Zhangjiakou
This article needs additional citations for verification. (December 2011) |
Zhangjiakou
张家口市 Changchiakow, Kalgan | |
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China Standard) | |
ISO 3166 code | CN-HE-07 |
Licence plate prefixes | 冀G |
Website | www |
Zhangjiakou | ||
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Hanyu Pinyin Kālāgàn | |
Transcriptions | |
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SASM/GNC | Kalgan |
Zhangjiakou (
Since ancient times, Zhangjiakou has been a stronghold of military significance and vied for by multiple sides, hence nicknamed the Northern Gate of Beijing. Due to its strategic position on several important transport arteries, it is a critical node for travel between Hebei and
In the south, Zhangjiakou is largely cultivated for agricultural use. In the north, Bashang is a part of the Mongolian plateau and dominated by grasslands. The forest coverage reaches 37%, earning Zhangjiakou the title of National Forest City. According to the Ministry of Environmental Protection, Zhangjiakou has the freshest air and the least PM 2.5 pollution of all Chinese cities north of the Yellow River. Zhangjiakou also possesses 4.6% of China's wind energy resources, and the city ranks second in solar energy use.[5]: 25–30 Zhangjiakou was one of the host cities at the 2022 Winter Olympics.
Names
Zhangjiakou (Chang-chia-k'ou) is written 张家口 in
Zhangjiakou was historically known to Europeans as Kalgan (喀拉干, Kālāgàn) until the mid 20th century. This name derives from the
Because of its strategic position above and northwest of Beijing, Zhangjiakou has been nicknamed "Beijing's Northern Door".
History
Pre-Qin era
There are many paleolithic remains like
Around 2500 BC, the legendary ancestors of Chinese people, Huangdi, Yandi, and Chiyou used to live in the area of Zhuolu Town, and later fought the Battle of Zhuolu and Battle of Banquan, amalgamating different tribes into a single Huaxia tribe, thus beginning Chinese history.[6]
During
In 228 BC,
Qin–Han era
During the
During the Han dynasty, most part of the area belonged to
Zhangjiakou was a major battleground during
Following the
Jin–Sui era
In 274, Western Jin divided Shanggu Commandery and established Guangning Commandery (廣寧郡) in Xialuo (下洛, in the west of present Zhuolu), which was disestablished during Northern Qi.
During the period known as
Former Qin fell into disarray in 383 following its defeat by Jin forces at the
In 423, in order to defend itself from
Tang–Song era
In 645,
During the period of Five Dynasties, Zhangjiakou area, like other places in northern China, underwent repeated changes of rules of different dynasties. In 937, in order to enlist the help from
During the reign of
In 1168, the Emperor Shizong of Jin traveled to Helihudongchuan (曷里滸東东川). Seeing the fully blossoming yellow flowers, he named the yellow flowers Jinlianhua (金蓮花) and the place became Jinlianchuan (金蓮川; 'River of Golden Lotus').
Yuan–Ming–Qing era
In August 1211, during the
In 1307,
In 1370,
On September 1, 1449, while retreating from the campaign against Mongols (Oirats), the 500,000-man army was defeated and the Emperor Yingzong of Ming was captured by chasing Mongolian troops in Huailai County, which was later called Tumu Crisis. The Emperor was sent back next year but only restored his throne in 1457. In 1529, local officer Zhang Zhen (张珍) built a small gate to north, which was strengthen in 1574 and 1581. Zhangjiakoubu enjoyed a paramount strategic position, thus being called Wuheng (武城; 'Martial Town'). Therefore, Zhangjiakoubu was the origin and starting point of modern-day Zhangjiakou City.[6]: 29–31
In 1514 and 1517, Dayan Khan led Mongol troops to invade China, causing great damage. He built forts in Xuanhua and Datong and stationed 15000 troops on Ming territory. Culminating in the Battle of Yingzhou (應州大捷) in 1517, Dayan Khan was killed in the battle. From 1545, Xuanda Governor Weng Wanda (宣大總督翁萬達) began building Xuanfu Great Wall, reaching 462 li (231 km) next year. In 1545, he built Great Walls again, reaching 169 li (84.5 km), effectively defending the area of Mongol cavalry's invasion.[6]: 115
The water-scarce city was historically the chief northern gate in the
In 1571, Altan Khan of Mongols received the title "Prince of Shunyi" (Obedient and Righteous Prince) from the Longqing Emperor, thus reaching an agreement of lasting peace with Ming. Since then, the city of Zhangjiakou was transformed from a military base to an important horse market for Mongolian mounts imported into China.[6]: 40 From 1727 it was an important station for the Kyakhta trade between Russia and China. In early autumn long lines of camels would come in from all quarters for the conveyance of the tea chests from "Kalgan" (Zhangjiakou) to Kyakhta across the Gobi Desert. Each caravan usually made three journeys in the winter. In the 19th century some Russian merchants had permanent residences and warehouses just outside the gate.
