Zhejiang
Zhejiang
浙江 Chekiang | |
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4th) – very high | |
Website | www English version |
Zhejiang | |
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Chinese | 浙江 |
Wu | Tseh-kaon Wu Chinese pronunciation: ['t͡səʔ'kɑ̃] |
BUC | Ciék-gŏng |
Zhejiang
The area of Zhejiang was controlled by the Kingdom of Yue during the Spring and Autumn period. The Qin Empire later annexed it in 222 BC. Under the late Ming dynasty and the Qing dynasty that followed it, Zhejiang's ports became important centers of international trade. It was occupied by the Empire of Japan during the Second Sino-Japanese war and placed under the control of the Japanese puppet state known as the Reorganized National Government of China. After the establishment of the PRC, Zhejiang's economy became stagnant under Mao Zedong's policies.[7] Nevertheless, after China's economic reform, Zhejiang has grown to be considered one of China's wealthiest provinces, ranking fourth in GDP nationally and sixth by GDP per capita, with a nominal GDP of US$1.14 trillion as of 2022.
Zhejiang consists mostly of hills, which account for about 70% of its total area, with higher altitudes towards the south and the west. Zhejiang also has a longer
Hangzhou is a historically important city of China and is considered a World City with a "Beta+" classification according to GaWC.[8] It includes the notable West Lake. Various varieties of Chinese are spoken in Zhejiang, the most prominent being Wu Chinese. Zhejiang is also one of China's leading provinces in research and education. As of 2023[update], two major cities in Zhejiang ranked in the world's top 200 cities (Hangzhou 16th and Ningbo 188th) by scientific research output, as tracked by Nature Index.[9]
Etymology
The province's name originates from the
]History
Prehistory
Kuahuqiao culture was an early Neolithic culture that flourished in the Hangzhou area in 6,000-5,000 BC.[12][13]
Zhejiang was the site of the
Ancient history
The area of modern Zhejiang was outside the major sphere of influence of Shang civilization during the second millennium BC. Instead, this area was populated by peoples collectively known as Dongyue.
The
Under
Han and the Three Kingdoms
At the beginning of the
Zhejiang was part of the
Six Dynasties
Despite the continuing prominence of Nanjing (then known as Jiankang), the settlement of Qiantang, the former name of Hangzhou, remained one of the three major metropolitan centers in the south to provide major tax revenue to the imperial centers in the north China. The other two centers in the south were Jiankang and Chengdu. In 589, Qiantang was raised in status and renamed Hangzhou.
Following the fall of
Sui and Tang eras
Zhejiang, as the heartland of the
Wuyue era
After the collapse of the Tang dynasty in 907, the entire area of what is now Zhejiang fell under the control of the kingdom Wuyue established by King Qian Liu, who selected Hangzhou (a city in the modern day area of Zhejiang) as his kingdom's capital. Despite being under Wuyue rule for a relatively short period of time, Zhejiang underwent a long period of financial and cultural prosperity which continued even after the kingdom fell.
After Wuyue was conquered during the reunification of China, many shrines were erected across the former territories of Wuyue, mainly in Zhejiang, where the kings of Wuyue were memorialised, and sometimes, worshipped as being able to dictate weather and agriculture. Many of these shrines, known as "Shrine of the Qian King" or "Temple to the Qian King", still remain today, with the most popularly visited example being that near West Lake in Hangzhou.
China's province of Zhejiang during the 940s was also the place of origin of the Hú family (Hồ in Vietnamese) from which the founder of the Hồ dynasty who ruled Vietnam, Emperor Hồ Quý Ly, came from.[15][16]
Song era
The
From then on, northern Zhejiang and neighboring southern Jiangsu have been synonymous with luxury and opulence in Chinese culture. The Mongol conquest and the establishment of the Yuan dynasty in 1279 ended Hangzhou's political clout, but its economy continued to prosper. The famous traveler Marco Polo visited the city, which he called "Kinsay" (after the Chinese Jingshi, meaning "Capital City") claiming it was "the finest and noblest city in the world."[18]
Greenware ceramics made from
Yuan and Ming eras
Zhejiang was finally conquered by the Mongols in the late 13th century who later established the short lived Yuan dynasty. Zhejiang became part of the much larger Jiangzhe Province.
