Zugspitze
Zugspitze | |
---|---|
Ultra | |
Coordinates | 47°25′16″N 10°59′07″E / 47.42111°N 10.98528°E[2] |
Geography | |
Location | Wetterstein limestone[3] |
Climbing | |
First ascent | 27 August 1820 by Josef Naus, Johann Georg Tauschl and survey assistant, Maier |
Easiest route | Reintal Route |
The Zugspitze (
The Zugspitze was first climbed on 27 August 1820 by
Three
Geography
The Zugspitze belongs to the
The exact height of the Zugspitze was a matter of debate for quite a while. Given figures ranged from 2,690–2,970 metres (8,830–9,740 ft), but it is now generally accepted that the peak is 2,962 m (9,718 ft) above sea level as a result of a survey carried out by the Bavarian State Survey Office. The lounge at the new café is named "2962" for this reason.
Location
At 2,962 metres (9,718 ft) (eastern peak) the Zugspitze is the highest mountain of the Zugspitze massif. This height is referenced to the
The mountain rises eleven kilometres southwest of
Zugspitze Massif
The
Zugspitzplatt
The Platt or Zugspitzplatt is a
Climate
The climate is
For the decades from 1961 to 1990 – designated by the
The lowest measured temperature on the Zugspitze was −35.6 °C on 14 February 1940. The highest temperature occurred on 5 July 1957 when the thermometer reached 17.9 °C. A squall on 12 June 1985 registered 335 km/h, the highest measured wind speed on the Zugspitze. In April 1944 meteorologists recorded a snow depth of 8.3 metres.[17][18] Nowadays, snow completely melts during summer, but in the past snow might resist the summer months, the last case when the snow failed to melt during the whole summer season was in 2000.
Climate data for Zugspitze, (elevation 2,965 m (9,728 ft), 1991−2020 normals, extremes 1900–present) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 6.1 (43.0) |
5.8 (42.4) |
5.3 (41.5) |
9.3 (48.7) |
14.8 (58.6) |
16.8 (62.2) |
17.9 (64.2) |
16.7 (62.1) |
17.2 (63.0) |
12.7 (54.9) |
7.4 (45.3) |
5.2 (41.4) |
17.9 (64.2) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −7.3 (18.9) |
−8.0 (17.6) |
−6.3 (20.7) |
−3.2 (26.2) |
0.9 (33.6) |
4.5 (40.1) |
6.5 (43.7) |
6.9 (44.4) |
3.3 (37.9) |
0.6 (33.1) |
−3.6 (25.5) |
−6.4 (20.5) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | −10.1 (13.8) |
−10.9 (12.4) |
−9.0 (15.8) |
−6.2 (20.8) |
−2.0 (28.4) |
1.5 (34.7) |
3.4 (38.1) |
3.8 (38.8) |
0.5 (32.9) |
−2.0 (28.4) |
−6.3 (20.7) |
−9.2 (15.4) |
−3.9 (25.0) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −12.7 (9.1) |
−13.5 (7.7) |
−11.6 (11.1) |
−8.7 (16.3) |
−4.4 (24.1) |
−0.9 (30.4) |
0.9 (33.6) |
1.4 (34.5) |
−1.9 (28.6) |
−4.5 (23.9) |
−8.8 (16.2) |
−11.8 (10.8) |
−6.4 (20.5) |
Record low °C (°F) | −34.6 (−30.3) |
−35.6 (−32.1) |
−31.0 (−23.8) |
−24.2 (−11.6) |
−19.8 (−3.6) |
−12.5 (9.5) |
−8.7 (16.3) |
−9.9 (14.2) |
−14.7 (5.5) |
−18.3 (−0.9) |
−25.9 (−14.6) |
−31.1 (−24.0) |
−35.6 (−32.1) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 176.5 (6.95) |
157.4 (6.20) |
208.1 (8.19) |
171.7 (6.76) |
192.7 (7.59) |
181.4 (7.14) |
184.5 (7.26) |
184.6 (7.27) |
150.2 (5.91) |
127.6 (5.02) |
157.4 (6.20) |
183.3 (7.22) |
2,075.5 (81.71) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 17.4 | 16.9 | 19.6 | 18.4 | 20.8 | 21.0 | 20.3 | 19.2 | 16.6 | 14.9 | 16.0 | 18.2 | 219.3 |
Average snowy days (≥ 1.0 cm) | 31.0 | 28.3 | 31.0 | 30.0 | 31.0 | 30.0 | 27.6 | 15.2 | 19.4 | 27.8 | 29.8 | 31.0 | 333.0 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
68.7 | 71.8 | 76.3 | 81.1 | 85.8 | 87.0 | 86.8 | 84.8 | 81.7 | 73.5 | 73.8 | 71.8 | 78.6 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 138.3 | 140.0 | 168.0 | 177.3 | 172.8 | 162.3 | 171.4 | 177.0 | 167.6 | 175.4 | 131.8 | 120.5 | 1,902.6 |
Source 1: NOAA[19]
| |||||||||||||
Source 2: DWD (extremes)[20] |
Climate data for Zugspitze, elevation: 2,965 m (9,728 ft), 1981-2010 normals | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −7.5 (18.5) |
