Yugoslavs
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Yugoslavs or Yugoslavians (
In the
History
Yugoslavism and Yugoslavia
Since the late 18th century, when traditional European ethnic affiliations started to mature into modern ethnic identities, there have been numerous attempts to define a common
Among notable supporters of Yugoslavism and a Yugoslav identity active at the beginning of the 20th century were famous sculptor Ivan Meštrović (1883–1962), who called Serbian folk hero Prince Marko "our Yugoslav people with its gigantic and noble heart" and wrote poetry speaking of a "Yugoslav race";[16] Jovan Cvijić, in his article The Bases of Yugoslav Civilization, developed the idea of a unified Yugoslav culture and stated that "New qualities that until now have been expressed but weakly will appear. An amalgamation of the most fertile qualities of our three tribes [Serbs, Croats, Slovenes] will come forth every more strongly, and thus will be constructed the type of single Yugoslav civilization-the final and most important goal of our country."[17] In late 19th and early 20th century, influential public intellectuals Jovan Cvijić and Vladimir Dvorniković advocated that Yugoslavs, as a supra-ethnic nation, had "many tribal ethnicities, such as Croats, Serbs, and others within it."[17]
On 28 June 1914,
In June–July 1917, the
Philosopher Vladimir Dvorniković advocated the establishment of a Yugoslav ethnicity in his 1939 book entitled "The Characterology of the Yugoslavs". His views included eugenics and cultural blending to create one, strong Yugoslav nation.[17]
There had on three occasions been efforts to make Bulgaria a part of Yugoslavia or part of an even larger federation: through
Self-identification in Yugoslavia
Region | 1961 | 1971 | 1981 |
---|---|---|---|
Croatia |
0.4 | 1.9 | 8.2 |
Central Serbia |
0.2 | 1.4 | 4.8 |
Bosnia and Herzegovina |
8.4 | 1.2 | 7.9 |
Kosovo |
0.5 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
Macedonia |
0.1 | 0.2 | 0.7 |
Montenegro |
0.3 | 2.1 | 5.3 |
Slovenia |
0.2 | 0.4 | 1.4 |
Vojvodina |
0.2 | 2.4 | 8.2 |
Yugoslavia | 1.7 | 1.3 | 5.4 |
Unitary policies implemented by the authorities of the early 20th century
After the country was liberated from
Josip Broz Tito expressed his desire for an undivided Yugoslav ethnicity to develop naturally when he stated, "I would like to live to see the day when Yugoslavia would become amalgamated into a firm community, when she would no longer be a formal community but a community of a single Yugoslav nation."[23]
Yugoslav censuses reflected Tito's ideal, with "Yugoslav" being an available identification for both ethnicity and nationality. In general, the Yugoslav identity was more common in the multiethnic regions of the country, i.e. the more multiethnic the constituent republic, the higher the percentage; therefore the highest were in Croatia, Montenegro, Central Serbia, Vojvodina, and Bosnia and Herzegovina, while the lowest were in Slovenia, Macedonia, and Kosovo. The 1971 census recorded 273,077 Yugoslavs, or 1.33% of the total population. The 1981 census, a year after the death of Tito, recorded a record number of 1,216,463 or 5.4% Yugoslavs.[22]
- In the 1991 census, 5.54% (242,682) of the inhabitants of ethnic Muslims, Serbs and Croats into the Constitutional framework of Bosnia and Herzegovina although on an inferior level. However, because of the Bosnian Warthat erupted in 1992, this Constitution was short-lived and unrealized.
- Approximately 5% of the population of Montenegroalso declared themselves Yugoslav in the same census.
- The 1981 census showed that Yugoslavs made up around 8.2% of the population in Croatia, this being the highest ever percentage of Yugoslavs within a constituent republic's borders. The percentage was the highest in multiethnic regions and cities with large non-Croatian population and among those of mixed ancestry. The 1991 census data indicated that the number of Yugoslavs had dropped to 2% of the population in Croatia. The 2001 census in Croatia (the first since independence) registered 176 Yugoslavs, less than 0.01% of the population at the time.[25] The next census in 2011 registered 331 Yugoslavs in Croatia (likewise less than 0.01% of the population).[26]
- The autonomous region of Vojvodina, marked by its traditionally multiethnic make-up, recorded a similar percentage as Croatia at the 1981 census, with ~8% of its 2 million inhabitants declaring themselves Yugoslav.[22]
Just before and after the dissolution of Yugoslavia, most Yugoslavs reverted to their ethnic and regional identities.
