Zaporozhian Sich
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Free lands of the Zaporozhian Host the Lower Вольностi Вiйська Запорозького Низового | |||||||||||
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1552–1775 | |||||||||||
Flag | |||||||||||
Status | Vassal state of Poland–Lithuania (1583–1657) | ||||||||||
Demonym(s) | Zaporozhian Cossacks | ||||||||||
Government | Cossack Republic | ||||||||||
Historical era | Early modern period | ||||||||||
• Established | 1552 | ||||||||||
1775 | |||||||||||
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Today part of | Ukraine |
History of Ukraine |
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Ukraine portal |
The Zaporozhian Sich (
In 1775, shortly after Russia annexed the territories ceded to it by the
The term Zaporozhian Sich can also refer metonymically and informally to the whole military-administrative organisation of the Zaporozhian Cossack host.
Name
The name Zaporizhia refers to the military and political organization of the Cossacks and to the location of their autonomous territory 'beyond the rapids' (za porohamy) of the Dnieper River.[6] The Dnieper Rapids were a major portage on the north–south Dnieper trade route. The term sich is a noun related to the East Slavic verb sich (сѣчь), meaning 'to chop' or 'cut'; it may have been associated with the usual wood sharp-spiked stockades around Cossack settlements.[7]
Zaporizhia was located in the region around Kakhovka Reservoir in today's south-eastern Ukraine (much of its territory is now flooded by the reservoir). The area was also known under the historical term Wild Fields.
History
A possible precursor of the Zaporozhian Sich was a fortification (
The history of Zaporozhian Sich spans six time-periods:
- the emergence of the Sich (construction of Khortytsia castle ) (1471–1583)
- as part of the Lesser Poland Province of the Polish Crown by inclusion in the Kiev Voivodeship(1583–1657)
- the struggle against the Rzeczpospolita (the Polish-Lithuanian state), the Ottoman Empire, and the Crimea Khanate for the independence of the Ukrainian part of the Rzeczpospolita (Commonwealth) (1657–1686)
- the struggle with Crimea, the Ottoman Empire, and the Russian Empire for the unique identity of Cossacks (1686–1709)
- the standoff with the Russian government during its attempts to cancel the self-governing of the Sich, and its fall (1734–1775)
- the formation of the Danubian Sich outside the Russian Empire and finding ways to return home (1775–1828)
Formation
The Zaporozhian Sich emerged as a method of defence by Slavic colonists against the frequent and devastating raids of
Prince
Struggle for independence
The
In 1648,
During the reign of Peter the Great, Cossacks were used for the construction of canals and fortification lines in northern Russia. An estimated 20–30 thousands were sent each year. Hard labour led to a high mortality rate among builders, and only an estimated 40% of Cossacks returned home.[12]
After the Battle of Poltava in 1709, the Chortomlyk Sich (sometimes referred to as the "Old Sich" (Stara Sich)) was destroyed and Baturyn, the capital of Hetman Ivan Mazepa, was razed. Another sich was built at the mouth of the Kamianets river but was destroyed in 1711 by the Russian government. The Cossacks then fled to the Crimean Khanate to avoid persecution and founded the Oleshky Sich in 1711 (today the city of Oleshky). In 1734, they were allowed to return to the Russian Empire. Suffering from discrimination in the Khanate, Cossacks accepted the offer to return and built another Sich in close proximity to the former Chortomlyk Sich (referred to as the "New Sich").[10] The population in steppe region numbered around 52,000 in the year 1768.[13]
Fear of the independence of the Sich resulted in the Russian administration abolishing the Hetmanate in 1764. The Cossack officer class was incorporated into the
Destruction and aftermath
In May 1775, Russian General
Some of the Cossack officer class, the
The leader of the Zaporozhian Host, Petro Kalnyshevsky, was arrested and exiled to the Solovetsky Islands (where he lived to the age of 112 in the Solovetsky Monastery). Four high level starshynas were repressed and exiled, later dying in Siberian monasteries. Lower level starshynas who remained and went over to the Russian side were given army ranks and all the privileges that accompanied them, and allowed to join Hussar and Dragoon regiments. Most of the ordinary Cossacks were made peasants and even serfs.[15]
In 1780, after disbanding the Zaporozhian Cossack Host, General Grigorii Potemkin attempted to gather and reorganize the Cossacks on a voluntary basis, and they helped to defend Ukraine from the Turks during the
Ukrainian writer
Organization and government
The Zaporozhian Host was led by the
Some sources refer to the Zaporozhian Sich as a "Cossack republic",[18] because the highest power in it belonged to the assembly of all its members, and its leaders (starshyna) were elected. The Cossacks formed a society (hromada) that consisted of "kurins" (each with several hundred Cossacks). A Cossack military court severely punished violence and stealing among compatriots, the bringing of women to the Sich, the consumption of alcohol in periods of conflict, and other offenses. The administration of the Sich provided Orthodox churches and schools for the religious and secular education of children.
