Zhangzhou dialects
(Redirected from
Zhangzhou dialect
)| Zhangzhou | |
|---|---|
| 漳州話 / 漳州话 (Chiang-chiu-ōa) | |
| Pronunciation | [tsiaŋ˨ tsiu˨ ua˨] |
| Native to | China, Taiwan, Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, Myanmar, Thailand, Philippines. |
| Region | city of Zhangzhou, southern Fujian province |
Sino-Tibetan
| |
Early forms | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | fuji1236 |
| Linguasphere | 79-AAA-jed |
 Zhangzhou dialect | |
The Zhangzhou dialects (
Quemoy (from [kim˨ mui˩˧], now called Kinmen
).
Classification
The Zhangzhou dialects are classified as
Quanzhou dialect.[9]
Phonology
This section is mostly based on the variety spoken in the urban area of Zhangzhou.
Initials
There are 15 phonemic initials:[10]
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | sibilant[b] | |||||
| Plosive/ Affricate |
plain | /p/ ⟨p⟩ 邊 / 边 |
/ t / ⟨t⟩地 |
/ts/ ⟨ch⟩ 曾 |
/k/ ⟨k⟩ 求 |
/ʔ/ ⟨-⟩ 英 |
| aspirated | /pʰ/ ⟨ph⟩ 頗 / 颇 |
/tʰ/ ⟨th⟩ 他 |
/tsʰ/ ⟨chh⟩ 出 |
/kʰ/ ⟨kh⟩ 氣 / 气 |
||
| voiced | /b/ ⟨b⟩ 門 / 门 |
/dz/ ⟨j⟩ 熱 / 热 |
/g/ ⟨g⟩ 語 / 语 |
|||
| Fricative | /s/ ⟨s⟩ 時 / 时 |
/h/ ⟨h⟩ 喜 | ||||
| Lateral | / l / ⟨l⟩柳 |
|||||
When the rime is nasalized, the three voiced phonemes /b/, /l/ and /g/ are realized as the nasals [
Rimes
| Open syllable | Nasal coda | Nasal vowel coda | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| open mouth | /a/ 阿 |
/ɔ/ 烏 / 乌 |
/o/ 好 |
/e/ 鞋 |
/ɛ/ 家 |
/ai/ 愛 / 爱 |
/au/ 歐 / 欧 |
/m̩/ 毋 |
/am/ 庵 |
/ɔm/ 森 |
/an/ 按 |
/ŋ̍/ 霜 |
/aŋ/ 港 |
/ɔŋ/ 王 |
/ã/ 餡 / 馅 |
/ɔ̃/ 毛 |
/ɛ̃/ 暝 |
/ãi/ 妹 |
/ãu/ 矛 | |
| checked | /aʔ/ 鴨 / 鸭 |
/ɔʔ/ 嘔 / 呕 |
/oʔ/ 學 / 学 |
/eʔ/ 八 |
/ɛʔ/ 百 |
/auʔ/ 落 |
/m̩ʔ/ 默 |
/ap/ 合 |
/ɔp/ 啑 |
/at/ 達 / 达 |
/ŋ̍ʔ/ 嗆 / 呛 |
/ak/ 六 |
/ɔk/ 國 / 国 |
/ãʔ/ 焓 |
/ɔ̃ʔ/ 膜 |
/ɛ̃ʔ/ 脈 / 脉 |
/ãuʔ/ 澩 / 泶 | |||
| even teeth | /i/ 魚 / 鱼 |
/ia/ 椰 |
/io/ 叫 |
/iu/ 油 |
/iau/ 鳥 / 鸟 |
/im/ 心 |
/iam/ 薟 / 莶 |
/in/ 今 |
/ian/ 燕 |
/iŋ/ 星 |
/iaŋ/ 央 |
/iɔŋ/ 衝 / 冲 |
/ĩ/ 圓 / 圆 |
/iã/ 影 |
/iɔ̃/ 娘 |
/iũ/ 妞 |
/iãu/ 貓 / 猫 | |||
| checked | /iʔ/ 滴 |
/iaʔ/ 頁 / 页 |
/iɔʔ/ 諾 / 诺 |
/ioʔ/ 藥 / 药 |
/iuʔ/ 喌 |
/iauʔ/ 寂 |
/ip/ 入 |
/iap/ 葉 / 叶 |
/it/ 必 |
/iat/ 滅 / 灭 |
/ik/ 色 |
/iak/ 約 / 约 |
/iɔk/ 祝 |
/ĩʔ/ 物 |
/iãʔ/ 嚇 / 吓 |
/iãuʔ/ 蟯 / 蛲 | ||||
| closed mouth | /u/ 有 |
/ua/ 花 |
/ue/ 火 |
/ui/ 水 |
/uai/ 歪 |
/un/ 溫 / 温 |
/uan/ 完 |
/uã/ 山 |
/uĩ/ 黃 / 黄 |
/uãi/ 檨 / 檨 |
||||||||||
| checked | /uʔ/ 托 |
/uaʔ/ 辣 |
/ueʔ/ 郭 |
/ut/ 骨 |
/uat/ 越 |
/uãiʔ/ 跩 |
||||||||||||||
The vowel /a/ is the open central unrounded vowel [ä] in most rimes, including /a/, /ua/, /ia/, /ai/, /uai/, /au/, /iau/, /ã/, /ãʔ/.[10][13] In the rimes /ian/ and /iat/, /a/ is realized as [ɛ] (i.e. as [iɛn] and [iɛt̚])[13] or [ə] (i.e. as [iən] and [iət̚]).[10]
