down the coast.[20] On 24 May, 76 T participated in this operation, known as the Bombardment of Ancona, which involved shelling of various Italian shore-based targets, with 76 T involved in the operation against Ancona itself,[22] along with two squadrons of battleships, four destroyers, another four 250t-class boats, and thirteen Kaiman-class torpedo boats and six seaplanes.[20] On 27 July, a flotilla led by the scout cruisers Admiral Spaun and Novara, and escorted by the Huszár-class destroyers Scharfschutze and Uskoke along with 76 T, 75 T and 79 T shelled the Italian railway line between Ancona and Pesaro.[23] During this action, 76 T was engaged by coastal batteries near Ancona and was struck by a shell that failed to explode.[24] In late November 1915, the Austro-Hungarian fleet deployed a force from Pola to the Bocche in the southern Adriatic; this force included six of the eight T-group torpedo boats. This force was tasked to maintain a permanent patrol of the Albanian coastline and interdict any troop transports crossing from Italy.[25] During 1915, in addition to the operations mentioned above, 76 T also conducted three anti-submarine patrols and was often tasked with covering seaplanes returning from bombing missions over Italy.[24]
On 4 January 1916, 76 T laid mines in the
On 1 February 1918, a mutiny broke out among the sailors of some vessels of the Austro-Hungarian Navy at the Đenovići anchorage within the Bocche, largely over poor food, lack of replacement uniforms and supplies, and insufficient leave, although the poor state of the Austro-Hungarian economy and its impact on their families was also a factor.[32] As 76 was based at Pola at the time, her crew was not involved in the mutiny.[24] On 3 May, 76 assisted the steamship Giulia which had stranded on Cape Marlera near Pola after being damaged by a mine. On 9 May, 76 and 79 along with several Huszár-class destroyers escorted the two Erzherzog Karl-class battleships, Erzherzog Ferdinand Max and Erzherzog Friedrich, to the Bocche. On 24 May, 76, along with the Kaiman-class boats 58 and 59, and the 250t-class boats 77, 78 and 97 conducted an anti-submarine operation targeting an unknown British submarine.[33]
By 1918, the
On 27 July, 76 towed the salvaged Austro-Hungarian submarine
Interwar period
The Austro-Hungarian Empire sued for peace in November 1918, and 76 survived the war intact.[2] Immediately after the Austro-Hungarian capitulation, French troops occupied the Bocche, which was treated by the Allies as Austro-Hungarian territory.[43] During the French occupation, the captured Austro-Hungarian Navy ships moored at the Bocche were neglected, and 76's original torpedo tubes were destroyed or damaged by French troops.[44] In 1920, under the terms of the previous year's Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, by which rump Austria officially ended World War I, she was allocated to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (KSCS, later Yugoslavia).[45] Along with three other 250t-class T-group boats, 77, 78 and 79, and four 250t-class F-group boats, she served with the Royal Yugoslav Navy (Serbo-Croatian Latin: Kraljevska Mornarica, KM; Краљевска Морнарица). Taken over in March 1921 when French forces withdrew,[45][44] in KM service, 76 was renamed T1.[4] When the navy was formed, she and the other seven 250t-class boats were the only modern sea-going vessels in the KM.[46] New torpedo tubes of the same size were ordered from the Strojne Tovarne factory in Ljubljana.[9]
In KM service it was intended to replace one or both guns on each boat of the 250t class with a longer Škoda 66 mm L/45 gun, and according to the naval historian Zvonimir Freivogel, this included the forward gun on T1. She was also fitted with one or two Zbrojovka 15 mm (0.59 in) machine guns. In KM service, the crew increased to 52,[9] and she was commissioned in 1923.[47] In 1925, exercises were conducted off the Dalmatian coast, involving the majority of the navy.[48] T1 underwent a refit in 1927.[47] In 1932, the British naval attaché reported that Yugoslav ships engaged in few exercises, manoeuvres or gunnery training due to reduced budgets.[49] By 1939, the maximum speed achieved by the 250t class in Yugoslav service had declined to 24 kn (44 km/h; 28 mph).[9]