Modern history
In October 1909, Zhangjiakou was connected with Beijing by
In 1937, the Japanese occupied the region and made Kalgan the capital of the autonomous Cha-nan (South Chahar) Province. The Federated Mengjiang Commission was set up to supervise the economic affairs, banking, communications, and industry of Japanese-occupied Inner Mongolia (Mengjiang).
During the second phase of the Chinese Civil War, The 35th Army under Fu Zuoyi was surrounded at Xinbao'an of Zhangjiakou and defeated. This caused Fu Zuo Yi to quickly strike a deal with the Communists and make peace.
In the early 1960s, at the height of Sino-Soviet tensions, Zhangjiakou was considered one of the most important cities in China for military strategy reasons. Zhangjiakou was aptly nicknamed, "Beijing's Northern Door", because whoever controlled Zhangjiakou was in a good position to either attack (in the case of the Soviets) or defend (in the case of the Chinese) Beijing.
Zhangjiakou hosted some of the events in the 2022 Winter Olympics.[9]
Tourism
Lying in between the Mongolian Plateau and the North China Plain, Zhangjiakou has a somewhat rugged topography characterized by high mountains, deep valleys, and rocky pathways. As a result, it serves as a perfect natural screen for Beijing, which has made it a strategic priority militarily since ancient times. It is called "The Gateway to Beijing" and "The Mountain City beyond the Great Wall". The grand Yan Mountain, the towering Taihang Mountain, the vast grasslands, and the meandering Sangyang River converge here. The city government has regarded tourism as a major driving force of the city's economy and continues to develop the industry.[citation needed]
As a place where water resources for Beijing is located, ecological and sustainable development have been emphasized by local government. Due to its less impact on environment than heavy industry, tourism figures significantly in local policies of development. Possessing diverse landforms, such as plains, hills, mountains, basins and grasslands, Zhangjiakou is an ideal place for holidays, entertainment sightseeing for neighbour middle class and can provide tourists with a variety of experiences. In the area, there are significant differences in different seasons. In winter, tourists can ski in Chongli Mountains; in spring, they can visit historical sites; in summer, visitors can sleep in Mongolian yurts on Zhangbei Grassland, where annual musical events were held and taste fresh mutton; while in autumn, visitors can taste Huailai wine and take a bath in nearby hot springs.[5]: 155
In today's Zhangbei county a major attraction are the ruins and museum of the former Yuan capital Zhongdu.[10]
Geography and climate
Zhangjiakou is located in the northwest part of Hebei province, and is defined by mostly rough terrain created by the Yin Mountains, with elevations increasing from southeast to northwest. The east of the prefecture marks the Yan Mountains The bordering prefectures in the province are Chengde to the northeast and Baoding to the south. It also borders Shanxi to the west and southwest and Inner Mongolia to the northwest. The prefecture's latitude ranges from 39° 30' to 42° 10' N, or 289.2 kilometres (179.7 mi), while its longitude spans 113° 50' to 116° 30' E, or 216.2 kilometres (134.3 mi).
