Ziaur Rahman
Chief of Army Staff | |
---|---|
In office 24 August 1975 – 3 November 1975 | |
President | Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad |
Prime Minister | None |
Preceded by | K. M. Shafiullah |
Succeeded by | Khaled Mosharraf |
In office 7 November 1975 – 28 April 1978 | |
President | Abu Sadat Mohammad Sayem Himself |
Prime Minister | None |
Preceded by | Khaled Mosharraf |
Succeeded by | Hussain Muhammad Ershad |
Personal details | |
Born | Dhaka, Bangladesh | 19 January 1936
Nationality |
|
Political party | Bangladesh Nationalist Party |
Spouse |
D. J. Science College |
Awards | Bir Uttom Independence Award Hilal-i-Jur'at Maroon Parachute Wing Order of the Nile Order of the Yugoslav Star |
Military service | |
Allegiance | Pakistan (before 1971) Bangladesh |
Branch/service | Pakistan Army Bangladesh Army |
Years of service | 1955–1978 |
Rank |
|
Unit | East Bengal Regiment |
Commands |
|
Battles/wars | Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 Bangladesh Liberation War |
Ziaur Rahman[a] (19 January 1936 – 30 May 1981) was a Bangladeshi military officer and politician who served as the President of Bangladesh from 1977 until his assassination. He was the founder of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) and served as its chairman until his assassination. He previously served as the second chief of army staff from 1975 to 1978 with a minor break.
Ziaur, sometimes known as Zia, was born in
Ziaur Rahman's death created a divided opinion on his legacy in Bangladeshi politics. Awami League supporters vilify him for alleged connections to Mujib's assassination and controversial actions during his presidency.[6][7][8][9] Critics argue that the current authoritarian regime politically motivated the negative portrayal of Ziaur's legacy.[10][11][12][13] Nevertheless, Rahman is generally credited for his role in the Liberation War, stabilizing Bangladesh, industrializing agriculture, and fostering regional cooperation.[14][15][16] His political party, the BNP, remains a major force alongside its rival, the Awami League, with his wife, Khaleda Zia, leading the party and serving two terms as prime minister.[17]
Early life
Ziaur Rahman was born on 19 January 1936 to a
In 1946, Mansur Rahman enrolled Ziaur Rahman for a short stint in a boys school of Calcutta, Hare School, where he studied until the dissolution of the British Empire in India and partition of India and Pakistan in 1947. Mansur Rahman exercised his option to become a citizen of a Muslim majority Pakistan and in August 1947 moved to Karachi,[21] the first capital of Pakistan located in Sindh, West Pakistan. Zia, at the age of 11, had become a student in class six at the Academy School in Karachi in 1947. Ziaur Rahman spent his adolescent years in Karachi and by age 16 completed his secondary education from that School in 1952.
In 1953, Ziaur Rahman was admitted into the
In August 1960, his marriage was arranged to Khaleda Khanam Putul,[22][23] the 15-year-old daughter of Iskandar Majumder and Taiyaba Majumder from the Feni District (part of then Noakhali District). Khaleda Khanam Putul, later known as Khaleda Zia, went on serve as the Prime Minister of Bangladesh three times.[24][25] Ziaur Rahman, a captain in the then Pakistan Army who was posted at that time as an Officer of the Defence Forces.[26] His father, Mansur Rahman could not attend the marriage ceremony,[27] as he was in Karachi. Zia's mother had died earlier.
Military service in Pakistan
Graduating from the Pakistan Military Academy at 12th PMA long course[28] on 18 September 1955 in the top 10%[21] of his class, Ziaur Rahman was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Pakistan Army. In the army, he received commando training, became a paratrooper and received training in a special intelligence course.[4] From 1955 to 1971 was with Pakistan, from 1971 to 1978 was for Bangladesh.[citation needed]
Ziaur Rahman went to East Pakistan on a short visit and was struck by the negative attitude of the Bengali middle class towards the military, which consumed a large chunk of the country's resources. The low representation of the Bengalis in the military was largely due to discrimination,[21] but Ziaur Rahman felt that the Bengali attitude towards the military perhaps prevented promising young Bengali from seeking military careers. As a Bengali army officer, he advocated military careers for Bengali youth. After serving for two years in Karachi, he was transferred to the East Bengal Regiment in 1957. He attended military training schools of British Army. He also worked in the military intelligence department from 1959 to 1964.[29]
Pre-Independence
Ziaur Rahman returned to Pakistan the following year. He was posted in Chittagong, East Pakistan in October 1970 to be second-in-command of the 8th East Bengal Regiment.[29] East Pakistan had been devastated by the 1970 Bhola cyclone, and the population had been embittered by the slow response of the central government and the political conflict between Pakistan's two major parties, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman's Awami League, and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's Pakistan People's Party (PPP). In the 1970 Pakistani general election, the Awami League had won a majority and its leader Sheikh Mujib laid claim to form a government, but Pakistan president Yahya Khan postponed the convening of the legislature under pressure from Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's PPP party.[31]
Bangladesh Liberation War
Following the failure of last-ditch talks, Yahya Khan declared
Zia, who already by then geared to revolt against the government of Pakistan revolted and later arrested and executed his commanding officer Lt. Col. Janjua. He was requested by the local Awami League supporters and leaders, to announce the Declaration of Independence that was earlier (in early hours of 26 March 1971) proclaimed by the undisputed Bengali leader Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, before his (Ziaur Rahman) arrest on 27 March 1971 from Kalurghat, Chittagong, as an Army officer's words would carry weight restoring people's trust in the 'Declaration of Independence', which read:[32][33][34][35]
I, Major Ziaur Rahman, Provincial Head of the government, do hereby declare the Independence of the People's Republic of Bangladesh.