World War II and post-war service
In April 1941, Yugoslavia entered World War II when it was invaded by the German-led Axis powers. At the time of the invasion, T1 was located at the Bay of Kotor along with her sister ship T8 (formerly 97). The two boats were formally part of the 3rd Torpedo Division, but they were left at Kotor when the rest of the division was deployed to the central Dalmatian port of Šibenik just prior to the invasion, in accordance with a plan to attack the Italian enclave of Zara in northern Dalmatia, which was quickly cancelled.[50] T1 was captured by the Italian Navy shortly after the Yugoslav capitulation and was operated by them under her Yugoslav designation, conducting coastal and second-line escort duties in the Adriatic. Her guns were replaced by two 76 mm (3.0 in) L/40 anti-aircraft guns,[51] and her bridge was enclosed.[5] Her plain hull was also painted in a dazzle camouflage pattern.[52] She was allocated to Maridalmazia, the military maritime command of Dalmatia (Comando militare marittimo della Dalmazia), which was responsible for the area from the northern Adriatic island of Premuda south to the port of Bar in the Italian governorate of Montenegro.[53] On 21 January 1943, T1 was escorting the steamer Cassala near Cape Menders (current day Cape Mendra near Ulcinj, Montenegro, then part of the Italian protectorate of Albania) when they were attacked by the British submarine HMS Tigris. Tigris fired four torpedoes but missed both ships.[54]
On 8 September 1943, immediately following the
She was commissioned as Golešnica by the
See also
Notes
- ^ L/30 denotes the length of the gun's barrel. In this case, the L/30 gun is 30 calibre, meaning that the barrel was 30 times as long as the diameter of its bore.[10]
- ^ Sources differ on what the exact time was when the attack took place. Sieche states that the time was 3:15 am when the Szent István was hit,[36] while Sokol claims that the time was 3:30 am.[35]
- ^ One source states that she was captured by the Germans and transferred to the navy of the puppet state, the Independent State of Croatia,[2] but in addition to Freivogel, and Freivogel and Rastelli, several other sources state that she was returned to the KM in December 1943.[51][57][58]
Footnotes
- ^ a b c d Freivogel 2022, p. 60.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Gardiner 1985, p. 339.
- ^ Freivogel 2022, p. 59.
- ^ a b c d e Greger 1976, p. 58.
- ^ a b c d Freivogel 2020, p. 102.
- ^ a b c Freivogel 2022, p. 65.
- ^ a b c Freivogel 2020, pp. 102–103.
- ^ O'Hara, Worth & Dickson 2013, pp. 26–27.
- ^ a b c d Freivogel 2020, p. 103.
- ^ Friedman 2011, p. 294.
- ^ Freivogel 2022, pp. 64–65.
- ^ Freivogel 2022, p. 61.
- ^ Freivogel 2022, p. 67.
- ^ Greger 1976, pp. 11–12.
- ^ Freivogel 2019, p. 68.
- ^ Freivogel 2019, p. 69.
- ^ Freivogel 2022, pp. 71 & 143–146.
- ^ a b Freivogel 2022, p. 71.
- ^ Freivogel 2022, p. 73.
- ^ a b c d Freivogel 2019, p. 168.
- ^ Freivogel 2019, pp. 117–122, 148–151.
- ^ Cernuschi & O'Hara 2015, p. 168.
- ^ Freivogel 2019, p. 186.
- ^ a b c d Freivogel 2022, p. 75.
- ^ Halpern 2012, p. 229.
- ^ Freivogel 2022, p. 80.
- ^ Freivogel 2019, p. 221.
- ^ a b Freivogel 2019, p. 233.
- ^ a b Cernuschi & O'Hara 2015, p. 170.
- ^ Freivogel 2022, p. 79.
- ^ Freivogel 2019, p. 320.
- ^ Freivogel 2019, pp. 358–360.
- ^ a b c Freivogel 2022, p. 76.
- ^ Sokol 1968, pp. 133–134.
- ^ a b Sokol 1968, p. 134.
- ^ a b Sieche 1991, pp. 127, 131.
- ^ Sokol 1968, p. 135.
- ^ Freivogel 2019, p. 379.
- ^ a b Freivogel 2019, p. 380.
- ^ Cernuschi & O'Hara 2015, p. 37.