−8.2 (17.2) |
−6.9 (19.6) |
−3.8 (25.2) |
0.9 (33.6) |
3.7 (38.7) |
6.3 (43.3) |
6.3 (43.3) |
3.1 (37.6) |
0.7 (33.3) |
−4.4 (24.1) |
−6.7 (19.9) |
−1.3 (29.7) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | −10.3 (13.5) |
−11.1 (12.0) |
−9.7 (14.5) |
−6.9 (19.6) |
−2.1 (28.2) |
0.7 (33.3) |
3.1 (37.6) |
3.2 (37.8) |
0.4 (32.7) |
−2.0 (28.4) |
−7.1 (19.2) |
−9.6 (14.7) |
−4.3 (24.3) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −13.0 (8.6) |
−13.8 (7.2) |
−12.3 (9.9) |
−9.4 (15.1) |
−4.6 (23.7) |
−1.8 (28.8) |
0.6 (33.1) |
0.8 (33.4) |
−2.0 (28.4) |
−4.5 (23.9) |
−9.6 (14.7) |
−12.2 (10.0) |
−6.8 (19.8) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 172.4 (6.79) |
159.8 (6.29) |
228.1 (8.98) |
178.5 (7.03) |
160.7 (6.33) |
185.5 (7.30) |
187.6 (7.39) |
182.3 (7.18) |
144.7 (5.70) |
113.7 (4.48) |
179.0 (7.05) |
187.5 (7.38) |
2,084.2 (82.06) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 16.9 | 16.3 | 20.5 | 19.7 | 20.7 | 21.3 | 19.7 | 19.3 | 16.5 | 14.6 | 16.7 | 18.3 | 219.8 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
69.6 | 73.4 | 80.1 | 84.0 | 86.7 | 88.2 | 86.1 | 85.2 | 81.6 | 73.4 | 74.9 | 73.7 | 79.7 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 136.4 | 141.2 | 155.5 | 164.5 | 175.1 | 153.2 | 181.2 | 175.7 | 169.4 | 178.1 | 130.6 | 117.7 | 1,881.5 |
Source: NOAA[21] |
Climate data for Zugspitze, elevation: 2,965 m (9,728 ft), 1961-1990 normals | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −8.6 (16.5) |
−8.7 (16.3) |
−7.5 (18.5) |
−4.6 (23.7) |
0.0 (32.0) |
2.8 (37.0) |
5.1 (41.2) |
5.1 (41.2) |
3.2 (37.8) |
0.4 (32.7) |
−4.6 (23.7) |
−7.1 (19.2) |
−2.0 (28.4) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | −11.2 (11.8) |
−11.4 (11.5) |
−10.2 (13.6) |
−7.5 (18.5) |
−3.1 (26.4) |
−0.1 (31.8) |
2.2 (36.0) |
2.2 (36.0) |
0.5 (32.9) |
−2.1 (28.2) |
−7.1 (19.2) |
−9.7 (14.5) |
−4.8 (23.4) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −13.6 (7.5) |
−13.8 (7.2) |
−12.6 (9.3) |
−9.9 (14.2) |
−5.4 (22.3) |
−2.4 (27.7) |
−0.1 (31.8) |
0.0 (32.0) |
−1.8 (28.8) |
−4.3 (24.3) |
−9.5 (14.9) |
−12.3 (9.9) |
−7.1 (19.2) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 189 (7.4) |
154 (6.1) |
186 (7.3) |
199 (7.8) |
172 (6.8) |
185 (7.3) |
183 (7.2) |
170 (6.7) |
115 (4.5) |
109 (4.3) |
158 (6.2) |
184 (7.2) |
2,004 (78.9) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 16 | 14 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 18 | 17 | 16 | 12 | 10 | 13 | 15 | 179 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 116.3 | 132.1 | 153.7 | 153.4 | 164.9 | 153.0 | 174.6 | 178.6 | 181.8 | 188.8 | 133.1 | 116.1 | 1,846.4 |
Source: NOAA[22] |
Geology
The
Flora
Since the 16th century
The shaded and moist northern slopes of the massif like, for example, the
Fauna
The rocks around the Zugspitze are a habitat for
The
Glaciers
Three of Germany's five glaciers are found on the Zugspitze massif: the Höllentalferner the Southern and Northern Schneeferner.[citation needed]
Höllentalferner
The Höllentalferner lies northeast of the Zugspitze in a
Schneeferner
Southwest of the Zugspitze, between the Zugspitzeck and Schneefernerkopf, is the Northern Schneeferner which has an eastern aspect. With an area of 30.7 hectares (2006) it is the largest German glacier. Around 1820 the entire Zugspitzplatt was glaciated, but of this Platt Glacier (Plattgletscher) only the Northern and Southern Schneeferner remain. The reason for the relatively constant area of the Northern Schneeferner in recent years, despite the lack of shade, is the favourable terrain that results in the glacier tending to grow or shrink in depth rather than area. In the recent past the glacier has also been artificially fed by the ski region operators, using piste tractors to heap large quantities of snow onto the glacier in order to extend the skiing season.[citation needed]