The rimes /iŋ/ and /ik/ are usually realized with a short [
The codas /
Tones
There are seven tones:[10]
| No. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tone name | dark level 陰平 / 阴平 |
light level 陽平 / 阳平 |
rising 上聲 / 上声 |
dark departing 陰去 / 阴去 |
light departing 陽去 / 阳去 |
dark entering 陰入 / 阴入 |
light entering 陽入 / 阳入 |
| Tone contour | ˦ (44) | ˩˧ (13) | ˥˧ (53) | ˨˩ (21) | ˨ (22) | ˧˨ (32) | ˩˨˩ (121) |
| Example hanzi | 東 / 东 | 同 | 董 | 棟 / 栋 | 動 / 动 | 督 | 獨 / 独 |
Most people in the urban area do not pronounce the dark level tone as high-level, but slightly mid-rising.[10][15] While most sources still records this tone as 44,[16][17] its tone value has also been recorded as 24,[18][19] 45,[20] 34[15] or 35[21] to reflect its rising nature.
Tone sandhi
The Zhangzhou dialect has nine tone sandhi rules: only the last syllable of nouns and clause endings remain unchanged by tone sandhi. The two-syllable tone sandhi rules are shown in the table below:[22]
| Original citation tone | Tone sandhi | Example word & sandhi | |
|---|---|---|---|
| dark level 44 | 22 | 詩 /si˦ [si˨ 經 kiŋ˦/ kiŋ˦] (诗经)
| |
| light level 13 | 22 | 南 /lam˩˧ [lam˨ 京 kiã˦/ kiã˦] | |
| rising 53 | 44 | 紙 /tsua˥˧ [tsua˦ 箱 siɔ̃˦/ siɔ̃˦] (纸箱)
| |
| dark departing 21 | 53 | 世 /si˨˩ [si˥˧ 間 kan˦/ kan˦] (世间)
| |
| light departing 22 | 21 | 是 /si˨ [si˨˩ 非 hui˦/ hui˦] | |
| dark entering 32 | coda /-ʔ/ | 53 (the glottal stop /-ʔ/ is lost) |
鐵 /tʰiʔ˧˨ [tʰi˥˧ 釘 tiŋ˦/ tiŋ˦] (铁钉)
|
| coda /-p/, /-t/, /-k/ | 5 | 接 /tsiap˧˨ [tsiap˥ 收 siu˦/ siu˦] | |
| light entering 121 | coda /-ʔ/ | 21 (the glottal stop /-ʔ/ is lost) |
石 /tsioʔ˩˨˩ [tsio˨˩ 山 suã˦/ suã˦] |
| coda /-p/, /-t/, /-k/ | 21 | 立 /lip˩˨˩ [lip˨˩ 春 tsʰun˦/ tsʰun˦] | |
Notes
- ^ Min is believed to have split from Old Chinese, rather than Middle Chinese like other varieties of Chinese.[1][2][3]
- ^ The place of articulation of the alveolar phonemes /ts/, /tsʰ/, /s/ and /dz/ is slightly further back, as if between that of [ts] and [tɕ]; palatalization of these phonemes is especially obvious before rimes that begin with /i/, e.g. 入 [d͡ʑip̚].[10][11]
References
- JSTOR 2718766
- ISBN 978-0-7748-0192-8
- from the original on 2023-10-13. Retrieved 2023-10-13.
- ^ Douglas 1873, p. 607.
- ^ Phillips 1877, p. 122.
- ^ Zhou 2012, p. 111.
- ^ Huang 1998, p. 99.
- ^ Ding 2016, p. 3.
- ^ Cheng 1999, p. 241.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Zhangzhou City Local Chronicles Editorial Board 1999, ch. 1, sec. 1.
- ^ a b Gao 2001, p. 110.
- ^ Zhangzhou City Local Chronicles Editorial Board 1999, ch. 1, sec. 4.
