Zidan Abu Maali
Zidan Abu Maali | |
---|---|
House of Saadi | |
Father | Ahmad al-Mansur |
Mother | Aisha bint Abu Bakkar al-Shabani |
Religion | Sunni Islam |
Zidan Abu Maali (
He ruled only over the southern half of the country after his brother Mohammed esh Sheikh el Mamun took the northern half and a rebel from Tafilalt, Ahmed ibn Abi Mahalli, marched on Marrakesh claiming to be the Mahdi. This led Muley Zidan to be encircled in Safi amid other failed military campaigns against the rebellious north. These events were exacerbated by a context of chaos that ensued amid a plague pandemic which left a third of the country dead.
His reign saw the end of the Anglo-Spanish war (with the 1604 Treaty of London)—which broke the Anglo-Dutch axis that Morocco was relying upon as a means of protection from Spain, and so caused the Spanish navy to resume devastating raids on the Moroccan coast—and the rebellion of one of his provincial governors who established his own independent state of the Republic of Salé between Azemmour and Salé.
Civil war
During the reign of Zidan, after the death of Sultan
These uprisings were triggered by
Foreign relations
Ottoman Empire
The civil wars had interrupted the tribute of vassalage that was previously paid to the Ottomans by
Dutch Republic
Zidan established friendly relations with the
Songhai Empire
Zidan and his forces invaded the Songhai Empire in 1593. He abandoned the empire in 1618, but the Moroccan occupation damaged the Songhai state.[11]
England
Zidani Library
By historical coincidence, a part of the library of this sultan, known as the
Interestingly, at the time of this seizure of Zidan’s manuscripts, written Arabic was largely prohibited in Spain, with the Spanish Inquisition behind the destruction of many Arabic works.[17] During this period, officials would search the homes of Spanish Muslims to confiscate and destroy Arabic-language manuscripts.[18] However, the wealthy and influential were somewhat exempt from these prohibitions, and were able to save some Arabic manuscripts by sending them to the Escorial for study. Such was the case for Zidan’s collection. Idiaquez’s nephew, Francisco Gurmendi along with Juan de Peralta requested that the collection be brought to the Escorial for this purpose. Peralta was also interested in the Escorial’s acquisition of the collection since the addition would bolster the library’s prominence. Others, such as Thomas Erpinius, also advocated for the study of the Arabic language to use as a tool in forcing Muslims to convert to Christianity.[19] Even so, the saved manuscripts, including Zidan’s library, were not made available to the public, and kept separate from the rest of the Escorial’s collection.[20]
See also
- El Escorial, where manuscripts of the Zidani Library is kept
References
- ^ Ifrānī, Muḥammad al-Ṣaghīr ibn Muḥammad (1889). Nozhet-Elhâdi: Histoire de la dynastie saadienne au Maroc (1511-1670) (in French). E. Leroux. p. 404.
- ^ Les sources inédites de l'histoire du Maroc: Dynastie saadienne, 1530-1660. 1e série (in French). E. Leroux. 1933. p. 579.
Moulay Ahmed el-Mansour had married ... Aicha bent Abou Baker ..., often called by Arab chroniclers because of her origin Lalla Chebania
- ^ Muḥammad al-Ṣaghīr ibn Muḥammad Ifrānī (1888). Nozhet-Elhâdi : Histoire de la dynastie saadienne au Maroc (1511-1670) (in French). p. 312.
- ISBN 9780521401166. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
- ^ ISBN 9780521291378. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
- ^ Ifrānī, Muḥammad al-Ṣaghīr ibn Muḥammad (1889). Nozhet-Elhâdi: Histoire de la dynastie saadienne au Maroc (1511-1670) (in French). E. Leroux. pp. 337–338.
- ^ Les Sources inédites de l'histoire du Maroc de 1530 à 1845. E. Leroux. “Feu Achmet en fit aultant et continua jusques à sa mort, à laquelle, s'estant eslevées des guerres entre ses enfans, ils ont discontinué l'envoy dudict tributjusques à maintenant que Moulay Sidan reprend les vieilles eres de ses peres, à ce induit par la crainte qu'il ha du royaume d'Alger, auquel il ha peur que ses subjects de Fess, desor-mais lassez de tant de guerres, ayent recours et se vueillent soubs-mettre; en quel cas il ha donné ordre à ses ambassadeurs de pour- suivre et obtenir de ce Seigneur un commandement au divan d'Alger qu'ils ne se meuvent contre luy, et mesme ha faict soliciter sondict ambassadeur Solyman de Catagne' de poursuivre la ban-niere d'Alger, luy promettant dix mille escus de pension tous les ans pour luy aider à s'y maintenir, parce qu'il congnoit ledict par...”
- ^ Poetry, politics and polemics by Ed de Moor, Otto Zwartjes, G. J. H. van Gelder p.127
- ^ Romania Arabica by Gerard Wiegers p.405ff
- ISBN 9783823351733. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
- ^ Davidson, Basil (1959). The Lost Cities of Africa. Little, Brown and Company. p. 119.
- ISBN 9780714654324. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
- ISBN 9780826514066.
- ^ *For details of the incident see: Chantal de la Véronne, Histoire sommaire des Sa'diens au Maroc, 1997, p. 78.
- Catalogue: Dérenbourg, Hartwig, Les manuscrits arabes de l'Escurial / décrits par Hartwig Dérenbourg. - Paris : Leroux [etc.], 1884-1941. - 3 volumes.
- ^ Journal of Early Modern History 18 (2014) 535-544 Traveling Libraries: The Arabic Manuscripts of Muley Zidan and the Escorial Library" by Daniel Hershenzon of University of Connecticut
- ISBN 9780826514066.
- . Retrieved 2020-11-24.
- JSTOR 2671740.
- . Retrieved 2020-11-24.
- . Retrieved 2020-11-24.