Zenata
Zenata Iznaten, Zenata, Zanata | |
---|---|
Berber tribal confederation | |
Ethnicity | Berbers |
Location | Maghreb |
Branches | Maghrawa, Banu Ifran, Banu Wasin, Djarawa |
Language | Zenati languages (Berber languages) |
Religion | Islam (predominantly) |
The Zenata (
Society
The 14th-century historiographer
The Zenata adopted Islam early, in the 7th century. While other Berber tribes continued to resist the
Language
As Berbers, the Zenata spoke one of the
Political history
Before the Arab conquests, the Zenata ranged between present-day
8th-10th centuries
In the early Islamic period of Morocco, Berber groups and tribes dominated the politics of the region well after the Arab conquests. The Zenata confederation did too. A Zenata chieftain, Khalid ibn Hamid al-Zanati, was a leading figure in the Berber revolt of 740 against the Arab Umayyad Caliphate, and led Berber rebels to major victories in the Battle of the Nobles and the Battle of Bagdoura.[9]: 38 [10]: 212 While the Umayyads managed to defeat the rebels eventually and reassert some of their authority, the westernmost parts of the Maghreb, including what is now Morocco, remained outside of Arab caliphal rule.[9][10]: 207 In this vacuum, various principalities arose in the region, such as the Midrarid Emirate in eastern Morocco, led by a Zenata Miknasa tribe,[11] to which the foundation of the city of Sijilmasa is attributed.[12][9]: 49
In 868, under the leadership of the Abd al-Razzaq, the Berber
13th-16th centuries
In the 13th century the Banu Marin (
Starting in the early 15th century the
Meanwhile, around the same time as the Marinids, the Zenata
Zanata tribesmen also played a role as light cavalry in the armies of the Emirate of Granada. This gave rise to the Spanish term jinete (derived from the name 'Zenata'), which denoted this type of light cavalry.[28][29] They formed the backbone of the Granadan army, serving both in crucial battles as well as in regular raids inside Christian territory.[30][28] They were highly mobile on the field, armed with lances, javelins, and small round shields known for their flexibility, and used their own characteristic set of tactics.[28][31][32] They were recruited and led by exiled members of the Marinid family and settled within the kingdom of Granada. Their Marinid commander was known as the shaykh al-ghuzāt ('chief of the ghazis'), but in 1374 Muhammad V suppressed this office due to their political interference, after which they were commanded by a Nasrid or Andalusi general.[28] They also served as mercenaries in the armies of Christian kingdoms such as Castile[31] or as auxiliaries sent by the Nasrid emirs of Granada to aid their Castilian allies.[28]
See also
- Numidia
- Dihya
- Zanata Stone
- Su'da
References
- ^ ISBN 9780810864900.
- ^ Nelson, Harold D. (1985). Morocco, a country study. Area handbook series. Washington, D.C.: The American University. p. 14.
- ISBN 9780761828761.
- ISBN 9781849042277.
- ^ Romey, Alain (1998). Perception de la limite et de la frontière au Maghreb de l'Antiquité à la contemporanéité nomade (PDF) (in French). Cahiers de la Méditerranée. pp. 29–38.
- ^ "The disappearance of Zenata to the eighth century, them covering a quarter of North Africa, is one of the most extraordinary facts the Tamazgha has ever known." Les oasis du Gourara (Sahara algérien) Par Rachid Bellil, (1999), p.77
- ^ a b Hamès, C. (2012). "Zanāta". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Brill.
- ^ Edmond Destaing, "Essai de classification des dialectes berbères du Maroc Archived September 4, 2011, at the Wayback Machine", Etudes et Documents Berbères 19-20, 2001-2002 (1915). Edmond Destaing, "Note sur la conjugaison des verbes de forme C1eC2", Mémoires de la Société Linguistique de Paris, 22 (1920/3), pp. 139-148
- ^ ISBN 0521337674.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-7914-1827-7.
- ^ ISBN 9780748621378.
- ISBN 978-90-04-08112-3.
- ^ OCLC 495469525.
- ^ Le Tourneau, Roger (1949). Fès avant le protectorat: étude économique et sociale d'une ville de l'occident musulman. Casablanca: Société Marocaine de Librairie et d'Édition.
- ^ a b Rivet, Daniel (2012). Histoire du Maroc: de Moulay Idrîs à Mohammed VI. Fayard.
- ^ "Marinid dynasty (Berber dynasty) - Encyclopædia Britannica". Britannica.com. Retrieved 2014-02-24.
- ^ ISBN 0521337674.
- ISBN 9789231017100. Retrieved 2014-02-24.
- ^ Ira M. Lapidus, Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global History, (Cambridge University Press, 2012), 414.
- ^ Le Tourneau, Roger (1949). Fès avant le protectorat: étude économique et sociale d'une ville de l'occident musulman. Casablanca: Société Marocaine de Librairie et d'Édition.
- ISBN 9780748621378.
- ^ "Algeria - Zayanids". countrystudies.us. Retrieved 2016-07-22.
- ^ "Abd al-Wadid Dynasty | Berber dynasty". Retrieved 2016-07-22.
- ISBN 9780195337709.
- ^ The Abdelwadids (1236–1554), on qantara-med.org
- ISBN 9782296139640– via Google Books.
- ^ Phillip Chiviges Naylor, North Africa: a history from antiquity to the present, (University of Texas Press, 2009), 98.
- ^ ISBN 9781317870418.
- ISBN 978-0-520-24840-3.
- ISBN 0226319628.
- ^ ISBN 978-90-47-42441-3.
- ISBN 978-0-8122-0463-6.
External links
- Rachid Bellil, Université d'Alger. "Les Zénètes du Gourara d'hier à aujourd'hui (Sahara Zenatas)". Retrieved December 9, 2012.
- Norman Roth (1994). Jews, Visigoths, and Muslims in Medieval Spain: Cooperation and Conflict. ISBN 9004099719. Retrieved December 9, 2012.