Successor states
Self-identification following dissolution
Country | Number (census year) |
---|---|
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 2,570 (2013)[5] |
Croatia | 942 (2021)[7] |
North Macedonia | 344 (2021)[9] |
Montenegro | 1,154 (2011)[6] |
Kosovo | Unknown |
Serbia | 27,143 (2022)[3] |
Slovenia | 527 (2002)[8] |
The number of people identifying as Yugoslav fell drastically in all successor states since the beginning of the 21st century and the conclusion of all
As part of the research project "Strategies of Symbolic Nation-building in South Eastern Europe", a study was conducted from 2010 to 2014 on the entire former Yugoslav territory with the exception of Slovenia. Within the study, a poll was conducted on the topic of shared identity. Interviewees were asked whether they ever "felt Yugoslav", with three given options being tantamount to "yes, still do", "no, never did" and "not anymore". In all six examined states, majority of the interviewees expressed that they either never or no longer felt so, ranging from ~70–98%, with Serbia being on the lowest end and Kosovo on the highest. Croatia and Kosovo yielded the most clear-cut results with 95% stating either of aforementioned options and less than 3% stating that they still felt Yugoslav. In Kosovo in particular, over 92% stated that they never felt Yugoslav. In contrast, Montenegro and Serbia were the most split states, with ~28% and ~32% respectively stating that they still felt Yugoslav; the two were the only states where more interviewees stated feeling Yugoslav as opposed to never feeling so. Bosnia and Herzegovina had the highest percentage of interviewees stating that they no longer feel Yugoslav at ~48%, followed closely by Montenegro and Serbia. The following table provides more details:[27][28]
Do you ever feel like a Yugoslav? | Bosnia and Herzegovina | Croatia | Kosovo | North Macedonia | Montenegro | Serbia |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes, I still feel that way | 19.2% | 2.8% | 2.0% | 14.9% | 28.1% | 31.8% |
I used to feel, but not anymore | 48.1% | 29.1% | 5.8% | 38.2% | 46.4% | 42.9% |
No, I never felt like a Yugoslav | 32.5% | 66.3% | 92.1% | 47.0% | 23.7% | 24.4% |
Organizations
The Yugoslavs of Croatia have several organizations. The "Alliance of Yugoslavs" (Savez Jugoslavena), established in 2010 in Zagreb, is an association aiming to unite the Yugoslavs of Croatia, regardless of religion,
Another pro-Yugoslav organization advocating the recognition of the Yugoslav nation is the "Our Yugoslavia" association (Udruženje "Naša Jugoslavija"), which is an officially registered organization in Croatia.[12] The seat of Our Yugoslavia is in the Istrian town of Pula,[31] where it was founded on 30 July 2009.[32] The association has most members in the towns of Rijeka, Zagreb and Pula.[33] Its main aim is the stabilisation of relations among the Yugoslav successor states. It is also active in Bosnia and Herzegovina, however, its official registration as an association was denied by the Bosnian state authorities.[12]
The probably best-known pro-Yugoslav organization in Montenegro is the "Consulate-general of the SFRY" with its headquarters in the coastal town of Tivat. Prior to the population census of 2011, Marko Perković, the president of this organization called on the Yugoslavs of Montenegro to freely declare their Yugoslav identity on the upcoming census.[34]
Notable people
The best known example of self-declared Yugoslavs is Marshal Josip Broz Tito who organized resistance against Nazi Germany in Yugoslavia,[35][36] ended the Axis occupation of Yugoslavia with the help of the Red Army, co-founded the Non-Aligned Movement, and defied Joseph Stalin's Soviet pressure on Yugoslavia. Other people that declared as "Yugoslavs" include intellectuals, entertainers, singers, and athletes, such as:
