Zhytomyr
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Zhytomyr
Житомир | |
---|---|
Proposition[1]) | |
Area | |
• Total | 61 km2 (24 sq mi) |
Elevation | 221 m (725 ft) |
Population (2022) | |
• Total | 261,624 |
• Density | 4,300/km2 (11,000/sq mi) |
Time zones | UTC+2 (winter) |
UTC+3 (summer DST) | |
Postal code | 10000 — 10036 |
Area code | +380 412 |
Website | Zhytomyr |
Zhytomyr (
Zhytomyr is a major transport hub. The city lies on a historic route linking the city of
Important economic activities of Zhytomyr include lumber milling, food processing, granite quarrying, metalworking, and the manufacture of musical instruments.[3]
Zhytomyr Oblast is the main center of the
.Names
The city of Zhytomyr is also historically known by different names in other languages –
History
This section needs additional citations for verification. (July 2014) |
Legend holds that Zhytomyr was established about 884 by Zhytomyr, prince of a Slavic tribe of
In 1320 Zhytomyr was captured by the
During Khmelnytsky Uprising (1648) Zhytomyr was incorporated into Cossack Hetmanate state.
In 1667, Zhytomyr became capital of Kiev Voivodeship, and in 1724, a Jesuit school and monastery were opened here. By 1765, Zhytomyr had five churches, including 3 Roman Catholic and 2 Orthodox, and 285 houses.
In 1793 Zhytomyr was incorporated into the Russian Empire, and in 1804 was named capital of the Volhynian Governorate.
During a period of
The city suffered from the man-made famine Holodomor of 1932-1933. In 2008, the National Museum of the Holodomor Genocide published the National Book of Memory of the Victims of the Holodomor of 1932–1933 in Ukraine. Zhytomyr region - Zhytomyr.[4] The book has 1116 pages and consists of three sections. According to historical records, more than 8015 people died during Holodomor in 1932–1933.
During
a laboratory for… Himmler's resettlement activists… the elimination of the Jews and German colonization of the East—transformed the landscape and devastated the population to an extent that was not experienced in other parts of Nazi-occupied Europe besides Poland. [While]… [u]ltimately, the exigencies of the war effort and mounting partisan warfare behind the lines prevented Nazi leaders from fully developing and realizing their colonial aims in Ukraine… In addition to the immediate destruction of all Jewish communities, Himmler insisted that the Ukrainian civilian population be brought to a 'minimum.'[5]
During 1942-1949 Zhytomyr region was a territory of mild Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) activity (UPA North), who fought for Independence of Ukraine against Nazi Germany and Soviet Union.
After Soviet Union defeated Nazi Germany, Zhytomyr fell under Soviet rule and became a part of Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic again.
On 24 August 1991 Ukrainian parliament announced Declaration of Independence of Ukraine. From 1991, Zhytomyr has been part of the independent and sovereign Ukraine.
2022 Russian invasion
During the
Administrative division
The city is divided into two administrative districts:
District | Population | Area |
---|---|---|
Bohunskyi District ]
|
153,700 | 30 km2 |
Koroliovskyi District | 118,500 | 31 km2 |
Microdistrict
The city of Zhytomyr contains the following areas (microdistricts):
- Bohunia
- Hydropark
- Hinchanka the Second
- Zavokzalny district
- Railway station area
- Korbutivka
- Kroshnia
- Maliovanka
- Marianivka
- Pavlykivka
- Putiatynka
- Rudnia
- Smokivka
- Smolianka
- Sokolova Hora
- Old Town
- Eastern microdistrict (folk name Poliova)
- Khmilnyki (folk name Malikova)
- Center
Population
Demographic history
Year | Inhabitants |
---|---|
1861 | 40,564 |
1891 | 69,785 |
1897 | 65,895 (of whom (by language) 31,000 Jews, 17,000 Russians, 9,000 Ukrainians, 7,000 Poles)[10] |
1926 | 76,700 (of whom 10,500 were Russians)[11] |
1939 | 95,100[12] |
1941 | 40,100 (Russians along with Poles, Jews, and Germans in minority)[12] |
2005 | 277,900 |
2015 | 269,493[13] |
Language
Distribution of the population by native language according to the 2001 census:[14]
Language | Number | Percentage |
---|---|---|
Ukrainian | 235 245 | 83.18% |
Russian | 46 015 | 16.27% |
Other or undecided | 1 563 | 0.55% |
Total | 282 823 | 100.00% |
According to a survey conducted by the International Republican Institute in April–May 2023, 82% of the city's population spoke Ukrainian at home, and 14% spoke Russian.[15]
Roman Catholics
Zhytomyr had been a Latin Catholic bishopric since 1321, until the see was suppressed in 1789 in favor of the
The Zhytomyr cemetery was opened in 1800. At first, it served Polish nobility from Volhynia, such as the Czeczel and the Woronicz families. Later, other Catholics were buried here, including Germans, Ukrainians and Russians.
