Ziyadid dynasty

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Ziyadid Dynasty
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Ziyadid dynasty
زياديون
819–1018
CapitalZabid
Common languagesArabic
Religion
Sunni Islam
GovernmentEmirate
Emir 
• 818-859 (first)
Muhammad ibn Ziyad
• 1012-1018
Ibrahim or 'Abdallah
Historical eraEarly Middle Ages
• Established
819
• Disestablished
1018
CurrencyDinar
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Abbasid Caliphate
Najahids

The Ziyadid dynasty (

Muslim dynasty that ruled western Yemen from 819 until 1018 from the capital city of Zabid. It was the first dynastic regime to wield power over the Yemeni lowland after the introduction of Islam
in about 630.

Establishment

Muhammad ibn Ziyad was a descendant of

Khurasani soldiers and arrived there in 818. He fought numerous battles against the tribes and won control over the Tihama lowland in the next year.[4]

Territorial increase

Following his victories, Muhammad was appointed

al-Hamdani asserts that another family, Banu Shurah, exercised paramount power in the Tihama for parts of the ninth century and were established in Zabid. From other sources it appears that San'a in fact continued to be governed by an Abbasid governor up to 847.[8]

Little is known about the economic structure of the Ziyadid realm, but the historian Umara writes that the dynasty was bolstered by the flourishing international trade. The ruler received duties from ships coming from

pearl fishing.[9]

Independent rule

Meanwhile, Abbasid rule in

Fatimid imam (whose descendants were later to become caliphs in Egypt). Zabid itself was sacked by the sectarian Qarmatians, an Ismaili branch, in 904.[10]

In 904 the

Isma'ilis under Ibn Hawshab and Ali ibn al-Fadl al-Jayshani invaded Sana'a. The Yufirid emir As'ad ibn Ibrahim retreated to Al-Jawf, and between 904 and 913, Sana'a was conquered no less than 20 times by Isma'ilis and Yufirids.[11]
As'ad ibn Ibrahim regained Sana'a in 915. Yemen was in turmoil as Sana'a became a battlefield for the three dynasties, as well as independent tribes.

Under the lengthy reign of Abu'l-Jaysh Ishaq (r. 904–981), the Ziyadid dynasty experienced a temporary revival. However, when Abu'l-Jaysh grew old the outer regions began to fall away from Ziyadid rule. Towards the end of his reign the area between Aden and ash-Sharjah remained under his control.[12] Even as late as 976, the royal revenues amounted to a million gold dinars.[13]

Decline

The Yufirids again attacked in 989 and burnt Zabid.

Najahid
dynasty in 1022.

List of rulers

(This list follows H.C. Kay, Yaman: Its early medieval history (London 1892). A deviant list is published in Clifford Edmund Bosworth, The new Islamic dynasties (Columbia University Press 1996), p. 99, with the following names and dates: Muhammad bin Ziyad 818–859, Ibrahim bin Muhammad 859–896, Ziyad bin Ibrahim 896–902, Ibn Ziyad 902–911, Abu'l-Jaysh 911–981, etc.)

  1. Muhammad ibn Ziyad (818-859)
  2. Ibrahim ibn Muhammad (859-902), son
  3. Ibn Ziyad (902-904), son
  4. Abu'l-Jaysh Ishaq ibn Ibrahim (904-981), brother
  5. 'Abdallah or Ziyad ibn Ishaq (981-c. 1012), son
  6. Ibrahim or 'Abdallah (c. 1012–1018), kinsman

See also

References

  1. ^ Eduard de Zambaur, Manuel de généalogie et de chronologie de l'histoire de l'islam (Hannover 1927), Table F.
  2. ^ Encyclopaedia of Islam (Leiden 2002), p. 572.
  3. ^ H.C. Kay, Yaman: Its medieval history (London 1892), pp. 2-4, 219.
  4. ISBN 978-90-04-11211-7
    .
  5. ^ C.E. Bosworth, The New Islamic Dynasties, (Columbia University Press, 1996), 99.
  6. ^ C.E. Bosworth, The New Islamic Dynasties, p. 99.
  7. ^ H.C. Kay, Yaman: Its early medieval history (London 1892), p. 5.
  8. ^ H.C. Kay, Yaman: Its early medieval history (London 1892), p. 219.
  9. ^ H.C. Kay, Yaman: Its early medieval history (London 1892), p. 8.
  10. ^ Stanley Lane Poole, The Mohammadan Dynasties, (Elibron Classics, 2006), p. 90.
  11. ISBN 9004097961
  12. Sharjah in the present United Arab Emirates
    .
  13. ^ C.E. Bosworth, The New Islamic Dynasties, p. 99; H.C. Kay, Yaman: Its early medieval history (London 1892), p. 8.
  14. ISBN 9004097384
  15. ^ H.C. Kay, Yaman: Its early medieval history (London 1892), p. 9.
  16. ^ Kamal Suleiman Salibi, A History of Arabia (Caravan Books, 1980), p. 108.

Further reading

  • Stookey, Robert W., Yemen: The politics of Yemen Arab Republic (Boulder 1978).
  • "Ziyadid Dynasty." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2006. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 14 Apr. 2006 <http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9078412>.
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