Zouave
The Zouaves (French pronunciation: [zwav] ⓘ) were a class of light infantry regiments of the French Army serving between 1830 and 1962 and linked to French North Africa; as well as some units of other countries modelled upon them. The zouaves were among the most decorated units of the French Army.
It was initially intended that the zouaves would be a regiment of
In the 1860s, zouave units arose in many other countries. The Papal Zouaves were organized by Louis Juchault de Lamoricière, a former commander of North African zouaves, while a former zouave sergeant, François Rochebrune, organized the Polish Zouaves of Death who fought against Russia in the January Uprising of 1863–1864. In the 1870s, former Papal Zouaves formed the cadre for a short-lived Spanish zouave unit. The "zouave" title was also used by Brazilian units of black volunteers in the Paraguayan War,[1] possibly due to a perceived link with Africa.
In the United States, zouaves were brought to public attention by
The distinctive uniforms of French and other zouave units was of North African origin. It generally included short open-fronted jackets, baggy trousers (
Etymology
The word "zouave" (French pronunciation: [zwav]) is a French language derivative of Zouaouas; the original name of the Kabyle Berbers recruited for French service.[2]
French zouaves
Recruitment
The zouaves of the
From their beginning the zouave units included a French European element, initially drawn from the demobilized Garde royal of
Zouave regiments
Initially constituted as battalion sized units, the zouaves were reorganized as separate regiments in 1852:[9]
- The 1st Zouaves were linked to Algiers and central Algeria. The 1st Zouaves had a continuous existence from 1852 to 1949. After disbandment the regiment was recreated between 1956 and 1960
- The 2nd Zouaves were linked to Oran and western Algeria, 1852–1962
- The 3rd Zouaves were linked to Constantine and eastern Algeria, 1852–1962
- The 4th Zouaves were linked to Tunis and Tunisia. They were first formed as the Zouaves of the Imperial Guard in 1854, and became the 4th Zouves on the establishment of the Third Republic in 1870. They remained in existence under this title until 1962.[10]
At the end of the Algerian War six zouave regiments were in existence, of which the 1er was disbanded in 1960 and the remainder in 1962.[6]
Other provisional regiments of zouaves were raised in 1914 and 1939 for the First and Second World Wars respectively. During World War I nine regiments de marche of zouaves were created; comprising active, reserve, and new battalions seconded from other regiments.[11] In World War II the number reached fourteen.[12]
The zouave regiments raised in 1914 for the First World War were the 8th and 9th. The 13th Zouaves were raised in 1919 and dissolved in 1940. The zouave regiments raised in 1939 for the Second World War were the 11th, 12th, 14th, and 21st, all of which were dissolved after the
In addition, four mixed zouave and tirailleur regiments (régiments mixtes de zouaves et tirailleurs) were raised for the First World War, all of which were redesignated Algerian tirailleur regiments in 1918 or 1920.[citation needed]
The 9th Zouaves were the last French zouave unit. The first 9th Zouave regiment existed from 1914 until the fall of France in 1940, a second 9th Zouaves was raised in the Second World War and disbanded after the Algerian War (1954–1962), and a third 9th Zouaves existed as a nominal unit from 1982 to 2006 (representing a commando training school). There was no zouave regiment in existence between 1962–1982 and none now survive in the French Army.[14]
Early history
The zouaves saw extensive service during the French conquest of Algeria, initially at the Mouzaia Pass action (March 1836), then at Mitidja (September 1836) and the siege of Constantine (1837). From 1843-44 either one or two battalions played prominent roles in each of the Kabylia campaigns.[15]
Recruited through direct voluntary enlistment or by transfer from other regiments of men with at least two years service, the zouaves quickly achieved the status of an elite amongst the French Army of Africa.[16]
The Second Empire
