Zucchini
Zucchini | |
---|---|
Genus | Cucurbita |
Species | Cucurbita pepo |
Origin | 19th-century northern Italy |
The zucchini ( Ordinary zucchini fruit are any shade of green, though the golden zucchini is a deep yellow or orange.[6] At maturity, they can grow to nearly 1 metre (3 feet) in length, but they are normally harvested at about 15–25 cm (6–10 in).[7]
In botany, the zucchini's fruit is a pepo, a berry (the swollen ovary of the zucchini flower) with a hardened epicarp. In cookery, it is treated as a vegetable, usually cooked and eaten as an accompaniment or savory dish, though occasionally used in sweeter cooking.
Zucchini occasionally contain toxic cucurbitacins, making them extremely bitter, and causing severe gastero-enteric upsets. Causes include stressed growing conditions, and cross pollination with ornamental squashes.[8]
Zucchini descends from squashes first domesticated in Mesoamerica over 7,000 years ago,[9] but the zucchini itself was bred in Milan in the late 19th century.[10]
The plant has three names in English, all of them meaning 'small marrow': zucchini (an Italian loanword), usually used in the plural form even when only one zucchina is meant, courgette (a French loanword), and baby marrow (South African English). Zucchini and courgette are doublets, both descending from the Latin cucurbita, 'gourd'.
The name zucchini is used in American, Australian, Canadian and New Zealand[11] English. It is loaned from Italian, where zucchini is the plural masculine diminutive of zucca, 'marrow' (Italian pronunciation: [ˈtsukka]).
In Italian, the masculine zucchino (plural: zucchini) is attested earlier and hence preferred by the Accademia della Crusca, the Italian language regulator.[12] The feminine zucchina (plural: zucchine) is also found, and preferred by the Italian-language encyclopedia Treccani, which considers zucchino to be a Tuscan dialect word.[13]
Zucchini is also used in Canadian French, Danish, German, and Swedish.
The name courgette is used in British, Hiberno-, Malaysian, New Zealand,[11][14] and South African English. It is loaned from French, where courgette (French pronunciation: [kuʁ.ʒɛt]) is a diminutive of courge, 'marrow'. Courgette is also used in Dutch.
The name baby marrow is used interchangeably in South Africa with courgette.[15][16]
The female flower is a golden blossom on the end of each emergent zucchini. The male flower grows directly on the stem of the zucchini plant in the leaf axils (where leaf petiole meets stem), on a long stalk, and is slightly smaller than the female. Both flowers are edible and are often used to dress a meal or to garnish the cooked fruit.[citation needed]
Firm and fresh blossoms that are only slightly open are cooked to be eaten, with Naming and etymology
Zucchini
Courgette
Baby marrow
Flower
History
Zucchini, like all
The first records of zucchini in the United States date to the early 1920s. It was almost certainly taken to America by Italian immigrants and probably was first cultivated in the United States in California. A 1928 report on vegetables grown in New York State treats 'Zucchini' as one among 60 cultivated varieties of C. pepo.[17]
Culinary uses
This section needs additional citations for verification. (January 2021) |
When used for food, zucchini are usually picked when under 20 cm (8 in) in length, when the seeds are still soft and immature.[18] Mature zucchini can be 1 m (40 in) long or more. These larger ones often have mature seeds and hard skins, requiring peeling and seeding. A zucchini with the flowers attached is a sign of a truly fresh and immature fruit, and it is especially sought after for its sweeter flavor.[19][20]
Zucchini is usually served cooked.
Zucchini has a delicate flavor and can be found simply cooked with butter or olive oil and herbs, or in more complex dishes.[25] The skin is usually left in place. When frying zucchini, it is recommended to pat down cut sections to make them drier, similarly to what may be done with eggplant, in order to keep the slices’ shape while cooking.[26] Zucchini can also be eaten raw, sliced or shredded, in a cold salad, as well as lightly cooked in hot salads, as in Thai or Vietnamese recipes. Mature (larger-sized) zucchini are well-suited for cooking in breads.[27]
Zucchinis can be cut with a spiralizer into noodle-like spirals and used as a low-carbohydrate substitute for pasta or noodles, often referred to as 'zoodles'.[28]
In Australia, a popular dish is a frittata-like dish called zucchini slice.[29]
In Bulgaria, zucchini may be fried and then served with a dip, made from yogurt, garlic, and dill. Another popular dish is oven-baked zucchini—sliced or grated—covered with a mixture of eggs, yogurt, flour, and dill.
In Egypt, zucchini may be cooked with tomato sauce, garlic, and onions.[30]
In France, zucchini is a key ingredient in ratatouille, a stew of summer vegetable-fruits and vegetables prepared in olive oil and cooked for an extended time over low heat. The dish, originating near present-day Nice, is served as a side dish or on its own at lunch with bread. Zucchini may be stuffed with meat or with other fruits such as tomatoes or bell peppers in a dish called courgette farcie (stuffed zucchini).