- Ivo Andrić
- Goran Bregović
- Lepa Brena[37][38]
- Joška Broz,[39] the grandson of Josip Broz Tito
- Oliver Dulić[40][41]
- Srđan Dragojević
- Đorđe Đogani[42]
- Branko Đurić [citation needed]
- Ivan Ergić[43]
- Andrej Grubačić
- Ekrem Jevrić[44]
- Edvin Kanka Ćudić
- Božo Koprivica[45]
- Magnifico[46][47]
- Igor Mandić
- Branko Milićević "Kockica"[48]
- Milan Milišić[49]
- Ašok Murti[50]
- Ivica Osim[51]
- Srđa Popović
- Dževad Prekazi[52][53]
- Miljenko Smoje
- Branimir Štulić[54]
- Bogdan Tanjević
- Dubravka Ugrešić
- Jovan Vavic
- Duško Vujošević
- Milić Vukašinović[55][56]
Symbols
The probably most frequently used symbol of the Yugoslavs to express their identity and to which they are most often associated with is the blue-white-red tricolor flag with a yellow-bordered red star in the flag's center,
Prior to World War II, the symbol of Yugoslavism was a plain tricolor flag of
]Historiography
See also
- Czechoslovaks
- Demographics of Yugoslavia
- Ethnogenesis
- Meta-ethnicity
- Multiculturalism
- Pan-Slavism
- Pan-nationalism
- The Erased
- Titoism
- Yugo-nostalgia
- Yugoslavism
- Yugosphere
Notes
- ^ Many other countries with a Yugoslav diaspora do not record ethnicity in censuses.
- ^ Jugoslaveni is preferred in Croatian, Jugosloveni is preferred in Serbian and Montenegrin, while both are commonly used in Bosnian variety of the language.
- ^ Serbo-Croatian term Jugoslaveni or Jugosloveni was a popular neutral supraethnic compound of jug ("south") and Slaveni/Sloveni (Slavs), literally meaning South Slavs, coined in late 19th century and officially adopted in 1929 by the authorities of Kingdom of Yugoslavia. "Yugoslavia" was adopted by English and other non-Slavic languages as a unique proper noun in favour of literal translations such as "South Slavia". Nowadays in Serbo-Croatian and other Slavic languages, Jugoslaven/Jugosloven refers exclusively to Yugoslavs, the people of Yugoslavia, and not South Slavs, the cultural and linguistic group; the latter is rendered in Serbo-Croatian as "južni Slaveni/Sloveni".
- ^ During SFR Yugoslavia, ethnic identity in quotation marks, "Yugoslav", was added to birth certificates of Yugoslav citizens whose ethnic identity was otherwise unspecified or unknown. This was common practice for people of mixed ancestry.
References
- ^ "2021 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates". American Community Survey 2021. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 8 April 2022. Retrieved 19 November 2022.
- ^ "Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity Highlight Tables". statcan.gc.ca. 25 October 2017.
- ^ a b "Final results of the Census of Population, Households and Dwellings, 2022". Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia. 28 April 2023. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
- ^ "Fact sheets : Ancestry – Serbian". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 20 September 2016. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
- ^ a b "Popis stanovništva, domaćinstava i stanova u Bosni i Hercegovini - Etnička/nacionalna pripadnost, vjeroispovjest i maternji jezik" [Census of population, households and dwellings in Bosnia and Herzegovina - Ethnic/national affiliation, religion and mother tongue] (PDF) (in Serbo-Croatian). Agency for Statistics of Bosnia and Herzegovina. 2019. p. 27.
- ^ a b Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in Montenegro 2011 Monstat – Statistical Office of Montenegro
- ^ a b Anđelković, Nataša (10 October 2022). "Balkan, Srbija i popis 2022: Ko su danas Jugosloveni i ima li ih uopšte" [The Balkans, Serbia and the 2022 census: Who are the Yugoslavs today and are there any?]. BBC News na srpskom (in Serbo-Croatian). Retrieved 19 November 2022.