The Ming dynasty, which drove out the Mongols in 1368, finally established the present day province of Zhejiang with its borders having little changes since this establishment.
As in other coastal provinces, number of fortresses were constructed along the Zhejiang coast during the early Ming to defend the land against pirate incursions. Some of them have been preserved or restored, such as Pucheng in the south of the province (Cangnan County).
Qing era
Under the late Ming dynasty and the Qing dynasty that followed it, Zhejiang's ports were important centers of international trade.
"In 1727 the to-min or 'idle people' of Cheh Kiang province (a Ningpo name still existing), the yoh-hu or 'music people' of Shanxi province, the si-min or 'small people' of Kiang Su (Jiangsu) province and the Tanka people or 'egg-people' of Canton (to this day the boat population there), were all freed from their social disabilities and allowed to count as free men."[20] "Cheh Kiang" is another romanization for Zhejiang. The Duomin (Chinese: 惰民; pinyin: duò mín; Wade–Giles: to-min) are a caste of outcasts in this province.
During the
Republican era
During the
People's Republic era
After the People's Republic of China took control of Mainland China in 1949, the Republic of China government based in Taiwan continued to control the Dachen Islands off the coast of Zhejiang until 1955, even establishing a rival Zhejiang provincial government there. During the Cultural Revolution (1966–76), Zhejiang was in chaos and disunity and its economy was stagnant, especially during the high tide (1966–69) of the revolution. The agricultural policy favoring grain production at the expense of industrial and cash crops intensified economic hardships in the province. Mao's self-reliance policy and the reduction in maritime trade cut off the lifelines of the port cities of Ningbo and Wenzhou. While Mao invested heavily in railroads in interior China, no major railroads were built in South Zhejiang, where transportation remained poor.[7]
Zhejiang benefited less from central government investment than some other provinces due to its lack of natural resources, a location vulnerable to potential flooding from the sea and an economic base at the national average. Zhejiang, however, has been an epicenter of capitalist development in China and has led the nation in the development of a market economy and private enterprises.[7] Northeast Zhejiang, as part of the Yangtze Delta, is flat, more developed and industrial.[7]
Geography
This article needs additional citations for verification. (October 2023) |
Zhejiang consists mostly of hills, which account for about 70% of its total area.
Valleys and plains are found along the coastline and rivers. The north of the province lies just south of the
There are over three thousand islands along the rugged coastline of Zhejiang. The largest, Zhoushan Island, is mainland China's third largest island, after Hainan and Chongming. There are also many bays, of which Hangzhou Bay is the largest. Zhejiang has a humid subtropical climate with four distinct seasons. Spring starts in March and is rainy with changeable weather. Summer, from June to September is long, hot, rainy and humid. Fall is generally dry, warm and sunny. Winters are short but cold except in the far south. Average annual temperature is around 15 to 19 °C (59 to 66 °F), average January temperature is around 2 to 8 °C (36 to 46 °F) and average July temperature is around 27 to 30 °C (81 to 86 °F). Annual precipitation is about 1,000 to 1,900 mm (39 to 75 in). There is plenty of rainfall in early summer and by late summer Zhejiang is directly threatened by typhoons forming in the Pacific.