The population of the Sich had a cosmopolitan component, including
Army and warfare
The Cossacks developed a large fleet of fast, light vessels. Their campaigns were targeted at rich settlements on the Black Sea shores of the Ottoman Empire, and several times took them as far as Constantinople[19] and Trabzon (formerly Trebizond).
Zaporozhian Sich centers and locations
- Khortytsia Sich (1556–1557)
- Khortytsia Island (today, part of Zaporizhzhia)
- Tomakivka Sich (1564–1593)
- submerged (located near today's Marhanets)
- Bazavluk Sich, (1593–1638)
- submerged (located near today's village of Kapulivka, Nikopol Raion)
- Mykyta Sich (1639–1652)
- Chortomlyk Sich (1652–1709)
- submerged (located near today's village of Kapulivka, Nikopol Raion)
- Kamyanka Sich (1709–1711)
- near village of Respublikanets, Beryslav Raion
- Oleshky Sich (1711–1734)
- eastern outskirts of the city of Oleshky
- Nova Pidpilnenska Sich (1734–1775)
- near village of Pokrovske, Nikopol Raion (about same location of Chortomlyk and Bazavluk)
Zaporozhian Siches and their leaders
- Khortytsia Sich (1556–1557)
- Wężyk Chmielnicki (1534–1569)
- Tomakivka Sich (1564–1593)
- Wężyk Chmielnicki (1534–1569)
- Michał Wiśniowiecki (1529–1584) (1569–1570)
- Iwan Swiergowski (1574)
- Samiylo Kishka (1574–1575)
- Bohdan Ruzhynski (1575–1576)
- Jacub Szach (1576–1578)
- Ioan Potcoavă(1577–1578)
- Lukyan Chornynsky (1578)
- Jan Oryszowski (1581)
- Samuel Zborowski (1581–1584)
- Bohdan Mokoshynsky (1584)
- Mykhailo Ruzhynski (1585)
- Zakhar Kulaha (1585)
- Bohdan Mokoshynsky (1586)
- Lukyan Chornynsky (1586)
- Demyan Skalozub (1585–1589)
- Krzysztof Kosiński (−1593)
- Bazavluk Sich, (1593–1638)
- Hryhoriy Loboda (1593–1596)
- Bohdan Mokoshynsky (1594)
- Jan Oryszowski (1596)
- Severyn Nalyvaiko (1596)
- Khrystofor Netkovsky (1596–1597)
- Hnat Vasylevych (1596–1597)
- Tykhin Baybuza (1597–1598)
- Fedir Polous (1598)
- Semen Skalozub (1599)
- Samiylo Kishka (1600–1602)
- Havrylo Krutnevych (1602–1603)
- Ivan Kutskovych (1602–1603)
- Ivan Kosyi (1603)
- Kaletnyk Andriyevych (1609–1610)
- Olifer Holub (1622–1623)
- Mykhailo Doroshenko (1623–1625)
- Kaletnyk Andriyevych (1624–1625)
- Marek Zhmaylo(1625)
- Mykhailo Doroshenko (1625–1628)
- Hryhoriy Chorny (1628–1630)
- Ivan Sulyma (1628–1629)
- Lev Ivanovych (1629–1630)
- Taras Tryasylo (1630)
- Timothy Orendarenko (1630–1631)
- Semen Perevyazka (1632)
- Timothy Orendarenko (1632–1633)
- Ivan Petrizhitsky-Kulaga (1632)
- Andriy Didenko (1633)
- Dorothy Doroshenko (1633)
- Ivan Sulyma (1633–1635)
- Sava Kononovych (1637)
- Pavlo Pavlyuk (1637)
- Illyash Karayimovych (1638)
- Yakiv Ostryanyn (1638)
- Dmytro Hunia (1638)
- Mykytyn Sich (1639–1652)
- Karpo Pivtora-Kozhukha (1639–1642)
- Maksym Hulak (1642–1646)
- establishment of the Hetman of Zaporizhian Host
- Chortomlyk Sich (1652–1709)
- Kamyanka Sich (1709–1711)
