Zaydism
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Zaydism (
Most of the world's Zaydis are located in Northern Yemen, and in the Saudi Arabian area of Najran.
History
In the 7th century some early Muslims expected
The Zaydis formed the states in what is now known as
The Zaydis in Yemen had initially lived in the highlands and the northern territories, but extent of their dominance away from their capital of 7 centuries, Saada, had been changing over time. Rassid dynasty was established after an Ottoman invasion in the 16th century. After another interaction with Ottomans, a new succession line was started in the 19th century by Muhammad bin Yahya Hamid ad-Din. With minor interruptions, these two dynasties ruled in Yemen until the creation of Yemen Arab Republic in 1962. While the rulers ostensibly conformed to Hadawi law (thus the "imamate"), the doctrines had to be modified to allow hereditary, as opposed to traditional merit-based, selection of imams.[6]
The end of imam rule in 1962, with the new rulers in Yemen no longer conforming to the requirements of Zaydism, caused Zaydi scholars to call for the restoration of the imamate. This contributed to the
- joining the new political system (the religious Party of Truth was created in 1990);
- restoring the spiritual and cultural heritage of Zaydism by opening religious centers and encouraging the tribes to send their youth for education there;
- preparing for the future fighting (Houthi movement founder Hussein al-Houthi was readying the militia).
Law
In matters of
Theology
Haider
Batri | Jarudi |
---|---|
Muhammad designated Ali as a caliph implicitly | Ali was clearly named by the Prophet |
Ali's opponents were victims of a bad judgement. They should not be cursed or declared apostates |
Ali's opponents were apostates and can be cursed. |
Imamate can go to a less worthy candidate | Only the most worthy candidate shall become an imam |
Legal authority is vested in the entire Muslim community | Only Ali's and Fatima's descendants have the legal authority |
Doctrines of raj'a, taqiyya, bada' are not valid. | Raja, taqiyya, and bada' are accepted. |
Zaydis’ theological literature puts an emphasis on justice and human responsibility, and its political implications, i.e. Muslims have an ethical and legal obligation by their religion to rise up and depose unjust leaders including unrighteous sultans and caliphs.[17]
Beliefs
Zaydis believe Zayd ibn Ali was the rightful successor to the imamate because he led a rebellion against the Umayyad Caliphate, which he believed was tyrannical and corrupt. Muhammad al-Baqir did not engage in political action and the followers of Zayd believed that a true Imām must fight against corrupt rulers.
Unlike Twelver and Isma'ili Shi'ism, Zaydis do not believe in the infallibility of Imams[20][21] and reject the notion of nass imamate.[20] but believe that an Imam can be any descendant of Hasan ibn ʻAlī or Husayn ibn ʻAlī. Zaydis believe that Zayd ibn Ali in his last hour was betrayed by the people in Kufa.[citation needed]
Zaydis reject anthropomorphism and instead, take a rationalist approach to scriptural uses of anthropomorphic expressions, as illustrated in works such as the Kitāb al-Mustarshid by the 9th-century Zaydi imam al-Qasim al-Rassi.[22]
History
Status of Caliphs and the Sahaba
There was a difference of opinion among the companions and supporters of Zayd ibn 'Ali, such as Abu al-Jarud Ziyad ibn Abi Ziyad, Sulayman ibn Jarir, Kathir al-Nawa al-Abtar and Hasan ibn Salih, concerning the status of the first three Rashidun caliphs who succeeded to the political and administrative authority of Muhammad. The earliest group, called Jarudiyya (named for Abu al-Jarud Ziyad ibn Abi Ziyad), was opposed to the approval of certain companions of the Prophet. They held that there was sufficient description given by the Prophet that all should have recognized Ali as the rightful caliph. They therefore consider the Companions wrong in failing to recognise 'Ali as the legitimate Caliph and deny legitimacy to Abu Bakr, Umar and Uthman; however, they avoid accusing them.