Administrative divisions
Zhejiang is divided into eleven prefecture-level divisions: all prefecture-level cities (including two sub-provincial cities):
Administrative divisions of Zhejiang | |||||||||||
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Division code[23] | Division | Area in km2[24] | Population 2020[25] | Seat | Divisions[26] | ||||||
Districts
|
Counties
|
Aut. counties
|
CL cities | ||||||||
330000 | Zhejiang Province | 101,800.00 | 64,567,588 | Hangzhou city | 37 | 32 | 1 | 20 | |||
330100 | Hangzhou city | 16,840.75 | 11,936,010 | Shangcheng District |
10 | 2 | 1 | ||||
330200 | Ningbo city | 9,816.23 | 9,404,283 | Yinzhou District |
6 | 2 | 2 | ||||
330300 | Wenzhou city | 12,255.77 | 9,572,903 | Lucheng District |
4 | 5 | 3 | ||||
330400 | Jiaxing city | 4,008.75 | 5,400,868 | Nanhu District |
2 | 2 | 3 | ||||
330500 | Huzhou city | 5,818.44 | 3,367,579 | Wuxing District |
2 | 3 | |||||
330600 | Shaoxing city | 8,279.08 | 5,270,977 | Yuecheng District |
3 | 1 | 2 | ||||
330700 | Jinhua city | 10,926.16 | 7,050,683 | Wucheng District |
2 | 3 | 4 | ||||
330800 | Quzhou city | 8,841.12 | 2,276,184 | Kecheng District |
2 | 3 | 1 | ||||
330900 | Zhoushan city | 1,378.00 | 1,157,817 | Dinghai District |
2 | 2 | |||||
331000 | Taizhou city | 10,083.39 | 6,622,888 | Jiaojiang District |
3 | 3 | 3 | ||||
331100 | Lishui city | 17,298.00 | 2,507,396 | Liandu District |
1 | 6 | 1 | 1 | |||
Sub-provincial cities |
Administrative divisions in Chinese and varieties of romanizations | ||||
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English | Chinese | Pinyin | Wu Romanization | |
Zhejiang Province | 浙江省 | Zhèjiāng Shěng | tseh koan san | |
Hangzhou city | 杭州市 | Hángzhōu Shì | ghaon tseu zy | |
Ningbo city | 宁波市 | Níngbō Shì | nyin bo zy | |
Wenzhou city | 温州市 | Wēnzhōu Shì | uen tseu zy | |
Jiaxing city | 嘉兴市 | Jiāxīng Shì | ka shin zy | |
Huzhou city | 湖州市 | Húzhōu Shì | ghou tseu zy | |
Shaoxing city | 绍兴市 | Shàoxīng Shì | zau shin zy | |
Jinhua city | 金华市 | Jīnhuá Shì | cin gho zy | |
Quzhou city | 衢州市 | Qúzhōu Shì | jiu tseu zy | |
Zhoushan city | 舟山市 | Zhōushān Shì | tseu se zy | |
Taizhou city | 台州市 | Tāizhōu Shì | de tseu zy | |
Lishui city | 丽水市 | Líshuǐ Shì | li syu zy |
The eleven prefecture-level divisions of Zhejiang are subdivided into 90
Urban areas
Population by urban areas of prefecture & county cities | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
# | Cities | 2020 Urban area[27] | 2010 Urban area[28] | 2020 City proper |
1 | Hangzhou | 9,236,032 | 5,162,093[b] | 11,936,010 |
2 | Ningbo | 4,077,815 | 2,583,073[c] | 9,404,283 |
3 | Wenzhou | 2,412,402 | 2,686,825[d] | 9,572,903 |
4 | Shaoxing | 2,333,080 | 643,199[e] | 5270977 |
5 | Taizhou | 1,485,502 | 1,189,276 | 6,622,888 |
6 | Yiwu | 1,481,384 | 878,903 | see Jinhua |
7 | Cixi | 1,457,510 | 1,059,942 | see Ningbo |
8 | Jiaxing | 1,188,321 | 762,643 | 5,400,868 |
9 | Huzhou | 1,083,953 | 748,471 | 3,367,579 |
10 | Jinhua | 1,040,948 | 710,597 | 7,050,683 |
11 | Yuyao | 1,013,866 | 672,909 | see Ningbo |
12 | Rui'an | 1,012,731 | 927,383 | see Wenzhou |
13 | Yueqing | 949,585 | 725,972 | see Wenzhou |
14 | Wenling | 920,913 | 749,013 | see Taizhou |
15 | Zhuji | 762,917 | 606,683 | see Shaoxing |
16 | Haining | 752,775 | 397,690 | see Jiaxing |
17 | Dongyang | 738,721 | 455,912 | see Jinhua |
18 | Tongxiang | 690,641 | 400,417 | see Jiaxing |