By 1853, the French Army included three regiments of zouaves. Each of the three line regiments of zouaves was allocated to a different province of Algeria, where their depots and peace-time garrisons were located.[17] The Crimean War was the first service which the regiments saw outside Algeria. Armed with the powerful fusil rayé (rifled gun)[18] they subsequently served as effective light infantry[19] in the Franco-Austrian War of 1859, the Mexican Intervention (1864–1866) and the Franco-Prussian War (1870). The distinctive dress and dash of the zouaves made them well known outside France and they were frequently portrayed in the illustrated publications of the period. The 2nd Zouaves (popularly known as "the Jackals of Oran") had their mutilated eagle decorated with the Legion d' Honneur following the Battle of Magenta in 1859.[20]
On 23 December 1854 a fourth regiment was created, the Zouaves of the Imperial Guard. The actual formation of this unit was delayed until 15 March 1855 when detachments from the zouave regiments already serving in the Crimea were brought together before
In the opening stages of the
The Third Republic
After 1871 the zouaves lost their status as an élite corps solely made up of long-service volunteers; they became a force mainly composed of conscripts from the French settlers in Algeria and Tunisia, undertaking their compulsory military service. Shortfalls in numbers were made up by detachments from the southern régions militaires of mainland France (Métropole). The zouave regiments did however retain significant numbers of long-service volunteers (engages volontiers et réengages) who contributed to the high morale and steadiness of these units.[24]
Two zouave battalions (under chefs de bataillon Simon and Mignot) served in Tonkin during the closing weeks of the Sino-French War (August 1884 to April 1885). One of these battalions was roughly handled on 23 March 1885 in the Battle of Phu Lam Tao. A third zouave battalion (chef de bataillon Metzinger) joined the Tonkin Expeditionary Corps shortly after the end of the war, and took part in operations against Vietnamese insurgents.[25]
In 1899 a law created for each regiment of zouaves a 5th Battalion, "to be stationed in France" in groupes des 5e bataillons de Zouaves. The 5th battalions of the 1st and 4th Zouaves were stationed as part of the Gouvernement militaire de Paris. The 5th battalions of the 2nd and 3rd Zouaves were stationed in the région militaire de Lyon. Upon mobilization for war in France, these battalions would form the nucleus of Régiments de Marche de Zouaves, each of 3 battalions. This permanent presence in the two key garrisons of metropolitan France facilitated subsequent arrival and participation by other elements of the 19th Military Region as reinforcements, in the event of an attack on mainland France.[24]
Zouave battalions subsequently saw active service in China during the
The four zouave regiments of the French Army wore their traditional colorful dress during the early months of the First World War.
The zouaves played a major role in the 1914–1918 War with their numbers being expanded to nine regiments de marche. These units retained much of their traditional panache, especially in attack.[33] They became however less conspicuous in World War II, seeing service mainly during the opening stages of the war in the Battle of France (1940)[34] and in the course of the liberation of France (1944).[35]
Post-1945
As predominantly conscript units the zouaves did not serve in Indochina between 1945 and 1954. They were, however, employed extensively as sector troops during the
At the end of the Algerian War, remaining zouave and tirailleur units were incorporated in a short-lived Force locale de l'ordre Algérienne: created under the
The traditions of the zouave regiments were maintained until 2006 by the French Army's Commando Training School (CEC), which occasionally paraded colour parties and other detachments in zouave dress. With the closure of the CEC school that year and the putting into store of the flag of the 9th Zouaves in 2010, any direct link between the former zouaves and active units of the modern French Army ceased. While other branches of the old French Army of Africa have either survived or been reestablished as representative units in recent years (notably the Foreign Legion, Chasseurs d'Afrique, Tirailleurs, and Spahis), France has not recreated one of its most distinctive and best known military corps.[44]
Papal Zouaves
The Papal Zouaves were a corps of volunteers formed as part of the Army of the
The Zuavi Pontifici were mainly young men, unmarried and Roman Catholic, who volunteered to assist