At the beginning of the 1990s, ski slope operators began to cover the Northern Schneeferner in summer with artificial sheets in order to protect it from sunshine.[30][31] The Northern Schneeferner reached its last high point in 1979, when its area grew to 40.9 hectares. By 2006 it had shrunk to 30.7 hectares. The glacier head then lay at 2,789 m and the foot at 2,558 metres.[32]
The Southern Schneeferner was surrounded by the peaks of the Wetterspitzen and the Wetterwandeck. It was also a remnant of the once great Platt Glacier. The Southern Schneeferner was declassified as a glacier in 2022.[33] The Southern Schneeferner also reached its last high point in 1979, when it covered an area of 31.7 hectares. This had shrunk by 2018 to just 1.7 hectares. [34]
Caves
Below the Zugspitzplatt
Name
From the early 14th century, geographic names from the Wetterstein Mountains began to be recorded in treaties and on maps, and this trend intensified in the 15th century. In 1536 a border treaty dating to 1500 was refined in that its course was specified as running over a Schartten ("wind gap" or "col").[37] In the 17th century the reference to this landmark in the treaty was further clarified as "now known as the Zugspüz" (jetzt Zugspüz genant).[37] The landmark referred to was a wind gap on the summit of the Zugspitze and is used time and again in other sources. During the Middle Ages Scharte was a common name for the Zugspitze.[37]
The Zugspitze was first mentioned by name in 1590. In a description of the border between the
The name of the Zugspitze is probably derived from its Zugbahnen or avalanche paths. In winter avalanches sweep down from the upper slopes of the massif into the valley and leave behind characteristic avalanche remnants in the shape of rocks and scree. Near the
Summit cross
Since 1851 there has been a summit cross on the top of Zugspitze. The driving force behind the erection of a cross on the summit was the priest Christoph Ott. He was a keen meteorologist and whilst observing conditions from the Hoher Peißenberg mountain he saw the Zugspitze in the distance and was exercised by the fact that "the greatest prince of the Bavarian mountains raised its head into the blue air towards heaven, bare and unadorned, waiting for the moment when patriotic fervour and courageous determination would see that his head too was crowned with dignity."[41]
As a result, he organised an expedition from 11 to 13 August 1851 with the goal of erecting a summit cross on the Zugspitze. Twenty eight bearers were led through the gorge of the
After 37 years the cross had to be taken down after suffering numerous lightning strikes; its support brackets were also badly damaged. In the winter of 1881–1882 it was therefore brought down into the valley and repaired. On 25 August 1882 seven mountain guides and 15 bearers took the cross back to the top. Because an accommodation shed had been built on the West Summit, the team placed the cross on the East Summit. There it remained for about 111 years, until it was removed again on 18 August 1993. This time the damage was not only caused by the weather, but also by American soldiers who used the cross as target practice in 1945, at the end of the
History
The first recorded ascent to the summit was accomplished by a team of land surveyors on 27 August 1820. The team was led by Lieutenant Josef Naus, who was accompanied by two men named Maier and G. Deutschl. However, local people had conquered the peak over 50 years earlier, according to a 1770 map discovered by the Alpenverein.[44]
In 1854, the northern part of the Zugspitze was given to Bavaria as a present by Emperor of Austria and Apostolic King of Hungary Franz Joseph I as a marriage present to his wife Princess Elisabeth ("Sissi"). Since then the Zugspitze is the highest mountain of Bavaria and later of Germany.