19 | Zhoushan | 645,653 | 542,190 | 1,157,817 |
20 | Yongkang | 638,563 | 376,246 | see Jinhua |
21 | Quzhou | 576,688 | 422,688 | 2,276,184 |
22 | Linhai | 551,458 | 503,377 | see Taizhou |
23 | Yuhuan | 468,554 | [f] | see Taizhou |
24 | Longgang | 450,286 | [g] | see Wenzhou |
25 | Pinghu | 449,636 | 346,892 | see Jiaxing |
26 | Lishui | 429,633 | 293,968 | 2,507,396 |
27 | Shengzhou | 386,087 | 345,674 | see Shaoxing |
28 | Lanxi | 318,165 | 208,272 | see Jinhua |
29 | Jiangshan | 289,269 | 200,341 | see Quzhou |
30 | Jiande | 233,658 | 183,518 | see Hangzhou |
31 | Longquan | 165,567 | 117,239 | see Lishui |
— | Fuyang |
see Hangzhou | 416,195[b] | see Hangzhou |
— | Shangyu |
see Shaoxing | 391,558[e] | see Shaoxing |
— | Lin'an |
see Hangzhou | 271,249[b] | see Hangzhou |
— | Fenghua |
see Ningbo | 239,992[c] | see Ningbo |
- ^ UK: /ˌdʒɜːdʒiˈæŋ/[4] or /dʒɛˈdʒæŋ/,[5] US: /ˌdʒʌdʒiˈɑːŋ/[4] or /dʒʌˈdʒjɑːŋ/;[6] 浙江, also romanized as Chekiang
- ^ Lin'an (Lin'an CLC). These new districts not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
- ^ Fenghua (Fenghua CLC). The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
- Dongtou (Dongtou County). The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
- ^ Shangyu (Shangyu CLC). These new districts not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
- ^ Yuhuan County is currently known as Yuhuan CLC after 2010 census.
- ^ Longgang Town was under Cangnan County jurisdiction. Longgang CLC was established after 2010 census.
Most populous cities in Zhejiang
Source: China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2018 Urban Population and Urban Temporary Population[29] | |||||||||
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Rank | Pop. | Rank | Pop. | ||||||
Hangzhou Ningbo |
1 | Hangzhou | 6,504,900 | 11 | Yueqing | 534,700 | Wenzhou Shaoxing | ||
2 | Ningbo | 3,685,100 | 12 | Cixi | 530,300 | ||||
3 | Wenzhou | 2,216,500 | 13 | Yuyao | 458,500 | ||||
4 | Shaoxing | 1,512,600 | 14 | Zhuji | 438,200 | ||||
5 | Taizhou | 1,050,600 | 15 | Dongyang | 421,700 | ||||
6 | Huzhou | 951,000 | 16 | Lishui | 372,000 | ||||
7 | Yiwu | 934,300 | 17 | Tongxiang | 363,400 | ||||
8 | Jinhua | 817,300 | 18 | Quzhou | 356,700 | ||||
9 | Jiaxing | 797,000 | 19 | Pinghu | 349,500 | ||||
10 | Zhoushan | 612,400 | 20 | Linhai | 317,900 |
Politics
The politics of Zhejiang is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China. The
Several political figures who served as Zhejiang's top political office of Communist Party Secretary have played key roles in various events in PRC history. Tan Zhenlin (term 1949–1952), the inaugural Party Secretary, was one of the leading voices against Mao's Cultural Revolution during the so-called February Countercurrent of 1967. Jiang Hua (term 1956–1968), was the "chief justice" on the Special Court in the case against the Gang of Four in 1980. Three provincial Party Secretaries since the 1990s have gone onto prominence at the national level. They include CPC General Secretary and President Xi Jinping (term 2002–2007), National People's Congress Chairman and former Vice-Premier Zhang Dejiang (term 1998–2002), and Zhao Hongzhu (term 2007–2012), the Deputy Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, China's top anti-corruption body. Of Zhejiang's fourteen Party Secretaries since 1949, none were native to the province.