All orders were given in French, and the unit was commanded by a Swiss Colonel, M. Allet.[47] The regiment was truly international, and by May 1868 numbered 4,592 men including 1,910 Dutch, 1,301 French, 686 Belgians, and 240 Italians.[48] A total of three hundred volunteers came from Canada, the United States and Ireland; while the remaining 155 Zouaves were mostly South American.[49]
The Papal Zouaves assisted in the notable Franco/Papal victory at the Battle of Mentana on November 3, 1867. They suffered the brunt of the fighting, sustaining 81 casualties in the battle, including 24 killed (the Papal forces suffered only 30 dead in total).[50] The official report of the battle prepared by the French commander, General de Failly cited the bravery of the Zouaves.[51] They were also mentioned in Victor Hugo's poem Mentana.[52]
The Papal Zouaves also played a role in the final engagements against the forces of the newly united Kingdom of Italy in September 1870, in which the Papal forces were outnumbered almost seven to one.[53] The Zouaves fought bravely before surrender,[54] inflicting losses on the Bersaglieri of the regular Italian Army as the latter stormed the Porta Pia.[55] Several Papal Zouaves were reportedly executed or murdered by the Italian forces following the surrender.[56][57]
The French component of the Papal Zouaves regrouped as the Volontaires de l'Ouest (Volunteers of the West) to fight on the French side in the
An English veteran, Joseph Powell, published his account of his service with the Papal Zouaves, Two Years in the Pontifical Zouaves.[46]
Polish Zouaves of Death
In 1863, during the Polish
The unit's
Commanding officers of the regiment were:
- Colonel François Rochebrune;
- Lieutenant Count Wojciech Komorowski;
- Lieutenant Tytus O'Brien de Lacy;
- Lieutenant Antoni Wojcicki; and
- Lieutenant Tenente Bella
Zouave style units in the British Army
In 1856, the West India Regiment of the British army switched its attire to a uniform modeled on that of the French zouaves. This consisted of a red fez with a white tassel, a white turban, a scarlet sleeveless jacket with yellow trimming, a white long sleeved waistcoat, and dark blue
Other British Empire units who adopted zouave features as part of their dress uniforms included the
Zouaves of North America
American Civil War
Numerous zouave regiments were organized from soldiers of the United States of America who adopted the name and the North African–inspired uniforms during the
In the United States, zouaves were brought to public attention by
A feature of some American zouave units, at least in the opening stages of the American Civil War, was the light infantry tactics and drill they employed. Zouaves "utilised light infantry tactics that emphasised open-order formations, with several feet between soldiers, rather than the customary close order, with its characteristic 'touch of elbows'. They moved at double-time, rather than marching to a stately cadence, and they lay on their backs to load their rifles rather than standing to do so. To fire, they rolled prone and sometimes rose on one knee."[citation needed]
Arguably the most famous Union zouave regiments were from New York and Pennsylvania: the
In 1863 and 1864, three Union regiments (146th New York,
A number of Confederate Zouave units were also raised. In contrast to the many Federal units, most Confederate Zouaves were not full "regiments"; many were companies within larger units. The cognomen "Louisiana Tiger" dates from the Mexican–American War; it refers to any Louisiana state trooper (and more recently, to the state's athletic teams[citation needed]). But none of the Mexican War Louisiana "Tigers" were Zouaves. The earliest, and most famous, Louisiana Zouave unit was White's Company B (the "Tiger Rifles") of Major Chatham Roberdeau Wheat's 1st Special Battalion, Louisiana Volunteers, also known as "Louisiana Tigers".[citation needed]
Another notable Zouave unit on the Confederate side was the "1st (Coppens') Louisiana Zouave Battalion", which was raised by
The Confederate Zouave units did not last long throughout the war. All of them had traded out their Zouave garb for standard Confederate clothing by 1862. The last Confederate Zouave unit was Coppens Zouave which later became dubbed the Confederate State Zouave Battalion.[68]
Post-Civil War
