Zarya (ISS module)
Launch date 20 November 1998 (25 years ago) | | |
Launch vehicle | Proton-K | |
---|---|---|
Mass | 19,323 kilograms (42,600 lb) (initial in orbit mass, including 3,800 kilograms (8,400 lb) propellants) [1] | |
Length | 12.56 metres (41.2 ft) | |
Diameter | 4.11 metres (13.5 ft) | |
Configuration | ||
Parts of Zarya[a] |
Zarya (Russian: Заря, lit. 'Dawn'[b]), also known as the Functional Cargo Block or FGB (from the Russian: "Функционально-грузовой блок", lit. 'Funktsionalno-gruzovoy blok' or ФГБ), is the first module of the International Space Station to have been launched.[2] The FGB provided electrical power, storage, propulsion, and guidance to the ISS during the initial stage of assembly. With the launch and assembly in orbit of other modules with more specialized functionality, as of August 2021[update] it is primarily used for storage, both inside the pressurized section and in the externally mounted fuel tanks. The Zarya is a descendant of the TKS spacecraft designed for the Soviet Salyut program. The name Zarya ("Dawn") was given to the FGB because it signified the dawn of a new era of international cooperation in space. Although it was built by a Russian company, it is owned by the United States.[3]
Construction
The Zarya design was originally intended as a module for the Russian Mir space station, but was not flown as of the end of the Mir program. A FGB cargo block was incorporated as an upper stage engine into the Polyus spacecraft, flown (unsuccessfully) on the first Energia launch.[4] With the end of the Mir program, the design was adapted to use for the International Space Station.
The Zarya module is capable of station keeping and provides sizable battery power; it was suggested to have initially been built to both power and control the recoil from a further derivation of the then classified Skif laser system/Polyus satellite. Commentators in the West thought that the Zarya module was constructed more cheaply and lifted to orbit faster than should have been possible in the post-Soviet era, and that the FGB might have been largely constructed from mothballed hardware from the Skif laser program (which had been canceled after the failed 1987 Polyus launch).[5]
The research and development of a similar design was paid for by Russia and the Soviet Union; the design of the module and all systems are Soviet/Russian. The United States funded Zarya through the U.S. prime contracts in the 1990s as the first module for ISS, and it was built from December 1994 to January 1998 in Russia at the
Design
Zarya has a mass of 19,323 kilograms (42,600 lb), is 12.56 meters (41.2 ft) long and 4.11 meters (13.5 ft) wide at its widest point.
The module has three
Zarya has two
Launch and flight
Zarya was launched on 20 November 1998 on a Russian
Although only designed to fly autonomously for six to eight months, Zarya was required to do so for almost two years due to delays to the Russian Service Module, Zvezda. Zvezda was finally launched on 12 July 2000, docking with Zarya on 26 July 2000.
Zarya passed the 50,000-orbit mark at 15:17 UTC on 14 August 2007 during the STS-118 mission to the International Space Station.
Dockings
- Nadir
Spacecraft | Launch (UTC) | Carrier
rocket |
Launch pad |
Docking | Undocking | Deorbit | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Progress M1-4[12] | 16 November 2000 01:32:36 | Soyuz-U | Site 1/5 | 18 November 03:48 |
1 December 16:23 |
8 February 13:50 |
ISS-2P. The automatic |
26 December 10:54 |
8 February 2001 11:26 | ||||||
Progress M-64 | 14 May 2008 20:22:56 |
Soyuz-U | Site 1/5 | 16 May 2008 21:39 |
1 September 2008 19:46 |
8 September 2008 21:33 |
ISS-29P |
- Rassvet, 2010–Present
- Forward
- PMA-1), 1998–Present
- Aft
- Zvezda, 2000–Present
Gallery
-
Interior of Zarya
-
Zarya (top) and Unity (Node 1)
-
Zarya as seen in 2009 during STS-128, solar arrays folded
-
View through the window of Zarya, 2006
Notes
- ^
- Air Ducts
- Communications Panel
- Caution and Warning Systems Panel
- Contaminant Filters
- Contingency Transfer (Water)/Container Bag
- Contingency Transfer (Water)/Container Connections
- Dust Collectors
- Electrical Outlet
- Flex Airduct Container
- Fuse
- Fuse Panels (behind close-outs)
- Gas Analyzer
- Gas Mask
- Handrail
- Hatch Protection
- Instrument Containers
- Docking Port to PMA-1
- Laptop Outlets
- Lighting Panel
- Lights
- Docking Port to Rassvet
- Onboard Documentation
- Onboard Network Receptacle Outlets
- Pole and Hook
- Portable Fans
- Removable Fire Extinguisher
- Power Outlet
- Pressurized Valve Unit
- Caution and Warning Panel
- Smoke Detector
- TV Outlet
- Wipes/Filters
- ^ "Zarya" can have a lot of meanings: "daybreak", "dawn" (in the morning) or "afterglow", "evening glow", "sunset" (in the evening). But usually it means "dawn".
References
- ^ Hendrickx, Bart (15 October 2015). "From Mir-2 to the ISS Russian Segment" (PDF). BIS. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
- ^ a b NASA, International Space Station, Zarya (accessed 19 Apr. 2014)
- ^ Zak, Anatoly (15 October 2008). "Russian Segment: Enterprise". RussianSpaceWeb. Retrieved 4 August 2012.
- ^ B. Hendrickx, "The Origins and Evolution of the Energiya Rocket Family," J. British Interplanetary Soc., Vol. 55, pp. 242-278 (2002).
- ^ "The secret laser-toting Soviet satellite that almost was | Ars Technica". September 26, 2013. Archived from the original on 2013-09-26.
- ^ "Russian segment of the ISS". www.russianspaceweb.com. Retrieved 2021-08-03.
- ISBN 1-894959-34-5.
- ^ "Центр подготовки космонавтов им. Ю.А.Гагарина. Официальный Web-сайт". www.gctc.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2022-07-21.
- ^ "International Space Station background". CBS News.
- ^ "Space Station Primed to Unfold New Radiators". Space.com. 2 October 2007.
- ^ Hendrickx, Bart (15 October 2015). "From Mir-2 to the ISS Russian Segment (p.19)" (PDF). BIS. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
- ^ Wade, Mark. "Progress M1". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 2010-01-03. Retrieved 2008-12-26.
- ^ Anikeev, Alexander. "Cargo spacecraft "Progress M1-4"". Manned Astronautics - Figures & Facts. Archived from the original on 2007-10-09. Retrieved 2009-06-07.
See also
- Power and Propulsion Element station module of the Lunar Gateway