Zhejiang was home to Chiang Kai-shek and many high-ranking officials in the Kuomintang, who fled to Taiwan in 1949 after losing the Civil War.
Economy
Zhejiang is one of the richest and most developed provinces in China. As of 2022[update], its nominal GDP was US$1.15 trillion (CN¥ 7.77 trilion), about 6.42% of the country's GDP and ranked 4th among province-level administrative units; the province's primary, secondary and tertiary industries were worth CN¥232.48 billion (US$34.56 billion), CN¥3.3205 trillion (US$493.67 billion) and CN¥4.2185 trillion (US$627.18 billion) respectively.[2] Its nominal GDP per capita was US$17,617 (CN¥118,496) and ranked the 6th in the country. The private sector in the province has been playing an increasingly important role in boosting the regional economy since Economic Reform in 1978.[2] Zhejiang is generally regarded as having one of the strongest private sectors among Chinese provinces and its local governments typically adopt permissive business policies.[30]: 186
Zhejiang's main manufacturing sectors are electromechanical industries,
Historical GDP of Zhejiang Province for 1978–present Int'l. dollar based on IMF WEO April 2023[33] )
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year | GDP | GDP per capita (GDPpc) based on mid-year population |
Reference index | ||||||
GDP in millions | real growth (%) |
GDPpc | exchange rate 1 foreign currency to CNY | ||||||
CNY | USD | Int'l$. )
|
CNY | USD | PPP (Int'l$.) |
USD 1 | Int'l$. 1 (PPP) | ||
2022 | 7,771.54 | 1,115,543 | 1,925,555 | 3.1 | 118,496 | 17,617 | 29,360 | 6.7261 | 4.036 |
2021 | 7,404.08 | 1,114,765 | 1,772,583 | 8.7 | 113,839 | 17,645 | 27,254 | 6.4515 | 4.177 |
2020 | 6,468.91 | 937,717 | 1,526,046 | 3.6 | 100,738 | 14,605 | 23,765 | 6.8976 | 4.239 |
2019 | 6,246.20 | 900,544 | 1,472,813 | 6.8 | 98,770 | 14,318 | 23,289 | 6.8985 | 4.241 |
2018 | 5,800.28 | 876,520 | 1,371,873 | 7.1 | 93,230 | 14,089 | 22,051 | 6.6174 | 4.228 |
2017 | 5,240.31 | 776,135 | 1,252,461 | 7.8 | 85,612 | 12,680 | 20,462 | 6.7518 | 4.184 |
2016 | 4,725.40 | 711,410 | 1,184,608 | 7.5 | 78,384 | 11,801 | 19,650 | 6.6423 | 3.989 |
2015 | 4,350.77 | 698,537 | 1,123,940 | 8.0 | 73,276 | 11,765 | 18,929 | 6.2284 | 3.871 |
2014 | 4,002.35 | 651,551 | 1,064,738 | 7.7 | 68,569 | 11,162 | 18,241 | 6.1428 | 3.759 |
2013 | 3,733.46 | 602,283 | 1,018,957 | 8.3 | 65,105 | 10,512 | 17,769 | 6.1932 | 3.664 |
2012 | 3,438.24 | 544,672 | 965,527 | 8.1 | 61,097 | 9,679 | 17,157 | 6.3125 | 3.561 |
2011 | 3,185.48 | 493,200 | 903,939 | 9.0 | 57,828 | 8,953 | 16,410 | 6.4588 | 3.524 |
2010 | 2,739.99 | 404,755 | 823,809 | 11.9 | 51,110 | 7,550 | 15,367 | 6.7695 | 3.326 |
2005 | 1,302.83 | 159,043 | 454,264 | 12.9 | 26,277 | 3,208 | 9,162 | 8.1917 | 2.868 |
2000 | 616.48 | 74,468 | 225,896 | 11.0 | 13,467 | 1,627 | 4,935 | 8.2784 | 2.729 |
1995 | 356.39 | 42,676 | 129,927 | 16.8 | 8,144 | 975 | 2,969 | 8.3510 | 2.743 |
1990 | 90.46 | 18,914 | 53,136 | 3.9 | 2,138 | 447 | 1,256 | 4.7832 | 1.712 |
1985 | 42.91 | 14,614 | 30,617 | 21.7 | 1,067 | 363 | 761 | 2.9366 | 1.404 |
1980 | 17.99 | 12,007 | 12,031 | 16.4 | 471 | 314 | 315 | 1.4984 | 1.500 |
1978 | 12.37 | 7,349 | 21.9 | 331 | 197 | 1.6836 |