Zouaves gradually vanished from the U.S. military in the 1870s and 1880s, as the
American zouave uniforms
The zouave uniform was sometimes quite elaborate, to the extent of being unwieldy. Some Zouave regiments wore a
Spanish zouaves
In the
Other zouave units
- Between 1880 and 1908 the Turkish Imperial Guard included two zouave regiments. The Abdul Hamid II Collection in the US Library of Congress has a number of photographs of these soldiers. They wore a uniform similar to that of the French zouaves but with green turbans and less widely cut red breeches. The Ottoman Zouaves were disbanded following the Young Turks coup of 1908, when the Imperial Guard was reduced to a ceremonial palace unit.[72]
- Under the Empire of Brazil, a battalion of black volunteers, called the "Zuavos da Bahia" (Bahian Zouaves) was organized in 1865.[73] Although such use drew on a long tradition of black men's service to the Brazilian monarchy and State, both government and army soon rejected such segregated units, scattering its men along other units.[74]
- During his campaign of 1860 against the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, Giuseppe Garibaldi's Redshirts included a volunteer battalion designated as the Calabrian Zouaves (Zuavvi Calabesi).[75]
- In 1879, at the advent of the coup d'etat which brought Nicolás de Piérola into power as the country's "Supreme Commander in Chief".[76] Piérola immediately reorganized the army for the defense of the capital,[77] and the Batallón “Zuavos” Nº29 de Línea was merged into the II Army Corps under the command of Colonel Belisario Suárez.[76] It was later renamed Batallón “Zepita” Nº29, and as such took part in the Battle of San Juan and Chorrillos on 13 January 1881.[77][78] Another Zouave unit which took part in the battle was the Batallón Nº1 de Zouavos de Lima.[79]
North African dress influence
From 1830 to 1848 the zouave costume was closely derived from contemporary North African clothing.[80] However, with the establishment of the zouave regiments as a permanent and integral part of the French Army, the "oriental dress" became a formalized uniform,[81] subject to regulations while retaining the distinctive features of its indigenous origins.[3]
Features of the zouave dress were widely copied by colonial units of various European armies during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.[82] These included African regiments raised by Portugal, Britain, Spain,[83] and Italy,[84] as well as the West India Regiment in British service.[85]
Variations of zouave-style dress of the short open jacket (shama),
Modern ceremonial units of the Algerian, Moroccan, and Tunisian armies retain items of traditional North African dress,[92] sharing some common features with the tenue orientale of the French zouaves.[93]
In popular culture
- In French vernacular speech, the phrase "faire le Zouave" can be translated as "to act the goat" i.e. to behave wildly.[94] In this context "zouave" is used as an insult by Captain Haddock, a character in the Belgian comic The Adventures of Tintin. Professor Calculus takes particular offense at the insult in Destination Moon and at the conclusion of Explorers on the Moon.
- A 5.2 m (17 ft) tall statue of The Zouave, carved by Georges Diebolt in the 19th century to form part of the Alma Bridge across the Seine in Paris, serves as a widely watched means of gauging the level of the river. When water reaches a point between the knees and the waist of the "Zouave of the Alma", flooding has historically been considered imminent and river traffic has been halted. [95]
- In the film 14th Brooklyn (84th New York Infantry) are shown fighting the Stonewall Brigade at First Manassas.[citation needed]
- In the film Gettysburg, the 14th Brooklyn are shown during the first day of battle. The 114th Pennsylvania are also shown guarding the Headquarter staff as the Union set up defenses and the 72nd Pennsylvania are briefly shown during Picketts Charge and the epilogue. In the opening credits, a scene that shows three Zouaves of the 5th New York is used as a background.[citation needed]
- In the film Glory, the 14th Brooklyn is shown in the beginning and during the Battle of Antietam. The 14th Brooklyn is actually supposed to represent the Zouave d'Afrique – 114th Pennsylvanian, later known as Collis Zouaves – because the scene represents the assault on the Sunken Road. Zouaves can also be seen escorting General Strong's party as it observes Fort Wagner. These Zouaves are probably supposed to represent the 76th Pennsylvania which was the only Zouave regiment in the tenth corp. However, the uniform on the Zouaves shown does not depict the actual uniform worn by the 76th.[citation needed]