Zhangjiakou City is divided into three topographical regions: plateau, mountains, and basin. The former has elevations generally above 1,400 metres (4,600 ft), and consists of all of Guyuan and Kangbao Counties as well as part of Shangyi and Zhangbei Counties. This area is part of the southern end of the
The urban area of Zhangjiakou is surrounded by mountains on three sides. The
Zhangjiakou has a
Climate data for Zhangjiakou (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1971–2010) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 9.8 (49.6) |
18.2 (64.8) |
27.0 (80.6) |
33.3 (91.9) |
36.8 (98.2) |
39.4 (102.9) |
41.1 (106.0) |
37.2 (99.0) |
35.9 (96.6) |
27.7 (81.9) |
20.8 (69.4) |
14.0 (57.2) |
41.1 (106.0) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −2.1 (28.2) |
2.6 (36.7) |
9.9 (49.8) |
18.5 (65.3) |
25.0 (77.0) |
28.9 (84.0) |
30.1 (86.2) |
28.7 (83.7) |
24.0 (75.2) |
16.3 (61.3) |
6.7 (44.1) |
−0.7 (30.7) |
15.7 (60.2) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | −8.0 (17.6) |
−4.0 (24.8) |
3.1 (37.6) |
11.4 (52.5) |
18.2 (64.8) |
22.3 (72.1) |
24.3 (75.7) |
22.7 (72.9) |
17.3 (63.1) |
9.6 (49.3) |
0.7 (33.3) |
−6.3 (20.7) |
9.3 (48.7) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −12.4 (9.7) |
−9.0 (15.8) |
−2.6 (27.3) |
5.1 (41.2) |
11.7 (53.1) |
16.5 (61.7) |
19.3 (66.7) |
17.8 (64.0) |
11.9 (53.4) |
4.5 (40.1) |
−3.7 (25.3) |
−10.5 (13.1) |
4.1 (39.3) |
Record low °C (°F) | −24.9 (−12.8) |
−21.9 (−7.4) |
−16.5 (2.3) |
−7.7 (18.1) |
−1.3 (29.7) |
5.1 (41.2) |
12.5 (54.5) |
7.2 (45.0) |
1.1 (34.0) |
−9.1 (15.6) |
−17.5 (0.5) |
−22.2 (−8.0) |
−24.9 (−12.8) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 2.5 (0.10) |
3.1 (0.12) |
9.1 (0.36) |
20.3 (0.80) |
37.9 (1.49) |
66.3 (2.61) |
101.9 (4.01) |
78.1 (3.07) |
57.5 (2.26) |
24.8 (0.98) |
8.7 (0.34) |
2.7 (0.11) |
412.9 (16.25) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 1.7 | 2.4 | 3.7 | 5.0 | 7.9 | 11.2 | 11.8 | 10.8 | 8.6 | 5.2 | 2.9 | 1.8 | 73 |
Average snowy days | 2.8 | 3.7 | 3.7 | 1.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.3 | 3.1 | 2.5 | 17.3 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
43 | 39 | 36 | 35 | 38 | 51 | 62 | 63 | 57 | 50 | 47 | 44 | 47 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 193.8 | 194.3 | 231.9 | 251.0 | 275.2 | 249.9 | 244.6 | 249.1 | 227.2 | 217.3 | 183.3 | 178.8 | 2,696.4 |
Percent possible sunshine | 65 | 64 | 62 | 63 | 61 | 56 | 54 | 59 | 62 | 64 | 62 | 62 | 61 |
Source 1: China Meteorological Administration[13][14] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Weather China[15] |
Administrative divisions
Map | ||||||
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Qiaodong Qiaoxi Xuanhua Xiahuayuan Wanquan Chongli Guyuan County Huai'an County | ||||||
Name | Hanzi
|
Hanyu Pinyin
|
Population (2004 est.) | Area (km2) | Density (/km2) | |
Districts | ||||||
Qiaoxi District
|
桥西区 | Qiáoxī Qū | 230,000 | 141 | 1,631 | |
Qiaodong District
|
桥东区 | Qiáodōng Qū | 260,000 | 113 | 2,301 | |
Xuanhua District
|
宣化区 | Xuānhuà Qū | 590,000 | 2,371 | 248 | |
Xiahuayuan District
|
下花园区 | Xiàhuāyuán Qū | 70,000 | 315 | 222 | |
Wanquan District
|
万全区 | Wànquán Qū | 220,000 | 1,158 | 190 | |
Chongli District
|
崇礼区 | Chónglǐ Qū | 120,000 | 2,326 | 52 | |
Counties | ||||||
Zhangbei County | 张北县 | Zhāngběi Xiàn | 370,000 | 4,232 | 87 | |
Kangbao County | 康保县 | Kāngbǎo Xiàn | 280,000 | 3,365 | 83 | |
Guyuan County
|
沽源县 | Gūyuán Xiàn | 230,000 | 3,601 | 64 | |
Shangyi County | 尚义县 | Shàngyì Xiàn | 190,000 | 2,621 | 72 | |
Yu County | 蔚县 | Yù Xiàn | 460,000 | 3,216 | 143 | |
Yangyuan County | 阳原县 | Yángyuán Xiàn | 280,000 | 1,834 | 153 | |
Huai'an County
|
怀安县 | Huái'ān Xiàn | 250,000 | 1,706 | 147 | |
Huailai County | 怀来县 | Huáilái Xiàn | 340,000 | 1,793 | 190 | |
Zhuolu County | 涿鹿县 | Zhuōlù Xiàn | 330,000 | 2,799 | 118 | |
Chicheng County | 赤城县 | Chìchéng Xiàn | 280,000 | 5,238 | 53 |
Economy
The vicinity of Zhangjiakou is rich in
Due to its comparatively late implementation
Due to several factors including the hosting of
Transportation
- The city lies in the northwestern corner of the province and is linked to Jingzhang Expressway.