Ipak, najdrastičniji „nestanak" Jugoslovena vidi se na primeru Hrvatske. Dok se 1991. njih 106.041 osećalo tako, na popisu 2001. bili su u nivou statističke greške - ukupno 176. Naredne decenije, broj se blago popeo na 331, da bi na poslednjem popisu, 2021. godine 942 ljudi navelo tu opciju, kažu iz hrvatskog Državnog zavoda za statistiku.
[However, the most drastic "disappearance" of Yugoslavs can be seen in the example of Croatia. While 106,041 of them felt that way in 1991, in the 2001 census they were at the level of a statistical error - a total of 176. In the following decade, the number rose slightly to 331, and in the last census, in 2021, 942 people indicated this option, according to the Croatian Bureau of Statistics.] - ^ a b "Statistični urad RS - Popis 2002". stat.si (in Slovenian).
- ^ a b Попис на населението, домаќинствата и становите во Република Северна Македонија, 2021 - прв сет на податоци (in Macedonian) State Statistical Office
- ^ "2. Состав группы населения "Указавшие другие ответы о национальной принадлежности"" [2. Composition of the population group "Those who indicated other answers about nationality"]. Federal State Statistics Service. 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
- ^ S. Szayna, Thomas; Zanini, Michele (January 2001). "Chapter Three". The Yugoslav Retrospective Case (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
- ^ a b c Makul, Anes; McRobie, Heather (17 February 2011). "Yugoslavs in the twenty-first century: 'erased' people". openDemocracy. Retrieved 15 July 2023.
- ISBN 0-19-517429-1.
Although the name was appropriated by the Milošević regime, during the 1990s, vestiges of the former Yugoslavia began to disappear. A million-strong group known not long ago as "Yugoslavs by nationality" has vanished. As early as 1992, American reporters from Balkan battlefields noticed the revival of the primordial ethnic identities at the expense of the Yugoslav identity. Some of the "Yugoslavs by nationality" were forced to change nationality and others became disillusioned and undetermined about who they are, while many discovered the traditional religious and ethnic identities and became neophytes.
- ^ Enciklopedia Jugoslavije, Zagreb 1990, pp. 128-130.
- ^ ISBN 0-521-27485-0.
- ^ Ivo Banač. The national question in Yugoslavia: origins, history, politics. Cornell University Press, 1984. Pp. 204-205.
- ^ ISBN 0-8047-3181-0.
- ISBN 0-8014-9493-1.
- ^ "First World War.com Primary Documents: Archduke Franz Ferdinand's Assassination, 28 June 1914". 3 November 2002. Retrieved 17 February 2008.
- ISBN 0-8147-5561-5.
- ^ Ahmet Ersoy, Maciej Górny, Vangelis Kechriotis. Modernism: The Creation of Nation-States. Central European University Press, 2010. Pp. 363.
- ^ JSTOR 2096134.
- ^ Norbu, Dawa (3–9 April 1999). "The Serbian Hegemony, Ethnic Heterogeneity and Yugoslav Break-Up". Economic and Political Weekly 34 (14): 835.
- ^ Ethnic composition of Bosnia-Herzegovina population, by municipalities and settlements, 1991. census, Zavod za statistiku Bosne i Hercegovine – Bilten no.234, Sarajevo 1991.
- ^ Population of Croatia 1931–2001
- ^ "Državni zavod za statistiku Republike Hrvatske". dzs.hr.
- 2011, Hrvatska.
- Radio Slobodna Evropa(in Serbo-Croatian). Retrieved 15 July 2023.