- In the TV miniseries The Blue and the Gray, a group of Union Zouaves is shown fighting at the First Battle of Bull Run. These Zouaves are most likely supposed to represent the 11th New York First Fire Zouaves. However, just like the 14th Brooklyn in Gods and Generals, the Zouaves are shown fighting as part of a regiment instead of an individual regiment. The uniform that the zouaves wear is based on that shown in the Kurz and Alison lithograph of the battle. While both are most likely trying to represent the 11th New York (since it was the only true Zouave regiment present on the field), the uniform is inaccurate. At First Bull Run, the 11th wore red overshirts (most of them discarded the dark blue red trimmed zouave jackets prior to the battle), mid-blue sash, blue or red fez with a blue tassel, and leather gaiters.[citation needed]
- In Margaret Mitchell's novel Gone With The Wind, a Zouave, Rene Picard, joins the Confederate Army of Tennessee in Atlanta, Georgia. Picard is remembered for his good humor, charm, and optimism; also, for his inveterate Creole French accent.[citation needed]
- In the 1955 Danny Kaye film The Court Jester, the Jackson Zouaves American Legion Drill Team from Jackson, Michigan, is seen performing a humorous drill routine using the traditional Zouave quick-march. The group also made several appearances, in full Zouave uniform, on The Ed Sullivan Show between 1953 and 1960.[96]
- In the 1960 Edward Gorey book The Fatal Lozenge, a Zouave is the subject of the final poem in Gorey's alphabetical list. In the poem, the Zouave, used to killing after years of war, stabs a young child who has begun to prattle.[citation needed]
- In the Albert Camus book The First Man – published posthumously in 1994, but based on an incomplete manuscript the author was working on at the time of his death in 1960 – the protagonist's father, Henri Cormery, serves as a Zouave. He dies following injuries sustained in battle during the First World War.[citation needed]
- The figure portrayed on the front of Zig-Zag rolling papers, colloquially known as the "Zig-Zag man", originates from a folk story about a zouave in the battle of Sevastopol. When the soldier's clay pipe was destroyed by a bullet, he attempted to roll his tobacco using a piece of paper torn from his bag of gunpowder.[citation needed]
- In the Buster Keaton film The Playhouse, a zouave drill routine is one of the acts at the theatre. One of the gags involves Keaton's boss telling him to get him some Zouaves and Keaton first hands him a pack of cigarettes (referring to the above brand).[97]
See also
- 9th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment
- 10th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment
- 146th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment
- 62nd New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment
- 8th Missouri Volunteer Infantry
- Pont de l'Alma
- Zouave jacket
- 11th Regiment Indiana Infantry
- Castle Pinckney has photos of the Charleston, South Carolina, Zouave Cadets.
References
- ISBN 0-8032-2762-0.
- ^ "ZOUAVE : Définition de ZOUAVE".
- ^ ISBN 0-214-65349-8.
- ^ page 1044, volume 28 Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition
- ^ a b Larcade 2000, p. 15.
- ^ a b Huré 1977, p. 462.
- ISBN 978-2-35250-524-2.
- ISBN 978-1855326583.
- ISBN 978-2-7564-0574-2.
- ISBN 978-2-7564-0574-2.
- ^ Sumner 1995, p. 8.
- ISBN 1-85532-666-3.
- ^ Huré 1977, p. 324.
- ISBN 9-782352-50195-4.
- ISBN 9781976219313.
- ISBN 1-85532-121-1.
- ISBN 978-2-84048-511-7.
- ISBN 9781976219313.
- ISBN 978-1-84603-385-8.
- ^ Huré 1977, pp. 114–115.
- ISBN 978-2-84048-511-7.
- ^ pages 35–38 "La Gazette des Uniformes", September 2005"
- ISBN 1-85532-135-1.
- ^ a b Larcade 2000, p. 188.
- ^ Huré 1977, p. 188.
- ^ Larcade 2000, p. 19.
- ^ Larcade 2001, p. 444.
- ^ Jouineau 2009a, pp. 46–47.
- ^ Jouineau 2009a, pp. 52–53.
- ^ "Notice descriptive des nouveaux uniformes. (Décision ministérielle du 9 décembre 1914 mise à jour avec le modificatif du 28 janvier 1915)" (in French). Paris: Ministère de la Guerre. 1915. Retrieved 2021-07-30 – via Bibliothèque Nationale de France.