But his (Ziaur Rahman) proclamation as the "Provincial Head" of the government, was much criticised and rebuked by the political leaders present there and he realised his mistake.
Later on the same day (27 March), a second broadcast was read as correction:
I, Major Ziaur Rahman, do hereby declare the Independence of Bangladesh in the name of our great leader Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.
Later in an interview with German Radio, Ziaur Rahman talked about his 27 March announcement.[36]
Ziaur Rahman organised an infantry unit gathering all Bengali soldiers from military and
Assassination of Mujib in 1975 and its aftermath
A deep conspiracy with the purpose of removing Sheikh Mujibur Rahman from the helm was well under way long before his assassination by outside forces[ Khaled Mosharraf was killed by his subordinate officers while he was sheltering with them from the mutineers. Shafaat Jamil escaped but was injured, while Ziaur Rahman was freed by the 2nd Artillery regiment under Lt. Col. Rashid and re-appointed as army chief of staff with full support of the rank and file of the army.
Following a meeting at army headquarters, an interim government was formed with Justice
Presidency
Ziaur Rahman became the
In late September 1977, a failed coup against his administration occurred. A group of
The size of Bangladesh police forces was doubled and the number of soldiers of the army increased from 50,000 to 90,000.
Elections
In 1978, General Ziaur Rahman ran for and an overwhelmingly won a five-year term as president. The next year elections were held for the National Assembly. Opponents questioned the integrity of the elections.[38][44]
Zia allowed Sheikh Hasina, the exiled daughter of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, to return to Bangladesh in 1981.[45]
Domestic and foreign policies
On taking power, Ziaur Rahman was "hailed as the strict leader that the struggling nation needed".[38] Bangladesh suffered from illiteracy, severe poverty, chronic unemployment, shortages and economic stagnation. Ziaur Rahman reversed course from his predecessor Mujib's secular, democratic socialist, pro-Indian policies. Ziaur Rahman announced a "19-point programme" of economic emancipation which emphasised self-reliance, rural development, decentralisation, free markets and population control. Ziaur Rahman spent much of his time travelling throughout the country, preaching the "politics of hope" and urging Bangladeshis to work harder and to produce more. He held cabinet meetings all across Bangladesh.[46] Ziaur Rahman focused on boosting agricultural and industrial production, especially in food and grains, and to integrate rural development through a variety of programmes, of which population planning was the most important. He introduced and opened the Bangladesh Jute and Rice research institutes. He launched an ambitious rural development programme in 1977, which included a highly visible and popular food-for-work programme.[46] He promoted private sector development, exports growth and the reversing of the collectivisation of farms. His government reduced quotas and restrictions on agriculture and industrial activities.[15] Ziaur Rahman launched major projects to construct irrigation canals, power stations, dams, roads and other public works. Directing his campaign to mobilise rural support and development, Ziaur Rahman established Gram Sarkar (Village Councils) system of self-government and the "Village Defence Party" system of security and crime prevention. Programmes to promote primary and adult education on a mass scale were initiated and focused mainly across rural Bangladesh. During this period, Bangladesh's economy achieved fast economic and industrial growth.[29]
Ziaur Rahman began reorienting Bangladesh's foreign policy, addressing the concerns of the mostly staunch rightists coupled with some renegade leftist who believed that Bangladesh was reliant on Indian economic and military aid. Ziaur Rahman moved away from India and the Soviet bloc, his predecessors' had worked with, developing closer relations with the United States and Western Europe, Africa and the Middle East.[46] Ziaur Rahman also moved to harmonise ties with Saudi Arabia and the People's Republic of China, Pakistan's ally who had opposed Bangladesh's creation and had not recognised it until 1975. Rahman moved to normalise relations with Pakistan. While distancing Bangladesh from India, Ziaur Rahman sought to improve ties with other Islamic nations. Zia's move towards Islamic state policies improved the nation's standing in the Middle East.[29] According to historian Tazeen M. Murshid, one aim of these policies was to open the Gulf states to manpower exports. In this Zia was successful, and remittances became an important part of the Bangladeshi economy.[47]
Ziaur Rahman also proposed an organisation of the nations of South Asia to bolster economic and political co-operation at a regional level.