- ^ Freivogel 2022, p. 87.
- ^ Ramet 2006, pp. 42–44.
- ^ Djukanović 2023, p. 11.
- ^ a b Freivogel 2020, p. 12.
- ^ a b Vego 1982, p. 345.
- ^ Twardowski 1980, p. 355.
- ^ a b c d e Freivogel 2020, p. 104.
- ^ Jarman 1997a, p. 733.
- ^ Jarman 1997b, p. 451.
- ^ Freivogel & Rastelli 2015, p. 93.
- ^ a b Brescia 2012, p. 151.
- ^ Freivogel & Rastelli 2015, p. 135.
- ^ Freivogel & Rastelli 2015, pp. 126 & 130.
- ^ Freivogel & Rastelli 2015, p. 142.
- ^ Freivogel & Rastelli 2015, pp. 171–172.
- ^ Freivogel & Rastelli 2015, p. 103.
- ^ Twardowski 1980, p. 357.
- ^ Whitley 1988, p. 186.
- ^ Freivogel 2021, p. 14.
- ^ Freivogel 2021, pp. 107–108.
- ^ Freivogel 2021, p. 108.
- ^ Freivogel 2021, p. 107.
References
- Brescia, Maurizio (2012). Mussolini's Navy. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-59114-544-8.
- Cernuschi, Enrico & ISBN 978-1-84486-295-5.
- Djukanović, Bojka (2023). Historical Dictionary of Montenegro. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 978-1-5381-3915-8.
- Freivogel, Zvonimir & Rastelli, Achille (2015). Adriatic Naval War 1940-1945. Zagreb: Despot Infinitus. ISBN 978-953-7892-44-9.
- Freivogel, Zvonimir (2019). The Great War in the Adriatic Sea 1914–1918. Zagreb, Croatia: Despot Infinitus. ISBN 978-953-8218-40-8.
- Freivogel, Zvonimir (2020). Warships of the Royal Yugoslav Navy 1918-1945. Zagreb, Croatia: Despot Infinitus. ISBN 978-953-8218-72-9.
- Freivogel, Zvonimir (2021). Warships of the Royal Yugoslav Navy 1945-1991. Zagreb, Croatia: Despot Infinitus. ISBN 978-953-366-006-6.
- Freivogel, Zvonimir (2022). Austro-Hungarian Torpedo-Boats in World War One. Zagreb, Croatia: Despot Infinitus. ISBN 978-953-366-036-9.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors (link - ISBN 978-1-84832-100-7.
- Gardiner, Robert, ed. (1985). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 978-0-85177-245-5.
- Greger, René (1976). Austro-Hungarian Warships of World War I. London: Allan. ISBN 978-0-7110-0623-2.
- ISBN 978-0-87021-266-6.
- Jarman, Robert L., ed. (1997a). Yugoslavia Political Diaries 1918–1965. Vol. 1. Slough, Berkshire: Archives Edition. ISBN 978-1-85207-950-5.
- Jarman, Robert L., ed. (1997b). Yugoslavia Political Diaries 1918–1965. Vol. 2. Slough, Berkshire: Archives Edition. ISBN 978-1-85207-950-5.
- O'Hara, Vincent; Worth, Richard; Dickson, W. (2013). To Crown the Waves: The Great Navies of the First World War. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-61251-269-3.
- ISBN 978-0-253-34656-8.
- Sieche, Erwin F. (1991). "S.M.S. Szent István: Hungaria's Only and Ill-Fated Dreadnought". Warship International. XXVII (2). Toledo, Ohio: International Warship Research Organization: 112–146. ISSN 0043-0374.
- Sokol, Anthony Eugene (1968). The Imperial and Royal Austro-Hungarian Navy. Annapolis, Maryland: U.S. Naval Institute. OCLC 1912.
- Twardowski, Marek (1980). "Yugoslavia". In Gardiner, Robert & Chesneau, Roger (eds.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. pp. 355–359. ISBN 978-0-87021-913-9.
- Vego, Milan (1982). "The Yugoslav Navy 1918–1941". Warship International. XIX (4). Toledo, Ohio: International Naval Research Organisation: 342–361. ISSN 0043-0374.
- ISBN 978-0-87021-326-7.