Zduńska Wola

Coordinates: 51°36′N 18°58′E / 51.600°N 18.967°E / 51.600; 18.967
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Zduńska Wola
Train station in Zduńska Wola
Train station in Zduńska Wola
Car plates
EZD
Highways
Voivodeship roads
Websitehttp://www.zdunskawola.pl

Zduńska Wola

Maksymilian Faktorowicz, the founder of Max Factor cosmetics company.[2]

History

Early history

Document of granting city rights to Zduńska Wola

The city was first mentioned and documented in 1394. Zduńska Wola was then part of an important trade route which crossed through Poland and connected

industrialists and eventually transformed into a shtetl. At the beginning of the 18th century, Zduńska Wola was purchased by the aristocratic Złotnicki family.[3]

The development of the village is closely linked with the rapid influx of

town rights
in October 1825.

In 1827 the population had reached 2,758 people and the town possessed 320 buildings, however, only 30 were made of brick or stone.[3] Due to the lack of available space for incoming weavers, the town was expanded and new districts were established by incorporating nearby villages and settlements.

Industrial development

An example of a 19th-century brick plastered weaver's house

The end of the 19th century was a period of dynamic development, which eventually transformed the rural town into a small industrial centre. In 1909 the population was already 22,504 people. Over 50 new industrial enterprises or textile corporations were set up, which employed 5,200 workers. Zduńska Wola gained the nickname "City of Weavers" and out of the 1,360 buildings now standing, approximately 600 were made of brick. In 1892 the first steam brewery was constructed, which contributed to the town's importance in the region. Under the patronage of the Złotnicki family and local business owners, Zduńska Wola was completely remodelled and urbanized; new housing estates were built for the workers and the first city park was opened during this period.[4]

Early 20th-century postcard with the downtown of Zduńska Wola

In 1903 the region was connected with Kalisz and Łódź by rail. In 1902 Zenon Anstadt, a member of a wealthy family of brewers from Łódź, was responsible for the continuous development of the town's infrastructure. Shortly before the outbreak of World War I in 1914, the population of the city was 28,437 people. Under the Imperial German occupation during World War I, the town's population fell to just 12,000 in 1918.

After Poland regained independence in 1918, the city with its industries was rebuilt from the devastation of war. Alongside the former textile industry, new metallurgical enterprises, power plants, public schools, gymnasiums, city hospital and a fire station were established. In 1930 Zduńska Wola became an important transport hub, when it was connected by rail with the Polish port of Gdynia on the Baltic Sea. By 1939 Zduńska Wola was the largest city in the western part of Łódź Voivodeship (province).[3]

World War II

Aerial view of Zduńska Wola in September 1939

During the joint German-Soviet

Wartheland province of Nazi Germany, and changed the town's name to Freihaus to erase traces of Polish origin.[4]

In November 1939, the Germans carried out a public execution of six Polish hostages from nearby Sieradz,[7] and in December 1939 they carried out the first expulsions of 420 Poles.[8] During the Intelligenzaktion, the Germans arrested 169 members of the local Polish intelligentsia already in 1939, and further 187 in 1940–1941.[4] Among the victims were local officials, activists, members of the Polish underground resistance movement[4] and Catholic priests.[9] In total several thousand Poles were deported to forced labour, expelled or arrested.[3] As local Nazi German governor Arthur Greiser expressed during a meeting with the townspeople, Poles were supposed to be servants for the Germans.[3] Germany operated a transit camp for German settlers, who were resettled in occupied Poland as part of the Lebensraum policy.[4] Nevertheless, several Polish resistance organizations operated in the town and among their activities were secret trainings, intelligence, distribution of underground Polish press, sabotage actions and secret schooling.[4]

Nearly all members of the prominent and large

Łódź ghetto. Hundreds were shot in the Zduńska Wola cemetery. More than 6,000 and perhaps as many as 9,000 were sent to the Chełmno extermination camp
where they were immediately gassed.

About 60 of Zduńska Wola's Jewish population are thought to have survived the war. The German administrator who oversaw the final selection, Hans Biebow, was tried, convicted, and executed after the war for his crimes in Lodz and Zduńska Wola. In contrast, the head of the Jewish council in the town was lauded for his uprightness. Murdered by Biebow after the selection in August, he had refused to collaborate with the Germans or betray his fellow Jews.[11]

The town was captured by the Soviets in January 1945, and then restored to Poland,

Fall of Communism
in the 1980s. The town also suffered heavy destruction in the war.

Modern times

Under socialism, between 1945 and 1989, Zduńska Wola and Łódź regained their pre-war importance as the textile industrial centres of central Poland. Since 2014,[3] the town has seen many opportunities and investments, and continues to flourish in the service sector.[4]

It was administratively located in the Sieradz Voivodeship from 1975 to 1998.

Culture

Birthplace of Saint Maximilian Kolbe, an example of a wooden weaver's house, now a museum

The museums of Zduńska Wola are the Museum of the History of Zduńska Wola, the railway museum in the Karsznice district and a museum dedicated to

Saint Maximilian Kolbe
located at his birthplace.

Education

Music school

Primary schools

  • Tadeusz Kościuszko Primary School

High schools

Sports

The local football team is Pogoń Zduńska Wola [pl]. It competes in the lower leagues.

Twin towns - Sister cities

Zduńska Wola is

twinned with:[12]

Notable people

References

  1. ^ a b "Local Data Bank". Statistics Poland. Retrieved 26 August 2022. Data for territorial unit 1019011.
  2. ^ "Local history - Information about the town - Zduńska Wola - Virtual Shtetl". www.sztetl.org.pl. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g "Historia". zdunskawola.pl. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h "Historia Zduńskiej Woli". lepczynski.eu (in Polish). Retrieved 25 August 2017.
  5. ^ "Zdunska Wola | Encyclopedia.com".
  6. ^ Wardzyńska, Maria (2009). Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion (in Polish). Warszawa: IPN. pp. 56–57.
  7. ^ Wardzyńska (2009), p. 207
  8. ISBN 978-83-8098-174-4
    .
  9. ^ Studnicka-Mariańczyk, Karolina (2018). "Zakład Karny w Sieradzu w okresie okupacji hitlerowskiej 1939–1945". Zeszyty Historyczne (in Polish). 17: 193.
  10. ^ "Historia miejscowości - Informacje o mieście - Zduńska Wola - Wirtualny Sztetl". www.sztetl.org.pl. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
  11. ISBN 978-0-253-35599-7
    .
  12. ^ "Współpraca zagraniczna". zdunskawola.pl (in Polish). Zduńska Wola. Retrieved 2019-09-21.

External links

Media related to Zduńska Wola at Wikimedia Commons

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