- ISBN 978-2-35250-179-4.
- ISBN 2-203-14325-8.
- ^ Furlong, Charles Wellington (1914). "Turcos And The Legion: The Spahis, The Zouaves, The Tirailleurs, And The Foreign Legion". The World's Work, Second War Manual: The Conduct of the War: 35–37.
- ^ Huré 1977, pp. 324–330.
- ^ Huré 1977, pp. 402–418.
- ISBN 1-85532-516-0.
- ^ Gallardo, Pablo. Soldats d'Algerie. p. 6. ISBN 978-2-35250-524-2.
- ISBN 978-0-06-085224-5.
- ^ Huré 1977, p. 463.
- ISBN 978-2-7564-0574-2.
- ISBN 978-2-7564-0574-2.
- ^ Huré 1977, pp. 461–462.
- ISBN 978-2-7564-0574-2.
- ISBN 978-2-7564-0574-2.
- ^ Joseph Powell, Two Years in the Pontifical Zouaves (London: R. Washburne, 1871), at p. 1
- ^ a b Joseph Powell, Two Years in the Pontifical Zouaves, p. 2
- ^ Joseph Powell, Two Years in the Pontifical Zouaves, p. 287
- ^ Howard R. Marraro, "Canadian and American Zouaves in the Papal Army, 1868–1870" CCHA Report, 12 (1944–45), 83-102 at 83, who cites the New York Herald, June 10, 1868 for the numbers. Available online at: http://www.umanitoba.ca/colleges/st_pauls/ccha/Back%20Issues/CCHA1944-45/Marraro.pdf
- ^ Massimo Brandani, pages 34-35, "L'Esercito Pontificio da Castelfidardo a Porta Pia", published 1976 by Intergest Milano
- ^ Joseph Powell, Two Years in the Pontifical Zouaves, p. 32
- ^ Joseph Powell, Two Years in the Pontifical Zouaves, p. 35–36
- ^ "Victor Hugo's poem: Mentana". Readbookonline.org. Retrieved 2015-08-30.
- ^ Joseph Powell, Two Years in the Pontifical Zouaves, p. 260, quoting the Evening Freeman, September 29, 1870
- ^ Joseph Powell, Two Years in the Pontifical Zouaves, p. 259
- ISBN 9780957689275.
- ^ Joseph Powell, Two Years in the Pontifical Zouaves, p. 260
- ^ Charles A. Coulombe, The Pope's Legion: The Multinational Fighting Force that Defended the Vatican, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2008
- ^ Joseph Powell, Two Years in the Pontifical Zouaves, p. 297pp.
- ISBN 1-85532-135-1
- ISBN 976-8163-09-7.
- ^ R.M Barnes, page 276 "Military Uniforms of Britain & The Empire, Sphere Books Ltd 1972
- ^ Whitewashing Civil War History Archived February 9, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "U.S. Civil War Zouave Uniform Jacket". National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2008-06-12.
- ^ Tevis, C. V.; Marquis, D. R. (1911). The History of the Fighting Fourteenth: Published in Commemoration of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Muster of the Regiment Into the United States Service, May 23, 1861. New York: Brooklyn Eagle Press.
- ^ Smith 1996, p. 30.
- ^ Smith 1996, p. 55.
- ISBN 0-8117-3320-3.
- ^ Winters, p. 16
- ISBN 0-87020-174-3
- ^ "Bringing the pages of history to life for SCV students". Signalscv.com. 2014-05-09. Retrieved 2015-08-30.
- ISBN 978-84-96935-40-2
- ^ New York Times 27 December 1908
- ISBN 978-1-4728-0725-0.
- ^ Ibidem - Kraay, 2004
- ISBN 978-1-4728-2624-4.
- ^ a b "Batallón "Zepita" Nº 29 de Línea (ex Zuavos de Lima), Perú (1881)". Zouavos del mundo. September 2019. Retrieved 26 November 2023.
- ^ a b Basadre, Jorge (2000). "La Verdadera Epopeya". Archived from the original on 10 October 2008.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
zouavos
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Ejército de Chile (2015). Cuaderno de Historia Militar, Nº 11. p. 54, 60.