Islam and nationalism
Ziaur Rahman believed that a massive section of the population was suffering from an identity crisis, both religious and as a people, with a very limited sense of sovereignty. To remedy this he began a re-Islamisation of Bangladesh.[50] He issued a proclamation order amending the constitution, under whose basis laws would be set in an effort to increase the self-knowledge of religion and nation. In the preamble, he inserted the salutation "Bismillahir-Rahmaanir-Rahim" ("In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful"). In Article 8(1) and 8(1A) the statement "absolute trust and faith in Almighty Allah"' was added, replacing the socialist commitment to secularism. Socialism was redefined as "economic and social justice" under his leadership.[51] In Article 25(2), Ziaur Rahman introduced the principle that "the state shall endeavour to consolidate, preserve and strengthen fraternal relations among Muslim countries based on Islamic solidarity."[29] Some intellectuals accuse Ziaur Rahman of changing the nature of the republic from the secularism laid out by Sheikh Mujib and his supporters.[51] However, critics of this accusation say the rationale is absurd and an oversimplification since secular leaders like Gamal Abdel Nasser and Ahmed Ben Bella adopted this policy, and that religious slogans and symbolism are also used by the Awami League.[52]
Later, Ziaur Rahman introduced Islamic religious education as a compulsory subject for Muslim schoolchildren.
In public speeches and policies that he formulated, Ziaur Rahman began expounding "Bangladesh Nationalism", its "Sovereignty", as opposed to Mujib's assertion of a
After the formation of Bangladesh Nationalist Party in 1978, Ziaur Rahman took initiative for formation of political institutes and sponsored workshops for the youth to get active political lessons on Bangladesh nationalism. In such a workshop in September 1980, Ziaur Rahman spoke to the learners.[56]
Indemnity Act
Ziaur Rahman enacted several controversial measures, some to discipline the army, some to solidify his power and some to win the support of Islamist political groups such as the
Ziaur Rahman gave foreign appointments to several men accused of assassinating Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. Major Dalim, Major Rashid and Major Faruk were given jobs in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and in subsequent years they were appointed ambassadors of Bangladesh to African and Middle Eastern nations.
The Indemnity Ordinance (which gave immunity from legal action to the persons involved in the assassination of president Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, coups and other political events between 1975 and 1979) was proclaimed by Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad in 1975 president, ratified in the Parliament as the Indemnity Act,[60] and incorporated as the 5th amendment to the constitution during the tenure of President Hussain Muhammad Ershad.[61]
Assassination
During his term of power, Ziaur Rahman was criticised for ruthless treatment of his army opposition.[46] Although he enjoyed overall popularity and public confidence, Zia's rehabilitation of some of the most controversial men in Bangladesh aroused fierce opposition from the supporters of the Awami League and veterans of its Mukti Bahini. Amidst speculation and fears of unrest, Ziaur Rahman went on tour to Chittagong on 29 May 1981 to help resolve an intra-party political dispute in the regional BNP. Ziaur Rahman and his entourage stayed overnight at the Chittagong Circuit House.[62] In the early hours of the morning of 30 May, he was assassinated by a group of army officers.[63][4][64] Also killed were six of his bodyguards and two aides.[65]
Nearly two million people are estimated to have attended the funeral held at the Parliament Square.[66]
Criticism and legacy
Many Bangladeshi politicians consider Ziaur Rahman a
Political debate
Zia's role after 15 August 1975 assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and his family remains controversial. The Indemnity Act, an ordinance ordered by Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad in 1975 pardoning the subsequently convicted killers of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, was legalised by Rahman during his tenure as president. Some killers of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and his family were sent abroad during his time as president.[68]
Ascension to presidency
The Dhaka High Court declared the seizures of power by military coups between 1975 and 1979, including Zia's military regime, as "unlawful and unconstitutional". Zia's martial law decrees, his ascendancy to the presidency in 1977 and the election held in 1978 were declared "unknown to the constitution". The court ruling over-ruled the Indemnity Act by which these very events were accorded a legal status and enshrined in the constitution.[67]
Communal conflict
Rejecting Sheikh Mujib's secularism policy, Zia introduced Islamic politics in Bangladesh and brought Bangladesh into the Organization of Muslim Nations, which was widely appreciated by the general public. Yet according to many historians, these measures alienated and antagonized many of Bangladesh's tribal and religious minorities, precipitating a number of future sectarian and tribal conflicts.[69]
Suppression of opposition
During Ziaur Rahman's regime, his political opponents were severely suppressed. At that time, there are allegations against him of arresting about 62 thousand
National anthem debate
Prime Minister Shah Azizur Rahman said in a secret letter to the Cabinet Department,
"A song written by Rabindranath Tagore is the Indian national anthem. He is not a citizen of Bangladesh. The Muslim Ummah is worried that a song written by a poet from the Hindu community is the national anthem. National Anthem needs to be changed as this song is against the spirit of our culture."