In 1840, the Chapel of St. Stanislaus was built (now in ruins), and the cemetery was divided into nine districts, named after different saints. In the Soviet Union, the complex was devastated, now it is under the process of renovation.
Among most famous people buried here are:
- Bronislaw Matyjewicz-Maciejewicz, one of the first Polish air pilots
- Karol Niedzialkowski - bishop of Lutsk and Zhytomir in the late 19th century
- Apolinary Wnukowski - Roman Catholic archbishop and scholar
- Juliusz Zarębski - Polish composer
- parents of Ignacy Jan Paderewski
- the family of Stanisław Moniuszko
Jews in Zhytomyr
Zhytomyr apparently had few
In
The Jewish community of Zhytomyr suffered pogroms:
- On 7–8 May 1905, when the section of the city known as "Podol" was devastated, and 20 were killed within the city.
- On 7–10 January 1919, 15 young Jewish neighbors were killed when they came to defend, and the Chudnov were also killed while on their way to aid the Jews of Zhytomyr.[17]
- Beginning on 22 March 1919, according to witnesses, the 317 deaths were fewer than might have been, due to both Christian sheltering efforts and the return of the Bolshevik troops within a few days.[18]
The Jewish community of the region was largely destroyed in the Holocaust. In the four months beginning with Himmler's 25 July 1942 orders, "all of Ukraine's shtetls and ghettos lay in ruins; around 3,000[19] Jewish men, women, and children were murdered by stationary and mobile SS-police units with local Ukrainian auxiliaries."[5]
Today, the Zhytomyr Jewish community numbers about 5,000. The community is a part of the "Union of Jewish Communities in Ukraine" and the city and district's rabbinate. Rabbi Shlomo Vilhelm, who came to the city as a
The community has an ancient synagogue in the city center which has a mikveh. Chabad operates in the city various educational institutions which have residence in a village next to the city.
Culture
The city has 2 state theaters and a philharmonic, more than 10 museums, libraries and planetarium.
One of the world-famous museums of cosmonautics Serhiy Pavlovych Korolyov Museum of Cosmonautics is located in the city.
Theaters and music
In 1809, the first stationary theater building was built in Zhytomyr on the initiative of Volyn governor M. I. Кomburley.
In 1858, the first stone theater in Ukraine was built (now it houses the regional state philharmonic). M. Kropyvnytskyi, M. Zankovetska, V. Komisarzhevska, I. Aldridge, P. Viardot performed here.
In 1966, a new theater building was built with a large auditorium for 943 seats and a small one for 70 seats, a lobby with an area of 550 m2, rehearsal halls, dressing rooms, offices, production shops.
Currently in the city work:
- Academic Ukrainian Music and Drama Theater named after Ivan Kocherga;
- Academic Regional Puppet Theater;
- Philharmonic named after Svyatoslav Richter.
Since 1973, the Zhytomyr Academic Dance Ensemble "Sun" exists in the city.
The internationally renowned chamber choir
Famous composers Borys Lyatoshynsky and Sviatoslav Richter were born in Zhytomyr.
Museums
The following museums operate in Zhytomyr:
- historical and local lore museum;
- art gallery;
- museum of nature;
- V. G. Korolenko Literary Memorial Museum;
- memorial house-museum of academician Sergei Korolev;
- literary museum of Zhytomyr Region;
- museum of the history of fire protection;
- Sergei Pavlovich Korolyov Museum of Cosmonautics.