The Jarudiyya were active during the late Umayyad Caliphate and early Abbasid Caliphate. Its views, although predominant among the later Zaydis, especially in Yemen under the Hadawi sub-sect, became extinct in Iraq and Iran due to forced conversion of the present religious sects to Twelver Shi'ism by the Safavid dynasty.[23][24]
The second group, the Sulaymaniyya, named for Sulayman ibn Jarir, held that the Imamate should be a matter to be decided by consultation. They felt that the companions, including Abu Bakr and 'Umar, had been in error in failing to follow 'Ali but it did not amount to sin.[citation needed]
The third group is known as the Batriyya, Tabiriyya, or Salihiyya for Kathir an-Nawa al-Abtar and Hasan ibn Salih. Their beliefs are virtually identical to those of the Sulaymaniyya, except they see Uthman also as in error but not in sin.[25]
The term
A group of their leaders assembled in his (Zayd's presence) and said: "May God have mercy on you! What do you have to say on the matter of Abu Bakr and Umar?" Zayd said, "I have not heard anyone in my family renouncing them both nor saying anything but good about them...when they were entrusted with government they behaved justly with the people and acted according to the Qur'an and the Sunnah"[28]
According to Zaydi traditions, Rāfiḍa referred to those Kufans who deserted and refused to support Zayd ibn Ali, who had a favourable view of the first two Rashidun Caliphs.[29][30][31][32] The term "Rāfiḍa" became a popular pejorative term used by the Zaydi scholars against Imami Shias to criticize their rejection of Zayd ibn Ali.[33][34]
Twelver Shia references to Zayd
While not one of the Twelve Imams embraced by Twelver Shi'ism, Zayd ibn Ali features in historical accounts within Twelver literature in a positive and negative light.
In Twelver accounts, Imam
he was one of the scholars from the Household of Muhammad and got angry for the sake of the Honorable the Exalted God. He fought with the enemies of God until he got killed in His path. My father Musa ibn Ja’far narrated that he had heard his father Ja’far ibn Muhammad say, "May God bless my uncle Zayd... He consulted with me about his uprising and I told him, "O my uncle! Do this if you are pleased with being killed and your corpse being hung up from the gallows in the al-Konasa neighbourhood." After Zayd left, As-Sadiq said, "Woe be to those who hear his call but do not help him!".
— Uyūn Akhbār al-Riḍā,[35] p. 466
Jafar al-Sadiq's love for Zayd ibn Ali was so immense that he broke down and cried upon reading the letter informing him of his death and proclaimed:
From God we are and to Him is our return. I ask God for my reward in this calamity. He was a really good uncle. My uncle was a man for our world and for our Hereafter. I swear by God that my uncle is a martyr just like the martyrs who fought along with God’s Prophet or Ali or Al-Hassan or Al-Hussein
— Uyūn akhbār al-Riḍā,[35] p. 472
However, in other hadiths, narrated in
Empires
Justanids
The Justanids (Persian: جستانیان) were the rulers of a part of Daylam (the mountainous district of Gilan) from 791 to the late 11th century. After Marzuban ibn Justan converted to Islam in 805, the ancient family of Justan's became connected to the Zaydi Alids of the Daylam region. The Justanids adopted the Zaydi form of Shi'ism.
Karkiya dynasty
The
Alid dynasty
Alid dynasty of Tabaristan. See Alid dynasties of northern Iran.
Idrisid dynasty
The
Banu Ukhaidhir
The
Hammudid dynasty
The Hammudid dynasty was a Zaydi dynasty in the 11th century in southern Spain.
Mutawakili
The
Community and former States
Since the earliest form of Zaydism was
The Alavids established a Zaydi state in
From the 12th–13th centuries, Zaydi communities acknowledged the Imams of Yemen or rival Imams within Iran.[45]
The Buyid dynasty was initially Zaidi[46] as were the Banu Ukhaidhir rulers of al-Yamama in the 9th and 10th centuries.[47]
The leader of the Zaidi community took the title of
The Rassid state was founded under Jarudiyya thought;
In the 21st century, the most prominent Zaidi movement is the Shabab Al Mu'mineen, commonly known as
Some Persian and Arab legends record that Zaidis fled to China from the Umayyads during the 8th century.[51]
Houthi Yemen
Since 2004 in
On 21 September 2014, an agreement was signed in
There is a wide array of domestic opponents to Houthi rule in Yemen, ranging from the conservative Sunni
Imams of Zaidis
The Imams of Yemen constitute one line of Zaidi imams.