In the Prime Minister's letter, instead of "Amar Sonar Bangla", "Prothom Bangladesh, Amar shesh Bangladesh" was proposed as the national anthem. After receiving this letter from the Prime Minister, the Cabinet Department issued instructions to broadcast the "Prothom Bangladesh" song on radio, television and all government programs. Zia himself was in favor of changing the national flag and national anthem, when BNP leader Dr. Yusuf asked Zia in a session to change the national flag, Zia replied,
"It will be, it will be, everything will be. Let the national anthem written by a Hindu be changed first. Then I will think about the national flag."
Meanwhile, the "Prothom Bangladesh" song started singing along with the National Anthem at the President's function. But after Zia's death in 1981, the initiative stalled.[73]
Attempts to change the national flag
On December 16, 1978, on Bangladesh's Victory Day, an orange circle flag was ordered to be hoisted on government buildings instead of a red circle flag on a green ground. But in the face of protests, Zia had to withdraw from this plan.[74]
Family
With Khaleda Zia, Ziaur Rahman had two sons,
Honours
- Pakistan: Hilal-i-Jur'at[70]
- Egypt: Order of the Nile[70]
- Yugoslavia: Order of the Yugoslav Great Star[77]
- North Korea: Hero of the Republic[70]
See also
Notes
References
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- ^ "Hussain Mohammad Ershad". Encyclopedia.com. Archived from the original on 5 August 2011. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
- ISBN 9781861513007. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
Following presidential elections in June 1978, Ziaur Rahman sought to give his presidency and political ambition democratic legitimacy. The National Assembly of the Republic was brought back to life following general elections in 1979. A heavy question mark hangs over the integrity of these elections.
- ISBN 978-0-300-22102-2.
- ^ a b c d Heitzman, James; Worden, Robert, eds. (1989). "The Zia Regime and Its Aftermath, 1977-82". Bangladesh: A Country Study. Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. pp. 37–40.
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The second change was the introduction of Islamiat—a course on Islamic studies—at primary and secondary levels ... mandatory for all Muslim students.
- ^ Hussan, Md Juman. "Ziaur Rahman A legendary leader from Asia". Red Times.
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Bangladeshi nationalism ... excluded the country's non-Muslim minorities, notably the Hindu community (thought to represent around 9 percent of the population)
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President Ziaur Rahman, only 45, lay dead with two aides and six bodyguards in a government rest house in Chittagong. All were reportedly shot by an assassination squad, led by [Major General] Manjur, in the early morning hours Saturday
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- ^ a b c d "বাংলাদেশের রাজনৈতিক ঘটনাপঞ্জি ১৯৭১-২০১১ - বিচারপতি মুহাম্মদ হাবিবুর রহমান". www.rokomari.com. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013.
- ^ "Major Dalim | chapter 17" (in Bengali).
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- ^ "আগেও 'সোনার বাংলা' বদলাতে চেয়েছেন অনেক বড় বড় নাম, তবে ঝড় তুলেছেন নোবেলই!". Eisamay.
- ^ সাব্বির হোসাইন (20 July 2023). "জাতীয় পতাকা, জাতীয় সঙ্গীত বদলাতে চেয়েছিলেন জিয়া". চ্যানেল আই.
- ^ Çankaya, Ziaur Rahman Caddesi, Ankara, Turkey. Google Maps (1 January 1970). Retrieved 27 April 2015.
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- ^ "Ručak u čast Rahmana". Slobodna Dalmacija (10463): 1. 23 November 1978.
Further reading
- ISBN 978-0-8133-2854-6.
- ISBN 978-0-231-70066-5.
External links
- Works by or about Ziaur Rahman at Internet Archive
- Ziaur Rahman Biography
- Ziaur Rahman on Virtual Bangladesh
- Saha Ray, Chandan. জিয়াউর রহমান [Ziaur Rahman]. Gunijan (in Bengali).
- US State Department Secret Telegram on Bangladesh Declaration of Independence
- Former US President Jimmy Carter on President Ziaur Rahman
- Khaleda Zia, the most potential mediator to resolve ME crisis