Libraries
- Zhytomyr Regional Universal Scientific Library named after O. Olzhych;
- Zhytomyr Regional Scientific Medical Library;
- Zhytomyr Regional Library for Youth;
- Zhytomyr Regional Library for Children.
Architecture: sights and monuments
The city has 74 historical monuments, 24 archeological monuments, and 15 monuments of monumental art (one of which is of national importance). Monuments of architecture and urban planning of state importance — 10,[20] local significance — 72.[21]
Monuments of historical, cultural and religious significance in the city of Zhytomyr include:
- Cells of the Jesuit monastery (1724);
- Holy Dormition Bishops Cathedral in Podil (1874);
- Church of St. James;
- Seminary Church of St. John of Dukla;
- Saint Sophia Cathedral;
- St. Michael's Cathedral;
- Holy Exaltation of the Cross Cathedral;
- Transfiguration Cathedral;
- Lutheran Church;
- Water tower.
In 1996, the Memorial to the Victims of Fascism was erected in Bohunia by the sculptor Yosyp Tabachnyk (a memorable location of the Bohunіa concentration camp for prisoners of war).
Geography
Zhytomyr lies in a unique natural setting; all sides of the city are surrounded by ancient
Zhytomyr is set out on a mostly radial type of
The old town is surrounded by new housing estates, the names of which are often borrowed from the former suburban villages or reflect the longstanding occupations common in these places. The main streets connecting Sobornyi Maidan with the outskirts of Zhytomyr are Kyivska Street or
The best-known street in the central part of Zhytomyr is Mykhailivska (named after
The best-known park of Zhytomyr is named after Yuri Gagarin, in the south of the city, at the left (northern) bank of the Teteriv River. It was formerly owned by the Baron de Chaudoir.
Climate
Climate data for Zhytomyr (1981–2010) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 14.0 (57.2) |
17.4 (63.3) |
22.7 (72.9) |
30.0 (86.0) |
33.3 (91.9) |
35.0 (95.0) |
36.1 (97.0) |
36.2 (97.2) |
32.8 (91.0) |
26.1 (79.0) |
22.0 (71.6) |
14.1 (57.4) |
36.2 (97.2) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −1.0 (30.2) |
0.0 (32.0) |
5.3 (41.5) |
13.7 (56.7) |
20.3 (68.5) |
22.9 (73.2) |
24.9 (76.8) |
24.3 (75.7) |
18.7 (65.7) |
12.4 (54.3) |
4.7 (40.5) |
0.0 (32.0) |
12.2 (54.0) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | −3.7 (25.3) |
−3.2 (26.2) |
1.3 (34.3) |
8.4 (47.1) |
14.6 (58.3) |
17.4 (63.3) |
19.2 (66.6) |
18.4 (65.1) |
13.3 (55.9) |
7.7 (45.9) |
1.8 (35.2) |
−2.5 (27.5) |
7.7 (45.9) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −6.4 (20.5) |
−6.2 (20.8) |
−2.3 (27.9) |
3.6 (38.5) |
8.7 (47.7) |
12.0 (53.6) |
13.9 (57.0) |
12.9 (55.2) |
8.5 (47.3) |
3.6 (38.5) |
−0.8 (30.6) |
−4.9 (23.2) |
3.6 (38.5) |
Record low °C (°F) | −35.0 (−31.0) |
−28.0 (−18.4) |
−25.0 (−13.0) |
−13.2 (8.2) |
−2.7 (27.1) |
1.0 (33.8) |
1.4 (34.5) |
0.0 (32.0) |
−4.0 (24.8) |
−10.7 (12.7) |
−24.0 (−11.2) |
−30.5 (−22.9) |
−35.0 (−31.0) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 31.1 (1.22) |
31.2 (1.23) |
35.1 (1.38) |
44.5 (1.75) |
59.4 (2.34) |
90.2 (3.55) |
83.3 (3.28) |
70.8 (2.79) |
59.0 (2.32) |
37.1 (1.46) |
44.7 (1.76) |
36.5 (1.44) |
622.9 (24.52) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 7.9 | 7.6 | 7.7 | 7.6 | 8.3 | 10.6 | 9.9 | 7.2 | 8.0 | 6.8 | 8.2 | 8.3 | 98.1 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
85.3 | 83.2 | 78.0 | 68.9 | 66.7 | 72.1 | 73.0 | 72.5 | 77.4 | 80.4 | 86.1 | 87.4 | 77.6 |
Source 1: World Meteorological Organization[23] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Climatebase.ru (extremes)[24] |
Economy
Zhytomyr is an important economic center in the region. Enterprises in the city include glass, metal fabrication, electronic devices, screens, fabrics, furniture, shoes and others. In addition, there is a large pharmaceutical factory in Zhytomyr. Since 1944, a confectionery factory (ALC "ZhL") has operated in Zhytomyr; the enterprise is one of the leaders of the Ukrainian confectionery market.[25]
The city is home to the Zhytomyr Armored Factory. The factory has been one of the main repair facilities in Ukraine since the start of the Russo-Ukrainian War, running on 3 shifts. In September 2014 it was announced that the Ministry of Defence of Ukraine had placed a ₴280 million order with the factory.[26][27]
Transport
In ancient times, the city was on the important road from Kyiv to the city of Brest-Litovsk.