A timeline indicating Zaidi Imams in the early period amongst other Shia Imams as listed in Al-Masaabeeh fee As-Seerah by Ahmad bin Ibrahim is as follows:[citation needed]
- Ali ibn Abi Talib
- Al-Hasan ibn Ali ibn Abi Talib
- Al-Husayn ibn Ali ibn Abi Talib
- Ali Zayn al-Abidinibn Al-Husayn ibn Ali
- Hasan al-Muthana ibn Al-Hasan ibn Ali
- Zayd ibn Ali ibn Al-Husayn
- Yahya ibn Zayd ibn Ali
- Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Hasan al-Muthana
- Ibrahim ibn Abdallah ibn Hasan al-Muthana
- Abdullah ibn Muhammad ibn Abdullah
- Al-Hasan ibn Ibrahim ibn Abdullah
- Al-Husayn ibn Ali ibn Hasan al-Muthalath ibn Hasan al-Muthana
- Isa ibn Zayd ibn Ali
- Yahya ibn Abdullah ibn Hasan Al-Muthana
- Idris I ibn Abdullah ibn Hasan al-Muthana
- Muhammad ibn Ibrahim ibn Isma'il ibn Ibrahim ibn Hasan al-Muthana
- Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Zayd
- Muhammad ibn Sulayman ibn Dawud ibn Hasan Al-Muthana
- Al-Qasim ibn Ibrahim ibn Isma'il
- Yahya ibn Al-Husayn ibn Al-Qasim ibn Ibrahim
- Muhammad ibn Yahya ibn Al-Husayn
- Ahmad ibn Yahya ibn Al-Husayn
- Al-Hasan ibn Ahmad ibn Yahya
- Yahya ibn Umar ibn Yahya ibn Al-Husayn
- Al-Hasan ibn Zayd ibn Muhammad ibn Isma'il ibn Hasan
- Muhammad ibn Zayd ibn Muhammad
- Ali
- Hasan ibn Al-Qasim ibn Al-Hasan ibn Ali ibn Abd al-Rahman ibn Al-Qasim ibn Hasan or Abu Muhammad Hasan ibn Qasim
- Ahmad ibn Hasan or Abu 'l-Husayn Ahmad ibn Hasan
- Ja'far ibn Hasan or Abu 'l-Qasim Ja'far ibn Hasan
- Muhammad ibn Ahmad or Abu Ali Muhammad ibn Ahmad
- Husayn ibn Ahmad or Abu Ja'far Husayn ibn Ahmad
- Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Ukhaidhir ibn Ibrahim ibn Musa ibn Abdullah ibn Hasan al-Muthana
- Yusuf ibn Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Ukhaidir
- Isma'il ibn Yusuf ibn Muhammad
- Al-Hasan ibn Yusuf ibn Muhammad
- Ahmad ibn Al-Hasan ibn Yusuf
- Abu 'l-Muqallid Ja'far ibn Ahmad ibn Al-Hasan
- Idris II ibn Idris I
- Muhammad ibn Idris II
- Ali I ibn Muhammad
- Yahya I ibn Muhammad
- Yahya II ibn Yahya I
- Ali II ibn Umar ibn Idris II
- Yahya III ibn Al-Qasim ibn Idris II
- Yahya IV ibn Idris ibn Umar ibn Idris II
- Al-Hasan Iibn Muhammad ibn Al-Qasim ibn Idris II
- Al-Qasim Guennounibn Muhammad ibn Al-Qasim ibn Idris II
- Abul-Aish Ahmadibn Al-Qasim Guennoun
- Al-Hasan IIibn Al-Qasim Guennoun
See also
- Imams of Yemen
- Dukayniyya Shia
- Khalafiyya Shia
- Khashabiyya Shia
- Islamic history of Yemen
- Zaidi (surname)
References
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- ^ Haider 2021, p. 203.
- ^ a b c Salmoni, Loidolt & Wells 2010, p. 285.
- ^ Salmoni, Loidolt & Wells 2010, pp. 285–286.
- ^ Salmoni, Loidolt & Wells 2010, p. 286.
- ^ Obaid 2023, p. 73.
- ^ Obaid 2023, p. 74.