- ^ Larcade 2001, pp. 544–545.
- ISBN 978-3-902526-09-0.
- ISBN 0-684-15130-8.
- ISBN 84-86629-23-3.
- ^ Piero Crociani, Figures 7-19 "Le Uniformi Coloniali Libiche 1912-1942, Quaderni D'Appunti, La Rocci 1980
- ISBN 976-8163-09-7.
- ISBN 978-1-85532-121-2.
- ^ Larcade 2001, p. 550.
- ^ Huré 1977, p. 80.
- ^ Pierre Rosiere, "Spahis des spahis algeriens aux gardes rouges de Dakar", pages 53-56, Editions Xavier Paris 1984
- ISBN 2-7025-0439-6.
- ^ Larcade 2000, pp. 44–45.
- ^ Rinaldo D'Ami, pages 44-46 World Uniforms in Colour, SBN 85059 040 X
- ISBN 0-903792-03-6.
- ^ Harrap's Shorter French and English Dictionary.
- ^ The Zouave of the River Seine – Famous statue
- ^ Smith, Leanne (2012-08-23). "Peek Through Time: Jackson's fast-stepping Zouaves took Hollywood by storm in 1954 filming of 'The Court Jester'". mlive. Retrieved 2021-01-13.
- ^ "The Playhouse : Joseph M. Schenck : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive". Retrieved 2015-08-30.
Bibliography
- Grenan, Shaun C (2021). We Have Them On Our Own Ground-Zouaves at Gettysburg. Amazon. 979-8734151518.
- Huré, Robert, ed. (1977). L'Armée d'Afrique : 1830-1962. Paris: Charles-Lavauzelle. OCLC 757208988.
- Jouineau, André (2009a) [2008]. Officiers et soldats de l'armée française Tome 1 : 1914 [Officers and Soldiers of the French Army Volume I: 1914]. Officers and Soldiers #11. Translated by McKay, Alan. Paris: Histoire & Collections. ISBN 978-2-35250-104-6.
- Jouineau, André (2009b) [2009]. Officiers et soldats de l'armée française Tome 2 : 1915-1918 [Officers and Soldiers of the French Army Volume II: 1915-18]. Officers and Soldiers #12. Translated by McKay, Alan. Paris: Histoire & Collections. ISBN 978-2-35250-105-3.
- Larcade, Jean-Louis (2000). Zouaves et Tirailleurs: les régiments de marche et les régiments mixtes (1914-1918), Vol I. Livet, Normandie: Editions des Argonautes. ISBN 2-95-151710-6.
- Larcade, Jean-Louis (2001). Zouaves et Tirailleurs: les régiments de marche et les régiments mixtes (1914-1918), Vol II. Livet, Normandie: Editions des Argonautes. ISBN 2-95-151711-4.
- Smith, Robin (1996). American Civil War Zouaves. Elite. London: Osprey. ISBN 978-1-85-532571-5.
- Sumner, Ian (1995). The French Army 1914-18. Men-at-Arms. London: Osprey. ISBN 978-1-85-532516-6.
External links
- Zouave Database Online
- Van Gogh portrait of a Zouave soldier Archived 2017-06-29 at the Wayback Machine
- Lithograph of a Zouave soldier by Lucien Lefevre, 1898, for Absinthe Mugnier Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine
- Remington 1863 Zouave Rifle
- "Les Zouaves" (French)
- Photograph of Alfred Laroque, a Canadian Papal Zouave, taken at Montreal, Quebec in 1868 by William Notman (1826–1891), housed in the McCord Museum in Montreal. Laroque is posed seated and wears three medals. [1]
- The Papal Zouaves
- "America's Zouaves", article by Robert Lebling
- Texts on Wikisource:
- "New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
- "Zouaves". The Nuttall Encyclopædia. 1907.
- "Zouave". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
- "Zouaves". The New Student's Reference Work. 1914.
- "Zouave". Encyclopedia Americana. 1920.
- "Zouave". Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921.
- "