Now this road is of international highway M 06 E40 connecting Kyiv to the Hungarian border near Chop.
Some other roads:
- M 21 E583 connecting the cities Roman and Zhytomyr (through Vinnytsia)
- H 03 Zhytomyr - Chernivtsi (through Khmelnytskyi)
- P18 Zhytomyr - Stavyshche (through Skvyra)
- P28 Zhytomyr - checkpoint "Vystupovychi" of the Ukrainian-Belarusian border (through Korosten).
Zhytomyr is about 131 kilometers from Kyiv (by road 140 km, by rail 165 km).
The following trains pass through Zhytomyr train station (both directions for all):[citation needed]
- Zhytomyr - Korosten
- Vinnytsia - Korosten
- Zhytomyr - Korostyshiv
- Korosten - Koziatyn
- Zhytomyr - Koziatyn
- Zhytomyr - Zviahel
- Zhytomyr - Fastiv
The city has an airport (however, it is not currently being used for passenger transport; it is intended for the use of strategic bombers, though not currently being used).
Zhytomyr has three bus stations connecting it with many other cities and villages in Ukraine and abroad.
Zhytomyr has fifteen bridges and junctions built over rivers and roads. There is a 30-kilometer ring road around Zhytomyr.
The most interesting bridge in Zhytomyr is one over the
Public city transport
Common kinds of public transport shuttling within Zhytomyr are trolleybuses, buses, and minibuses. There are also electric trams, but on one route only. Earlier there were several tram routes in Zhytomyr, but all excepting one were canceled during a period of domination of the opinion that a tram is a bad kind of transport. Trams began to shuttle in Zhytomyr in 1899. Thus Zhytomyr became the 5th city with electric trams within the territory of present-day Ukraine. Trolleybuses appear in Zhytomyr in 1962. The total length of Zhytomyr city electric transport routes (trolleybuses and trams) is 275 km. Zhytomyr is the first city in Ukraine to implement e-ticket system in all municipal public transport.[citation needed]
Attack on Zhytomyr
On 27 February 2022, the city's public airport
Twin towns – sister cities
Notable people
- Ossip Bernstein (1882–1962), Russian-French Grandmaster chess player and businessman
- Aleksandr Bezymensky (1898–1973), a Soviet poet, screenwriter and journalist.
- Hayim Nahman Bialik (1873 in Ivnytsia – 1934), Hebrew poet, educated in Zhytomyr
- Adolpho Bloch [pt] (1908 in Zhytomyr - 1995), Brazilian-Ukrainian media magnate
- Sasha Boole (born 1989), Ukrainian country and folk musician, and singer / songwriter
- Tadeusz Borowski (1922–1951), a Polish writer and journalist.
- Ina Bourskaya (1886—1954), an American opera singer.
- Jarosław Dąbrowski (1836–1871), Polish nobleman and Paris Commune revolutionary
- Boris Didkovsky (1883–1937) Bolshevik revolutionary, Soviet geologist and University rector
- Oksana Dyka (born 1978), a Ukrainian operatic soprano.
- Luis Filcer (1927–2018), a Mexican Expressionist painter dealing with injustice and struggle.