- ^ a b Article by Sayyid 'Ali ibn 'Ali Al-Zaidi, At-tarikh as-saghir 'an ash-shia al-yamaniyeen (Arabic: التاريخ الصغير عن الشيعة اليمنيين, A short History of the Yemenite Shi‘ites), 2005
- ^ The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought, Page 14, Gerhard Böwering, Patricia Crone, Mahan Mirza - 2012
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- ^ MAYSAA SHUJA AL-DEEN. "Yemen's War-torn Rivalries for Religious Education". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved 7 June 2021.
- ^ a b Haider 2021, pp. 203–204.
- ^ Haider 2010, pp. 203–204.
- ^ Haider 2021, p. 436.
- ^ Haider 2021, p. 209.
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- ^ a b Article by Sayyid 'Ali ibn 'Ali Al-Zaidi, At-tarikh as-saghir 'an ash-shia al-yamaniyeen (Arabic: التاريخ الصغير عن الشيعة اليمنيين, A short History of the Yemenite Shi‘ites), 2005 Referencing: Momen, pp. 50, 51. and S.S. Akhtar Rizvi, "Shi'a Sects"
- ^ The Waning of the Umayyad Caliphate by Tabarī, Carole Hillenbrand, 1989, p. 37
- ^ The Encyclopedia of Religion Vol.16, Mircea Eliade, Charles J. Adams, Macmillan, 1987, p. 243. "They were called "Rafida by the followers of Zayd...the term became a pejorative nickname among Sunni Muslims, who used it, however to refer to the Imamiyah's repudiation of the first three caliphs preceding Ali..."
- ^ The waning of the Umayyad caliphate by Tabarī, Carole Hillenbrand, 1989, pp. 37, 38
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- ^ The Encyclopedia of Religion Vol.16, Mircea Eliade, Charles J. Adams, Macmillan, 1987, p. 243. "They were called "Rafida by the followers of Zayd...the term became a pejorative nickname among Sunni Muslims, who used it, however to refer to the Imamiyah's repudiation of the first three caliphs preceding Ali..."
- ^ a b Ibn Bābawayh al-Qummī, Muḥammad ibn ʻAlī. Uyūn Akhbār al-Riḍā.
- ^ '“Al-Kulayni’s Sectarian Polemics: Anti-Zaydi and Anti-Ghulat Hadiths in Twelver Literature.” Center for the Study of Middle East, Global and International Studies Building, November 5th, 2019. 'https://www.academia.edu/video/lvaQP1
- ^ Hodgson, Marshall (1961), Venture of Islam, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, p. 262
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- ^ Article by Sayyid 'Ali ibn 'Ali Al-Zaidi, At-tarikh as-saghir 'an ash-shia al-yamaniyeen (Arabic: التاريخ الصغير عن الشيعة اليمنيين, A short History of the Yemenite Shi‘ites), 2005 Referencing: Encyclopedia Iranica
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- ^ Madelung, W. "al-Uk̲h̲ayḍir." Encyclopaedia of Islam. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2007. [1]
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- ^ "Deadly blast strikes Yemen mosque". BBC News. 2 May 2008. Retrieved 11 November 2009.
- ^ Hamdan Al-Rahbi (26 October 2014). "Houthis secure six ministerial portfolios in new Yemeni cabinet". ASharq Al-Awsat. Archived from the original on 29 October 2014. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
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Further reading
- van Arendonk, Cornelis (1960). Les débuts de l'imamat zaidite au Yemen (in French). Leiden: Brill.
- Haider, Najam (2010). "Zaydism: A Theological and Political Survey" (PDF). Religion Compass. 4 (7): 436–442. .
- Haider, Najam (2021). "Zaydism" (PDF). Handbook of Islamic Sects and Movements. ISBN 978-90-04-43554-4.
- ISBN 978-90-04-12756-2.
- Salmoni, Barak A.; Loidolt, Bryce; Wells, Madeleine (2010). "Appendix B: Zaydism: Overview and Comparison to Other Versions of Shi'ism". Regime and Periphery in Northern Yemen (PDF). Santa Monica, Calif.: ISBN 978-0-8330-4933-9.
- Obaid, S.A. (2023). Yemen's Road to War: Yemeni Struggle in the Middle East. Austin Macauley Publishers. ISBN 978-1-64979-942-5. Retrieved 14 January 2024.