Traditionally, the province is known as the "Land of Fish and Rice." True to its name, rice is the main crop, followed by wheat; north Zhejiang is also a center of aquaculture in China, and the Zhoushan fishery is the largest fishery in the country. The main cash crops include jute and cotton and the province also leads the provinces of China in tea production. (The renowned Longjing tea is a product of Hangzhou.) Zhejiang's towns have been known for handicraft production of goods such as silk, for which it is ranked second among the provinces. Its many market towns connect the cities with the countryside.
In 1832, the province was exporting silk, paper, fans, pencils, wine,
Ningbo, Wenzhou,
Economic and Technological Development Zones
This section is in prose. is available. (October 2013) |
- Huzhou Economic Development Zone
- Dinghai Industrial Park
- Hangzhou Economic & Technological Developing Area
- Hangzhou New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone
- Hangzhou Export Processing Zone
- Hangzhou Zhijiang National Tourist Holiday Resort
- Jiaxing Export Processing Zone
- Ningbo Economic and Technical Development Zone
- Ningbo Daxie Island Development Zone
- Ningbo Free Trade Zone
- Ningbo Export Processing Zone
- Quzhou Industrial Park
- Shenjia Economic and Technological Development Zone
- Wenzhou Economic and Technological Development Zone
- Xiaoshan Economic and Technological Development Zone
- Zhejiang Quzhou Hi-Tech Park
- Zhejiang Zhoushan Economic Development Zone
- Zhejiang Donggang Economic Development Zone
- Zhejiang Yuhuan Economic Development Zone
Economic and technological development concerns
Waste disposal
On Thursday, September 15, 2011, more than 500 people from Hongxiao Village protested over the large-scale
Demographics
Han Chinese make up the vast majority of the population and the largest Han subgroup are the
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Religion
The predominant religions in Zhejiang are
In mid-2015 the government of Zhejiang recognised folk religion as "civil religion" beginning the formal registration of the province's folk religious temples under the aegis of the provincial Bureau of Folk Faith.[53] Buddhism has an important presence since its arrival in Zhejiang 1,800 years ago.[54]
The rapid development of religions in Zhejiang has driven the local committee of ethnic and religious affairs to enact policies to rationalise them[57] in 2014, variously named "Three Remodelings and One Demolition" operations or "Special Treatment Work on Illegally Constructed Sites of Religious and Folk Religion Activities" according to the locality.[58] These regulations have led to cases of demolition of churches and folk religion temples or the removal of crosses from churches' roofs and spires.[59] An exemplary case was that of the Sanjiang Church.[60] Despite English-language media focused on Christian churches, only 2.3% of the buildings affected by the regulations were Christian churches; most of them were folk religious temples.[52]: 36
Islam arrived 1,400 years ago in Zhejiang. Today Islam is practiced by a small number of people including virtually all the Hui Chinese living in Zhejiang.[54] In 2020, there are 117,000 Muslims in Zhejiang.[61] Another religion present in the province is She shamanism (practiced by She ethnic minority).