- Samuel Freedman (1908–1993), Canadian judge, Manitoba Chief Justice
- Yakov Gamarnik(1894–1937), Soviet Communist militant and military commander
- Jewgeni Grischbowski (born 1992), a Dj and Music Producer.
- Vladimir Hachinski (born c. 1945), clinical neuroscientist and researcher into stroke and dementia
- Valentin Hrabovsky (1937–2004), author, poet, and art critic
- Mark Kharitonov (born 1937) Russian novelist, poet, and essayist
- Alexander Kipnis (1891–1978), German then US bass opera singer
- Vladimir Korolenko (1853–1921), Russian writer, journalist and human rights activist
- Sergei Korolev (1907–1966), rocket engineer and designer, head of the Soviet space program
- Dmytro Kveselevych (1935–2003), translator and lexicographer
- Keni Liptzin (1856–1918), Jewish actress in Yiddish theatre
- Borys Lyatoshynsky (1895–1968), a Ukrainian composer, conductor and teacher.
- Julian Movchan (1913–2002), a Ukrainian-American journalist, writer and doctor.
- Donia Nachshen (1903–1987) a British book illustrator, produced gov't posters in WWII.
- Franciszek Niepokólczycki (1900–1974), a colonel of Polish Army.
- Oleh Olzhych (1907-1944), Ukrainian writer and nationalist militant
- Abram Ranovich (1885–1948), Soviet scholar of classical antiquity and religion.
- Zvi Ribak (1910-1994), a Jewish painter
- Sviatoslav Richter (1915–1997), a distinguished Soviet pianist
- Michael Rostovtzeff (1870–1952), a Russian historian and archaeologist
- Esther Salaman (1900–1995), a Russian-born Jewish writer and physicist.
- Igor Shafarevich (1923–2017), a Soviet and Russian mathematician, did algebraic number theory
- David Shterenberg (1881–1948), a Russian Soviet painter and graphic artist.
- Apollon Skalkowski (1808-1898), Russian and Ukrainian scientist, historian, writer and publisher
- Andriy Slyusarchuk (born 1971) a Ukrainian mnemonist and fraudster
- Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists
- Vladimir Veksler (1907–1966), an experimental physicist, pioneer of the particle accelerator
- Natalia Vlaschenko (born 1960), journalist, screenwriter, TV presenter, playwright and columnist.
- Bruno Zach (1891–1935), an Austrian art deco sculptor of Genre art
- Casimir Zagourski (1883–1944), a Polish photographer active in Central Africa 1924–44
- Juliusz Zarębski (1854–1885), a Polish composer and pianist.
- Zev Wolf of Zhitomyr (died 1798), an Hassidic Rabbi.
Sport
- Anastasiya Chernenko (born 1990), a professional triathlete
- Aderinsola Eseola (born 1991), a Ukrainian footballer with over 200 club caps
- Ruslan Malinovskyi (born 1993) a Ukrainian footballer with over 300 club caps and 49 for Ukraine
- Viktor Rudyi (born 1962), a retired Soviet and Ukrainian football player with 510 club caps.
- WBOlight-heavyweight title in 2017.
- Danylo Sikan (born 2001), a Ukrainian footballer with over 50 club caps and 6 for Ukraine
- Andriy Tkachuk (born 1987), a Ukrainian football midfielder with over 400 club caps
- Yuriy Vernydub (born 1966), a Ukrainian football coach and former player with 462 club caps.
Gallery
-
Typical old Zhytomyr architecture
-
Former private residence in Zhytomyr
-
City Hall
-
Court building in Zhytomyr
-
Fountains in Gagarin park, Zhytomyr
-
Chapel of the Lutheran Church
-
The National University of Agriculture in Zhytomyr
-
Zhytomyr state technology university
-
The Korolyov Museum
-
Spaso-Preobrazhenskiy sobor
-
Victory Square with tank monument and Cathedral in Zhytomyr
-
The Catholic Church of St. John in the centre of Zhytomyr
-
Khrestovozdvizhensky Cathedral
-
Cathedral, St. Michael's Church
-
Entrance to the trade fair hall, informal name: "artistic gates"
-
Monument to the victims of fascism (Zhytomyr)[30]
Notes
References
- ^ a b Winners and losers of Ukraine’s local elections, Atlantic Council (2 November 2020)
- ^ Чисельність наявного населення України на 1 січня 2022 [Number of Present Population of Ukraine, as of January 1, 2022] (PDF) (in Ukrainian and English). Kyiv: State Statistics Service of Ukraine. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 July 2022.