On 7 January 1882 the first successful winter assault on the Zugspitze was accomplished by F. Kilger, H. and J. Zametzer and H. Schwaiger.
Pilot, Frank Hailer, caused a stir on 19 March 1922, when he landed a plane with skids on the Schneeferner glacier. On 29 April 1927
In April 1933, the mountain was occupied by 24 storm troopers, who hoisted a swastika flag on top the tower on the weather station. A month later, SA and SS deployed on the Schneeferner in the shape of a swastika. On 20 April 1945 the US Air Force dropped bombs on the Zugspitze that destroyed the valley station of the Tyrolean Zugspitze Railway and the hotel on the ridge. After the war the Allies seized the railway and Schneefernerhaus.
Shortly after World War II the
In 1948, the German Federal Post Office (
In 1962 a fire destroyed the ridge hotel by the mountain station of the Tyrolean Zugspitze Railway. The
Since 2000, the Zugspitze extreme mountain run has been held annually. In July 2008 there were repercussions in the media when, as the result of a sudden drop in temperature, two participants died of exhaustion and hypothermia[48] At the end of August 2009 the Swiss, Freddy Nock, walked along a cable of the Zugspitze Glacier Cable Car from the Zugspitzplatt to the summit. He covered the 995-metre-long, up to 56% steep route (which had a height difference of 348 metres) unsecured in 50 minutes.[49]
Alpinism
First ascent
There are several theories about the first ascent of the Zugspitze. The chronological table on an 18th-century map describes the route "along the path to the Zugspitze" ("ybers blath uf Zugspitze")
The first recorded ascent of the Zugspitze was achieved on 27 August 1820 by
On 27 August around 4 in the morning, Naus, Tauschl and Maier set off for the Zugspitzplatt and Zugspitze summit. From the Schneeferner glacier they attempted to reach the West Summit along the west ridge. Their first attempt failed, but a second was successful and they finally reached the West Summit around 11:45 am, where they left behind a
Subsequent ascents
In 1823, Simon Resch and the sheep Toni became the first to reach the East Summit. Simon Resch was also led the second ascent of the East Summit on 18 September 1834 with his son, Johann, and the mountain guide, Johann Barth. Because Resch's first ascent had been doubted, this time a fire was lit on the summit. On the 27th the summit was climbed for a third time by royal forester's assistants, Franz Oberst and Schwepfinger, along with Johann Barth. Oberst erected a flagpole on the summit with a Bavarian flag that was visible from the valley. The first ascent from Austria took place in August 1837. The surveyors, Joseph Feuerstein and Joseph Sonnweber, climbed to the West Summit from Ehrwald and left behind a signal pole with their initials on it. The West Summit was conquered for the third time on 10 September 1843 by the shepherd Peter Pfeifer. He was asked about the route by a group of eight climbers who later reached the summit at the behest of Bavaria's Crown Princess Marie. She had the route checked in preparation for her own ascent of the Zugspitze. On 22 September 1853, Karoline Pitzner became the first woman on the Zugspitze.
