1977 United States Supreme Court case
Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co.
civil liability when they broadcast a performer's entire act without his consent, and the Constitution does not prevent a state from requiring broadcasters to compensate performers. It was the first time (and so far the only time) the Supreme Court heard a case on rights of publicity.
[2] Facts and procedural history
Scripps-Howard Broadcasting (which operated
WEWS-TV in Cleveland) who had brought a
movie camera into the fair. Zacchini asked the reporter not to film his act. The reporter did not film Zacchini's act that day, but did film him the next day. The footage taken by the reporter was about fifteen seconds long, sufficient to capture Zacchini's entire act.
Zacchini filed suit against Scripps-Howard in Ohio state court, alleging that the local reporter "showed and commercialized the film of his act without his consent," and that such conduct was an "unlawful appropriation of plaintiff's professional property." The trial court granted the defendant
, and that the press was not privileged to show Zacchini's entire act on television without compensating him.
The case was then heard by the
Ohio Supreme Court
, who reversed the judgment of the Court of Appeals in favor of Scripps-Howard. The Ohio Supreme Court held that although Scripps-Howard would be liable for appropriating Zacchini's name, likeness, and performance,
A TV station has a privilege to report in its newscasts matters of legitimate public interest which would otherwise be protected by an individual's right of publicity, unless the actual intent of the TV station was to appropriate the benefit of the publicity for some nonprivileged private use, or unless the actual intent was to injure the individual.[3]
The U.S. Supreme Court granted certiorari
Decision Majority opinion
existed for the Ohio Supreme Court's decision, and the U.S. Supreme Court therefore had jurisdiction.
Moving on to the substantive constitutional issue of the case, White disagreed with the Ohio Supreme Court that the press should be privileged in showing Zacchini's entire act. He distinguished this case from copyright: Zacchini not only had a commercial interest in being compensated for the time and effort involved in his performance, but also the "economic incentive for him to make the investment required to produce a performance of interest to the public".
[5]
Dissenting opinions
:
The Court's holding that the station's ordinary news report may give rise to substantial liability has disturbing implications, for the decision could lead to a degree of media self-censorship. Hereafter, whenever a television news editor is unsure whether certain film footage received from a camera crew might be held to portray an "entire act," he may decline coverage โ even of clearly newsworthy events โ or confine the broadcast to watered-down verbal reporting, perhaps with an occasional still picture. The public is then the loser. This is hardly the kind of news reportage that the First Amendment is meant to foster.[6]
Justice Stevens wrote a separate dissent. He felt that a better resolution of the case would have been to remand it back to the Ohio Supreme Court for clarification of the state law issue before attempting to resolve the constitutional issue. Stevens felt that it was not clear whether the Ohio Supreme Court was basing its holding purely on the boundaries of common law torts or the First Amendment.
References
^ Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co. , 433 U.S. 562 (1977).^ Faber, Jonathan. "RightOfPublicity.com" . Retrieved June 7, 2009 . ^ 433 U.S. at 565 (internal quotation marks omitted)
^ 385 U.S. 374 (1967)^ 433 U.S. at 576
^ 433 U.S. at 580โ581 (Powell, J., dissenting) (internal citations omitted)
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