- Zhangjiakou is further linked by a freeway to Inner Mongolia which opened on September 7, 2005.
- China National Highway 207
- A heavy-haul railway is under construction, to transport coal from Zhangjiakou to Tangshan. Construction is expected to finish in 2015; the railway is planned to carry 200 million tons of coal per year.[19] Another heavy-haul railway, Junggar-Zhangjiakou, is expected to connect to it.[20]
- Beijing-Zhangjiakou Intercity Railway opened in December 2019, shortening the traveling time from Beijing to Zhangjiakou from 3 hours 7 minutes to 47 minutes .[21]
- Flights to Guangzhou, Shanghai, Shenzhen, Shijiazhuang, and Xiamen are available at Zhangjiakou Ningyuan Airport.
Military
Zhangjiakou is headquarters of the
Education
Zhangjiakou is home to Hebei North University. The university has been improving its international network and many foreign students are now studying there. Another university Hebei University of Architecture is located in Qiaodong District. Zhangjiakou No.1 Middle School is the most famous secondary school in Zhangjiakou. Beijing No.101 Middle School was a branch of Zhangjiakou No.1 Middle School in the past.
Sports
Zhangjiakou hosted Freestyle and Nordic skiing and snowboarding excluding big air for the
Venues currently being constructed are:
- Kuyangshu Nordic Center and Biathlon Center – cross-country skiing, Nordic combined(cross-country skiing) 15,000
- Kuyangshu Ski Jumping Field – ski jumping, Nordic combined (ski jumping) 10,000
- Hualindong Ski Resort – biathlon 15,000
- Genting Hotel – Media Center
- halfpipe), freestyle skiing5,000
- Thaiwoo Ski Resort – snowboarding (cross), freestyle skiing 10,000
- Wanlong Ski Resort – snowboarding (parallel slalom) 5,000
- Zhangjiakou Olympic Village
See also
References
- ^ a b c d Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, ed. (2019). China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2017. Beijing: China Statistics Press. p. 46. Retrieved 11 January 2020.
- ISBN 978-7-5356-7824-9. Archivedfrom the original on 2020-03-26. Retrieved 2019-07-11.
- ^ "Zhangjiakou pronunciation". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
- ^ 张家口市教育科研研究所 (2003-08-01). 张家口地理. Hainan Press (海南出版社).
- ^ ISBN 9787514337976.
- ^ ISBN 9787810979436.
- ISBN 0-521-24327-0.
- ^ "A Relation of two Russe Cossacks travailes, out of Siberia to Catay, and other Countries adjoyning thereunto. Also a Copie of the last Patent from the Muscovite. A Copie of a Letter written to the Emperor from his Governors out of Siberia". Published as Chapter XI in: Samuel Purchas, Haklutyus Posthumus (or, Purchas His Pilgrimes), vol. XIV, p. 280. 1625. Full Text on archive.org. The city name reported by Petlin appears in Purchas' English translation as "Shirokalga".
- ^ "Beijing and Zhangjiakou launch a joint bid to host the 2022 Winter Olympic Games". Insidethegames.biz. 2013-11-05. Retrieved 2014-03-28.
- ^ Zhou, Raymond (2016-09-05). "A lost capital haunted by ghosts and history". China Daily. Retrieved 2020-05-11.
- ^ 地理环境 (in Simplified Chinese). Archived from the original on July 7, 2009.
- ISBN 978-7-5150-1909-3.
- ^ 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
- ^ "Experience Template" 中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
- ^ 张家口 - 气象数据 -中国天气网 (in Chinese). Weather China. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
- ^ [1] Archived September 16, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Zhangjiakou plant joins Aurobay
- ^ Volvo Cars and Geely Holding Create Aurobay for Joint Powertrain Operations
- ^ "Railway Gazette: News in Brief". Retrieved 2011-01-02.
- ^ "COALWorld". Retrieved 2011-01-02.
- Xinhua. Archived from the originalon December 30, 2019. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
- ^ "Beijing announces gym layout for 2022 Winter Olympics". People's Daily Online. 20 February 2014. Retrieved 23 February 2014.
- ^ gaiazhang. "Beijing 2022 Games Ski Venue Receives Over 2 Million Tourists". Archived from the original on 4 June 2016. Retrieved 22 May 2016.