In Greece, zucchini is usually fried, stewed or boiled with other fruits (often green chili peppers and eggplants). It is served as an hors d'œuvre or as a main dish, especially during fasting seasons. Zucchini is also stuffed with minced meat, rice, and herbs and served with avgolemono sauce. In several parts of Greece, the flowers of the plant are stuffed with white cheese, usually feta or mizithra, or with a mixture of rice, herbs, and occasionally minced meat. They are then deep-fried or baked in the oven with tomato sauce.
In Italy, zucchini is served in a variety of ways: fried, baked, boiled, or deep fried, alone or in combination with other ingredients. At home and in some restaurants, it is possible to eat the flowers, as well, deep-fried, known as fiori di zucca (cf.
In the cuisines of the former Ottoman Empire, zucchini is often stuffed and called dolma. It is also used in various stews, both with and without meat, including ladera.
In Mexico, the flower (known as flor de calabaza) is often cooked in soups or used as a filling for quesadillas. The fruit is used in stews, soups (i.e. caldo de res, de pollo, or de pescado, mole de olla, etc.) and other preparations. The flower, as well as the fruit, is eaten often throughout Latin America.[31]
In Russia, Ukraine and other CIS countries, zucchini usually is coated in flour or semolina and then fried or baked in vegetable oil, served with sour cream. Another popular recipe is "zucchini caviar", a squash spread made from thermically processed zucchini, carrots, onions and tomato paste, produced either at home or industrially as a vegetable preserve.
In Turkey, zucchini is the main ingredient in the popular dish mücver, or "zucchini pancakes", made from shredded zucchini, flour, and eggs, lightly fried in olive oil and eaten with yogurt. They are also often used in kebabs along with various meats. The flowers are also used in a cold dish, where they are stuffed with a rice mix with various spices and nuts and stewed.
In the United States, fried zucchini was invented in Pittsburgh.[32]
In 2005, a poll of 2,000 people revealed it to be Britain's 10th favorite culinary vegetable.[33]
Nutrition
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |
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Energy | 64 kJ (15 kcal) |
2.69 g | |
Sugars | 1.71 |
Dietary fiber | 1 g |
0.36 g | |
1.14 g | |
Niacin (B3) | 3% 0.51 mg |
Pantothenic acid (B5) | 6% 0.288 mg |
Vitamin B6 | 5% 0.08 mg |
Folate (B9) | 7% 28 μg |
Vitamin C | 14% 12.9 mg |
Vitamin K | 4% 4.2 μg |
Minerals | Quantity %DV† |
Calcium | 1% 18 mg |
Iron | 2% 0.37 mg |
Magnesium | 5% 19 mg |
Manganese | 8% 0.173 mg |
Phosphorus | 3% 37 mg |
Potassium | 9% 264 mg |
Sodium | 0% 3 mg |
Zinc | 3% 0.33 mg |
Other constituents | Quantity |
Water | 95.2 g |
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[34] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[35] |
Zucchini are low in food energy (approximately 71 kilojoules or 17 kilocalories per 100 grams or 3+1⁄2 ounces fresh zucchini) and contain good amounts of
Toxicology
Members of the plant family Cucurbitaceae, which includes zucchini / marrows, pumpkins and cucumbers, can contain toxins called cucurbitacins. These are steroids which defend the plants from predators, and have a bitter taste to humans. Cultivated cucurbitaceae are bred for low levels of the toxin and are safe to eat. However, ornamental pumpkins can have high levels of cucurbitacins, and such ornamental plants can cross-fertilize edible cucurbitaceae—any such cross-fertilized seeds used by the gardener for growing food in the following season can therefore potentially produce bitter and toxic fruit. Dry weather or irregular watering can also favor the production of the toxin, which is not destroyed by cooking. Humans with an impaired sense of taste (particularly the elderly) should therefore ask a younger person to taste the zucchini for them.[37][38] This toxin has caused at least one death of an elderly person, in 2015.[39] Investigators warned that gardeners should not save their own seeds, as reversion to forms containing more poisonous cucurbitacin might occur.[38][39]
Zucchini can also be responsible for allergy caused by the presence of a protein: profilin.[40] The sap released when peeling young zucchini also contains a viscous substance which when drying on the hands gives the impression of super-glue and dry hands.[citation needed]
Cultivation
This section needs additional citations for verification. (January 2021) |
While easy to grow, zucchini, like all squash, requires plentiful
Closely related to zucchini are Lebanese summer squash or kusa (not to be confused with
Cultivars
- Bianco di Trieste
- Black Beauty,[44] very dark green
- Cocozelle, dark green with white stripes, heirloom
See also
- Aehobak (Korean zucchini)
References
- ^ "Zucchini". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved September 15, 2013.
- ^ "ITIS - Report: Cucurbita". The Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved June 26, 2023.
- ^ Austin, Gareth (July 23, 2010). "BBC Dig In blog". Dig in Blog. BBC. Retrieved April 11, 2016.
Courgettes are commonly described as marrows harvested young. However, there are some slight horticultural differences between courgettes and marrows. Courgettes tend to be bushy and thin-skinned, whereas marrows tend to trailing and have a thicker skin.