- ^ a b Gao 2001, p. 112.
- ^ Zhangzhou City Local Chronicles Editorial Board 1999, ch. 1, sec. 6.
- ^ a b Yang 2014.
- ^ Lin 1992, p. 151.
- ^ Ma 2008, p. 103.
- ^ Tung 1959, p. 853.
- ^ Hirayama 1975, p. 183.
- ^ Gao 2001, p. 113.
- ^ Huang 2018, p. 75.
- ^ Zhangzhou City Local Chronicles Editorial Board 1999, ch. 1, sec. 2.
Sources
- Cheng, Chin-Chuan (1999). "Quantitative Studies in Min Dialects". In Ting, Pang-Hsin (ed.). Contemporary Studies in Min Dialects. Journal of Chinese Linguistics Monograph Series. Vol. 14. Chinese University Press, Project on Linguistic Analysis. pp. 229–246. JSTOR 23833469.
- Ding, Picus Sizhi (2016). Southern Min (Hokkien) as a Migrating Language: A Comparative Study of Language Shift and Maintenance Across National Borders. Singapore: Springer. ISBN 978-981-287-594-5.
- Douglas, Rev. Carstairs (1873). Chinese-English Dictionary of the Vernacular or Spoken Language of Amoy, with the Principal Variations of the Chang-chew and Chin-chew dialects. London: Trübner & Co.
- Gao, Ran (2001). 漳州方言音系略说 [A Note on the Phonology of the Zhangzhou Dialect]. In Minnan Fangyan Research Laboratory (ed.). 闽南方言·漳州话研究 [Min Nan Fangyan: Research on the Zhangzhou Dialect]. Beijing: 中国文联出版社. pp. 109–116.
- Hirayama, Hisao (1975). 厦门话古调值的内部构拟 [Internal Reconstruction of the Ancient Tone Values of the Xiamen Dialect]. Journal of Chinese Linguistics (in Chinese). 3 (1): 3–15. JSTOR 23749860.
- Huang, Diancheng, ed. (1998). 福建省志·方言志 (in Chinese). Beijing: 方言出版社. ISBN 7-80122-279-2.
- Huang, Yishan (2018). Tones in Zhangzhou: Pitch and Beyond (PDF) (PhD). Australian National University.
- Lin, Baoqing (1992). 漳州方言词汇（一） [Vocabulary of the Zhangzhou Dialect (1)]. Fangyan (in Chinese) (2): 151–160.
- Ma, Zhongqi, ed. (2008). 闽台闽南方言韵书比较研究 (in Chinese). Beijing: China Social Sciences Press. ISBN 978-7-5004-7230-8.
- Phillips, George (1877). "Zaitun Researches: Part V". The Chinese Recorder and Missionary Journal. 8 (2): 117–124.
- Tung, Tung-ho (1959). 四個閩南方言 [Four South Min Dialects]. Bulletin of the Institute of History and Philology. 30: 729–1042.
- Yang, Xiu-ming (2014). 漳州方言阴平调的调形特点与历史演变 [Traits of Yin-ping Tone of Zhangzhou Dialect and the Historical Evolution]. Journal of Minnan Normal University (Philosophy & Social Sciences) (in Chinese) (3): 45–52. .
- Zhangzhou City Local Chronicles Editorial Board, ed. (1999). Zhangzhou Shizhi 漳州市志 [Zhangzhou Annals] (in Chinese). Vol. 49: 方言. Beijing: China Social Sciences Press. ISBN 978-7-5004-2625-7.
- Zhou, Changji (2012). B1—15、16 闽语. 中国语言地图集 [ISBN 978-7-100-07054-6.
Sino-Tibetan branches | |||||
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| Western Himalayas (Himachal, Uttarakhand, Nepal, Sikkim) |
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| Eastern Himalayas (Tibet, Bhutan, Arunachal) | |||||
| Myanmar and Indo-Burmese border |
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| East and Southeast Asia |
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Arunachal ) |
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| Proposed groupings | |||||
| Proto-languages | |||||
Italics indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches. | |||||
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| Major groups |
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| Pinghua | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Hui | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Jin | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Unclassified | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
forms
- Standard Chinese
- Sichuanese
- Taiwanese
- Philippine
- Malaysian
- Singaporean
- Cantonese
- Hokkien
- Hakka
- Historical
- Old National
- Cantonese
- Northern Wu
- Mandarin
- Literary and colloquial readings
Input
- Biaoxingma
- Boshiamy
- Cangjie
- CKC
- Dayi
- Pinyin
- Stroke count
- Wubi (Wang Ma)
- ZhengMa
forms
| Official |
|---|
- Chinese characters
- Simplified
- Traditional
- Punctuation