- Oleshky Sich (1711–1734)
- Nova Podpolnenska Sich (1734–1775)
- Danubian Sich (1775–1828)
See also
- History of the Cossacks
- Zaporozhian Cossacks
- Tatar invasions
References
- ^ Mytsyk, Yu (2003). "Вольностi Вiйська Запорозького Низового" [Freedoms of the Zaporozhian Lowland Army]. Енциклопедія історії України [Encyclopedia of History of Ukraine] (in Ukrainian).
- ^ a b c Essen (2018), p. 83.
- ^ Okinshevych, Lev; Zhukovsky, Arkadii (1989). "Hetman state". Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Vol. 2. Archived from the original on 23 November 2021. Retrieved 9 September 2017.
- (PDF) from the original on 23 November 2021. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
- ^ Saltovskiy, Oleksandr (2002). КОНЦЕПЦІЇ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ ДЕРЖАВНОСТІ В ІСТОРІЇ ВІТЧИЗНЯНОЇ ПОЛІТИЧНОЇ ДУМКИ (від витоків до початку XX сторіччя) [CONCEPTS OF UKRAINIAN STATEHOOD IN THE HISTORY OF DOMESTIC POLITICAL THOUGHT (from its origins to the beginning of the XX century)]. litopys.org.ua (in Ukrainian). Kyiv. Archived from the original on 23 November 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
- ^ a b c Borys Krupnytsky & Arkadii Zhukovsky (1993). "The Zaporozhia". Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
- ISBN 978-5-11-000647-0
- ISBN 966-02-0324-1.
- ^ Томаківська Січ, by Гурбик А.О., in: Історія українського козацтва: нариси у 2 т.\ Редкол: Смолій (відп. Ред) та інші. – Київ.: Вид.дім "Києво-Могилянська академія", 2006р, Т.1.
- ^ a b c Zhukovsky, Arkadii (1993). "Zaporozhian Sich". Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
- ISBN 978-963-386-204-9.
- ^ Antonovych, Volodymyr (1991). Про козацькі часи на Україні – Дев'ята глава [On Cossack Times in Ukraine – Chapter nine] (in Ukrainian). exlibris.org.ua. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007.
- ISBN 978-0-8047-6684-5.
- ^ Selezniov, Volodymyr (17 October 2006). "Capital city of liberties: How many Zaporozhian Siches were there?". day.kyiv.ua. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
- ^ Turchenko F., ed. (2002). Ukrains'ke kozatstvo. Mala entsyklopediia. Kyiv.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ISBN 978-5-7775-0301-5.
- ^ Olena Apanovich, "Ne propala ihnya slava", "Vitchizna" Magazine, N 9, 1990
- ^ "Speech of H.E. Roman Shpek,Head of the Mission of Ukraine to EU on debate in the EP dedicated to 10th Anniversary of the Ukrainian Constitution". Mission of Ukraine to EU. 28 June 2006. Archived from the original on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
- ^ "Cossack Navy 16th – 17th Centuries". 1996. Archived from the original on 21 June 2009.
Works cited
- Essen, Michael Fredholm von (2018). Muscovy's Soldiers. The Emergence of the Russian Army 1462–1689. Warwick: Helion & Company. ISBN 978-1-912390-10-6.
External links
- Zaporozhian Sich – Encyclopedia of Ukraine