- ^ U Zagrebu osnovan Savez Jugoslavena (in Croatian). Jutarnji list. Portal Jutarnji.hr; 23 March 2010
- ^ U Zagrebu osnovan Savez Jugoslavena: Imamo pravo na očuvanje baštine Jugoslavije (in Croatian). Index.hr. L.J.; 23 March 2010
- ^ Udruženje "Naša Jugoslavija" osniva Klubove Jugoslavena Archived 1 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine (in Croatian). Dubrovački vjesnik. Silvana Fable; 25 July 2010
- ^ Osnovano udruženje "Naša Jugoslavija" u Puli (in Serbian). Radio Television of Vojvodina. Tanjug; 30 July 2009
- ^ "Naša Jugoslavija" širi se Hrvatskom (in Serbian). Vesti online. Novi list; 27 July 2010
- ^ Perković pozvao Crnogorce da se izjasne i kao Jugosloveni Archived 5 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine (in Serbian). Srbijanet. 03-03-2011
- ^ Tito and his People by Howard Fast
- ^ Liberation of Belgrade and Yugoslavia Archived 2 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Lepa Brena u Zagrebu?! (in Croatian). Dnevnik.hr. B.G.; 13 December 2008
- ^ "Lepa Brena: Nisam ni Hrvatica ni Srpkinja, ja sam Jugoslavenka!" [Lepa Brena: I am neither Croatian or Serbian, I am Yugoslav!]. Index.hr. 8 August 2008.
- BH Dani. Tamara Nikčević; 14 August 2009
- ^ Слушам савете многих, али одлуке доносим сам Archived 23 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine (in Serbian). Evropa magazine/Democratic Party web site. Dragana Đevori
- ^ "Dulić: 'Nisam Hrvat nego Jugoslaven'" (in Croatian). Dnevnik.hr. 23 May 2007.
- ^ ЏОЛЕ: Со Слаѓа сум во одлични односи! Archived 22 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine (in Macedonian). Večer. Aleksandra Timkovska; 5 September 2006
- ^ "Ich bin ein alter Jugoslawe" (in German). Ballesterer. Fabian Kern; 13 May 2008
- ^ "Pas do pasa, beton do betona" (in Serbian). Vreme. 29 July 2010.
- ^ U fudbalu nema nacionalizma (in Montenegrin). Monitor Online. Nastasja Radović; 16 July 2010
- ^ Intervju: Magnifico Il Grande. Po domače, Car Archived 19 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine (in Slovenian). Mladina. Max Modic; 2007/52
- A1 Television. Aneta Dodevska; 1 January 2009
- ^ D. Milićević (12 April 2010). "Uz mališane 33 godine" (in Serbian). Blic. Retrieved 20 July 2011.
- ^ Život za slobodu (in Serbian). E-Novine. Dragoljub Todorović; 4 October 2010
- ^ Ostao sam ovde iz inata (in Serbian). Blic. Žiža Antonijević; 23 March 2008
- ^ Nikad nisam skrivao da sam Jugosloven Archived 3 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine (in Bosnian). E-Novine. Mario Garber; 19 May 2009
- ^ Kako preživeti slavu Archived 18 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine (in Serbian). Standard. No. 28; 29 November 2006
- ^ "ISPOVEST Dževad Prekazi za Blicsport: Još sam zaljubljen u Jugoslaviju, sahranite me sa dresom Partizana".
- ^ Тивка војна меѓу Србија и Хрватска за Џони Штулиќ!? Archived 28 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine (in Macedonian). Večer . 05-11-2009
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- Glas Javnosti. P. Dragosavac; 17 September 1999
- ^ U Crnoj Gori oko 1.000 Jugoslovena, 100 Turaka, 130 Njemaca... Archived 13 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine (in Montenegrin). Vijesti. Vijesti online; 12 July 2011
Sources
- Djokić, Dejan (2003). Yugoslavism: Histories of a Failed Idea, 1918-1992. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. ISBN 978-1-85065-663-0.
- Jović, Dejan (2009). Yugoslavia: A State that Withered Away. Purdue University Press. ISBN 978-1-55753-495-8.
- Ramet, Sabrina P. (2006). The Three Yugoslavias: State-building and Legitimation, 1918-2005. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-34656-8.
- Trbovich, Ana S. (2008). A Legal Geography of Yugoslavia's Disintegration. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-533343-5.
Further reading
- S. Mrdjen (2002). "Narodnost u popisima. Promjenljiva i nestalna kategorija" (PDF). Stanovnistvo.