- ^ "Zhytomyr | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com.
- ^ "National Book of Remembrance of the Victims of the Holodomor of 1932-1933 in Ukraine. Zhytomyr region. — Zhytomyr: «Polissia», 2008. — 1116 pp". 3 October 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2023.
- ^ a b Lower, 2005, introduction.
- ^ BBC News App, Ukraine Live Updates, (3 2 2022) "Civilians Killed in strike on Zhytomyr"
- ^ BBC News App, Ukraine Live Updates, (3 2 2022) / Twitter, MFA of Ukraine (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine), @MFA_Ukraine, (1:13am 3-2-2022) Maternity home in Zhytomyr destroyed (Video included)
- ^ "Buildings in Zhytomyr bombed including hospitals, says Ukraine mayor – video". The Guardian. 10 March 2022. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
- ^ "People injured, buildings damaged in Russian airstrike on Zhytomyr region". Ukrinform. 26 March 2022. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
- ^ "Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей". Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved April 3, 2016.
- ^ John Alexander Armstrong, Ukrainian Nationalism, Columbia University Press, 1963.
- ^ a b John Alexander Armstrong 1963.
- ^ "Population report by State Statistics Service of Ukraine, 1 Apr 2015". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
- ^ "Рідні мови в об'єднаних територіальних громадах України" (in Ukrainian).
- ^ "Восьме всеукраїнське муніципальне опитування" (PDF) (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 2023-08-22.
- ^ "Diocese of Žytomyr". GCatholic.
- ^ "The Jewish Community of Zhitomir". The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot.
- ^ Elias Heifetz, The slaughter of the Jews in the Ukraine in 1919, 1921, Thomas Selzter New York, pp. 25-40. [1] accessed October 28, 2009
- OCLC 470520224.
- ^ "Житомирська міська рада". zt-rada.gov.ua. Archived from the original on 2020-10-25. Retrieved 2016-02-11.
- ^ "Житомирська міська рада". zt-rada.gov.ua. Archived from the original on 2020-10-25. Retrieved 2016-02-11.
- ^ "Історія головної вулиці Житомира – Михайлівської".
- ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1981–2010". World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
- ^ "Zhytomyr, Ukraine Climate Data". Climatebase. Retrieved 5 November 2021.
- ^ "История | ЖЛ". www.sladosti.com.ua. Archived from the original on 2014-06-05. Retrieved 2014-06-01.
- ^ ""Житомирский бронетанковый" получил госзаказ на 280 миллионов". Ukrinform.
- ^ "Украинской армии заказали тринадцать вертолетов Ми-8". Liga. 14 October 2014.
- ^ "Airport in central Ukraine reportedly targeted by missile fired from Belarus". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
- ^ "Міста-партнери". zt-rada.gov.ua (in Ukrainian). Zhytomyr. Retrieved 2021-03-23.
- ^ "Мэр Житомира Вера Шелудченко возложила цветы к памятнику жертвам фашистских лагерей. ФОТОрепотраж". Житомир инфо.
Sources
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herman Rosenthal and Peter Wiernik (1901–1906). "Zhitomir (Jitomir)". In Singer, Isidore; et al. (eds.). The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
- Wendy Lower, Nazi Empire-Building and the Holocaust in Ukraine, 2005, University of North Carolina Press. accessed 19 July 2006.
Sources and external links
- Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 979. .
- Zhytomyr Journal - news, photo, map and other (in Russian)
- Zhytomyr business directory (in Russian or Ukrainian)
- GCatholic - Latin Catholic bishopric
- interesniy.zhitomir.ua - a blog about history of Zhytomyr (in Russian)
- GCatholic - Latin Catholic cathedral
- [2]
- Zhytomyr map - cafes, bars, restaurants, everything about the city (in Ukrainian)
- hotels of Zhytomyr