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Media
The Zhejiang Radio & Television Group, Hangzhou Radio & Television Group, Ningbo Radio & Television Group are the local broadcasters in Zhejiang Province.
Culture
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Languages
Zhejiang is mountainous and has therefore fostered the development of many distinct local cultures. Linguistically speaking, Zhejiang is extremely diverse. Most inhabitants of Zhejiang speak varieties of
for more information)Throughout history there have been a series of lingua francas in the area to allow for better communication. The dialects spoken in Hangzhou, Shaoxing and Ningbo have taken on this role historically. Since the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, Mandarin, which is not mutually intelligible with any of the Wu dialects, has been promoted as the standard language of communication throughout China. As a result, most of the population now can, to some degree, speak and comprehend Mandarin and can code-switch when necessary. A majority of the population educated since 1978 can speak some Mandarin. Urban residents tend to be more fluent in Mandarin than rural people. Nevertheless, a Zhejiang accent is detectable in almost everyone from the area communicating in Mandarin and the home dialect remains an important part of the everyday lives and cultural identities of most Zhejiang residents.
Music
Zhejiang is the home of
).Cuisine
Longjing tea (also called dragon well tea), originating in Hangzhou, is one of the most prestigious, if not the most prestigious Chinese tea. Hangzhou is also renowned for its silk umbrellas and hand fans. Zhejiang cuisine (itself subdivided into many traditions, including Hangzhou cuisine) is one of the eight great traditions of Chinese cuisine.
Place names
Since ancient times, north Zhejiang and neighboring south Jiangsu have been famed for their prosperity and opulence[citation needed] and simply inserting north Zhejiang place names (Hangzhou, Jiaxing, etc.) into poetry gave an effect of dreaminess, a practice followed by many noted poets. In particular, the fame of Hangzhou (as well as Suzhou in neighboring Jiangsu province) has led to the popular saying: "Above there is heaven; below there is Suzhou and Hangzhou" (上有天堂,下有苏杭), a saying that continues to be a source of pride for the people of these two still prosperous cities.
Tourism
Tourist destinations in Zhejiang include:
- Baoguo Temple, one of the oldest intact wooden structures in Southern China, 15 kilometers (9.3 mi) north of Ningbo.
- Guan Yin.
- Qita Temple, Ningbo.
- Shaoxing, site of the Tomb of Yu the Great, Wuzhen and other waterway towns.
- The ancient capital of Hangzhou.
- Mount Tiantai, a mountain important to Zen Buddhism.
- West Lake, in Hangzhou.
- Yandangshan, a mountainous scenic area near Wenzhou.
- Qiandao Lake, lit. Thousand-island lake.
- Guoqing Temple, founded in the Sui dynasty, the founding location of Tiantai Buddhism
- Mount Mogan, a scenic mountain an hour from Hangzhou with many pre-World War II villas built by foreigners, along with one of Chiang Kai-shek's Kuomintang compounds
- Zhejiang Museum of Natural History, in Hangzhou.
- Taizhou Museum, in Taizhou.