- ^ "The Gardener's Almanac, entry at "Marrow"". Retrieved June 26, 2023.
The general difference between Marrows and Courgettes / Zuchini is: Marrow plants tend to trail out and the fruit skin is quite thick, whereas Courgettes grow as a bush and the skins are quite thin.
- ^ Dr. D.G. Hessayon (2009). The Vegetable and Herb Expert. London: Expert Books.
- University of IllinoisExtension. Retrieved September 15, 2013.
- ^ VanderBrug, Michael. The Timber Press Guide to Vegetable Gardening in the Midwest.
- ^ "Zucchini (courgette)". foodsafety.asn.au. Retrieved April 4, 2023.
- ^ "Cucurbits". www.hort.purdue.edu. Retrieved January 3, 2021.
- ^ PMID 27343231.
- ^ a b Vogan, Rachel. "A crop with two names". Kiwi Gardener. Retrieved May 2, 2021 – via Mitre 10.
I call them courgettes, as do growers such as Zealandia, but seed companies in New Zealand list them as zucchini.
- ^ Accademia della Crusca, Alcune varianti di nomi di frutti
- ^ Istituto dell'Enciclopedia italiana, Enciclopedia Italiana di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti
- ^ "Courgette". 5+ A Day. Retrieved May 2, 2021.
In New Zealand we tend to call them courgettes.
- ^ "Baby Marrow". AgriLink. Archived from the original on May 14, 2013. Retrieved September 15, 2013.
- ^ Donnelly, Abigail. "Panfried chicken with baby marrow and porcini". Woolworths Taste magazine. Archived from the original on March 13, 2012. Retrieved June 25, 2011.
- ^ Hedrick, U.P.; Hall, F.H.; Hawthorn, L.R. & Berger, Alwin (1928). "Part 4: The cucurbits". The Vegetables of New York, Vol. 1. Vol. v.1–4. Albany: J.B. Lyon.
- ^ "Chosen Bites: Zucchini blossoms". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. June 16, 2011. Retrieved April 4, 2023.
- ^ O'Neill, Molly (August 15, 1999). "Food; How to Stuff a Wild Zucchini". The New York Times Magazine. Retrieved September 15, 2013.
- ^ Richardson, Kenneth VA (November 2012). "Preliminary Evaluation of a Yellow Zucchini Squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) Variety for the Fresh Market and for Use as a Frozen Vegetable" (PDF). Gladstone Road Agricultural Centre Crop Research Report (11): 1–6.
- ^ "What Is Zucchini?". Taste of Home. August 25, 2022. Retrieved April 4, 2023.
- ^ "The Difference Between Cucumber And Zucchini". Southern Living. Retrieved April 4, 2023.
- ^ Zucchini Bread Chefs. "Zucchini Bread Recipes". Zucchini Bread Recipe Book. Retrieved October 19, 2011.
- ^ Sudakov, Monika (February 21, 2023). "23 Unexpected Ways To Cook With Zucchini". The Daily Meal. Retrieved April 4, 2023.
- ^ Kathy Brown (2003). Edible Flowers. Anness Publishing Ltd.
- ^ the cooking bar (August 16, 2021). "The best way to drain zucchini before cooking".
- ^ "Kitchen Wit & Wisdom: Help is at hand for all of that zucchini - Vernon Morning Star". www.vernonmorningstar.com. September 19, 2012. Retrieved April 4, 2023.
- ^ "Soggy zucchini noodles? You're probably making this common mistake". TODAY.com. September 14, 2020. Retrieved May 13, 2021.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 25, 2022.
- ^ Lucas, Brenda (August 21, 2013). "Now is peak season for the low-cal vitamin-packed zucchini squash". Herald-Dispatch. Retrieved September 15, 2013.
- ^ Ramanathan, Lavanya (August 13, 2014). "Squash blossoms offer petal power". The Washington Post.
- ^ "Here's the story of fried zucchini -- a dish invented for Pittsburgh". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved August 2, 2021.
- ^ Wainwright, Martin (May 23, 2005). "Onions come top for British palates". The Guardian. London. Retrieved July 7, 2011.
- ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". Retrieved March 28, 2024.
- )
- ^ "Show Foods". September 21, 2015. Archived from the original on September 21, 2015.
- ^ "Poisonous courgette warning". Retrieved June 26, 2023.
- ^ a b "Auf den Geschmack kommt es an". August 21, 2015. Retrieved August 24, 2015.
- ^ a b "Mann stirbt an Garten Zucchini". August 20, 2015. Retrieved August 24, 2015.
- PMID 10932084.
- ^ "Qarabaghli Mimli". Times of Malta. October 25, 2009. Retrieved September 4, 2021.
- ^ "Round Summer Squash". Long Island Seed Project. August 2, 2007.
- ^ Pierce (June 4, 2013). "In season: Summer means squash". Dallas News. Retrieved September 15, 2013.
- ^ "Summer Squash". University of Illinois Extension. Retrieved May 17, 2020.,
External links
- Method for hand pollinating zucchini, Green Change