Sports
Professional sports teams based in Zhejiang include:
Education and research
Zhejiang is one of China's leading provinces in research and education. As of 2023[update], two major cities in Zhejiang ranked in the world's top 200 cities (Hangzhou 16th and Ningbo 188th) by scientific research output, as tracked by Nature Index.[9]
Colleges and universities
- Zhejiang University (浙江大学; Hangzhou)
- Zhejiang Sci-Tech University (浙江理工大学; Hangzhou)
- China Academy of Art (中国美术学院; Hangzhou)
- Hangzhou Dianzi University (杭州电子科技大学; Hangzhou)
- China Jiliang University (中国计量大学; Hangzhou)
- Hangzhou Normal University (杭州师范大学; Hangzhou)
- Ningbo University (宁波大学; Ningbo)
- University of Nottingham Ningbo China (诺丁汉大学宁波校区; Ningbo)
- Zhejiang A & F University(浙江农林大学; Hangzhou)
- Zhejiang University of Technology (浙江工业大学; Hangzhou)
- Zhejiang Medical University
- Zhejiang Normal University (浙江师范大学; Jinhua)
- Zhejiang University of Finance and Economics (浙江财经大学; Hangzhou)
- Zhejiang Gongshang University (浙江工商大学; Hangzhou)
- Shaoxing University (绍兴文理学院; Shaoxing)
- Wenzhou Medical University (温州医科大学; Wenzhou)
- Wenzhou Teachers College
- Wenzhou-Kean University
- Shaoxing College of Arts and Science
- Zhejiang Institute of Education
- Hangzhou Institute of Electronic Engineering
- Hangzhou University of Commerce
- Hangzhou Institute of Financial Managers
Notable people
- Wang Yangming: Ming dynasty philosopher
- Su Shi: Poet and writer from the Song era, also known as a government official who contributed to the maintenance of West Lake.
See also
Notes
- lineage "churches" and ancestral shrines). Data for other religions with a significant presence in China (deity cults, Buddhism, Taoism, folk religious sects, Islam, et al.) was not reported by Wang.
- ^ May also include a tiny number of Muslims.
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the lot of both Manchu and Chinese bondsmen. In 1727 the to-min or "idle people " of Cheh Kiang province (a Ningpo name still existing), the yoh-hu or " music people " of Shan Si province, the si-min or "small people " of Kiang Su province, and the tan-ka or "egg-people" of Canton (to this day the boat population there), were all freed from their social disabilities, and allowed to count as free men. So far as my own observations go, after residing for a quarter of a century in half the provinces of China, north, south, east, and west, I should be inclined to describe slavery in China as totally invisible to the naked eye ; personal liberty is absolute where feebleness or ignorance do not expose the subject to the rapacity of mandarins, relatives, or speculators. Even savages and foreigners are welcomed as equals, so long as they conform unreservedly to Chinese custom. On the other hand, the oldfashioned social disabilities of policemen, barbers, and playactors still exist in the eyes of the law, though any idea of caste is totally absent therefrom, and "unofficially" these individuals are as good as any other free men. Having now taken a cursory view of Chinese slavery from its historical aspect, let us see what it is in practice. Though the penal code forbids and annuls the sale into slavery of free persons, even by a husband, father, or grandfather, yet the number of free persons who are sold or sell themselves to escape starvation and misery is considerable. It is nominally a punishable offence to keep a free man or lost child as a slave; also for parents to sell their children without the consent of the latter, or to drown their girls; but in practice the law is in both cases ignored, and scarcely ever enforced ; a fortiori the minor offence of selling children, even with their consent. Indeed, sales of girls for secondary wives is of daily occurrence, and, as we have seen, the Emperors Yung-cheng and K'ien-lung explicitly recognized the right of parents to sell children in times of famine, whilst the missionaries unanimously bear witness to the fact that the public sale of children in the streets—for instance, of Tientsin—was frequently witnessed during recent times of dearth. But slave markets and public sales are unknown in a general way. Occasionally old parents sell their children in order to purchase coffins for themselves. Only a few years ago a governor and a censor
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{{cite news}}
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Sources
External links
- (in English and Chinese) Complete Map of the Seven Coastal Provinces from 1821 to 1850
- Geographic data related to Zhejiang at OpenStreetMap