The first crossing from the West to the East Summit was achieved in 1857 by Dr. Härtringer from Munich and mountain guide, Joseph Ostler. The Irish brother, Trench, and Englishman, Cluster, succeeded in climbing the West Summit on 8 July 1871 through the Austrian Cirque (Österreichische Schneekar) under the guidance of brothers, Joseph and Joseph Sonnweber. The route through the Höllental valley to the Zugspitze was first used on 26 September 1876 by Franz Tillmetz and Franz Johannes with guides, Johann and Joseph Dengg. The first winter ascent of the West Summit took place on 7 Januar 1882; the climbers being Ferdinand Kilger, Heinrich Schwaiger, Josef and Heinrich Zametzer and Alois Zott. The Jubilee Arête (Jubiläumsgrat) was first crossed in its entirety on 2 September 1897 by Ferdinand Henning. The number of climbers on the Zugspitze rose sharply year on year. If the summit had been climbed 22 times in 1854, by 1899 it had received 1,600 ascents. Before the construction of a cable car in 1926 there had already been over 10,000 ascents.[57]
Normal routes
Zugspitzplatt via the Reintal or Gatterl
The easiest of the normal routes runs through the
Höllental
The ascent starts in
Austrian Cirque
A third ascent runs across the Austrian Cirque or Österreichische Schneekar. Starting point for this are the lake of Eibsee (950 m or 3,120 ft) or the village of Ehrwald (1,000 m or 3,300 ft). The two trails merge above the cirque of Gamskar. Thereafter the route continues to the Wiener-Neustädter Hut (2,209 m or 7,247 ft) and through the Österreichische Schneekar, at the end of which a klettersteig begins. During this section the route climbs through the Stopselzieher, a natural drainage cave. The route then joins the secured sections of the Reintal route. This ascent takes at least eight hours and climbs 2,012 m (6,601 ft) in height.[10][61]
Jubilee Ridge (Jubiläumsgrat)
One of the best-known ridge routes in the Eastern Alps is the
During the crossing, which is not a pure klettersteig, several unprotected sections have to be negotiated that roughly correspond to
Accommodation
There are numerous mountain huts in the area of the Zugspitze. One base is the Höllentalanger Hut (1,381 m or 4,531 ft) in the Höllental valley with 88 mattress spaces. Accommodation in the Reintal is provided by the Reintalanger Hut (1,370 m or 4,490 ft) with 90 bedspaces and on the edge of the Zugspitzplatt by the Knorr Hut (2,051 m or 6,729 ft) with 108 bedspaces. The Knorr Hut was the first hut in the entire Wetterstein Mountains when it was built in 1855. All the huts are open from May to October depending on the weather. On the top of the Zugspitze are three more huts: the Wiener-Neustädter Hut, the Münchner Haus and the Schneefernerhaus.
- Wiener-Neustädter Hut
The first hut on the Zugspitze was the Wiener-Neustädter Hut (Wiener-Neustädter-Hütte, 2,209 m or 7,247 ft) built in 1884. It acts as a base for the klettersteig through the Österreichische Schneekar that was opened as far back as 1879. The hut is located on the western rim of the cirque and stand below the Tyrolean Zugspitze Cable Car. It is operated by the Austrian Tourist Club and offers overnighting for up to 34 mountaineers in the period from July to October. The winter room is designed to take 14 people and has no cooking or heating facilities.
- Münchner Haus
There has been an accommodation hut just underneath the west summit since 1883. At that time the
- Schneefernerhaus
The Schneefernerhaus (2,656 m or 8,714 ft) was built in 1930 as the station of the Bavarian Zugspitze Railway. In June 1931 the attached hotel was opened. After the war, US Forces commandeered the house as a "recreation facility". It was not released until 1952 and was then renovated, opening in December that same year. On 15 May 1965 it was hit by a serious avalanche. The avalanche had been triggered above the house and swept over the sun terrace. Ten people died and 21 were seriously injured. At the end of the 1980s the station was moved and, in January 1992, the hotel and restaurant closed. Between 1993 and 1997 it was extensively converted into a research station, that opened in 1996. During the building work there was a fire in 1994 that completely destroyed the fifth floor and the roof space.[65]
Tourism
Winter sports
For those wishing to reach the summit under their own power, various hiking and ski trails can be followed to the top. Hiking to the top from the base takes between one and two days, or a few hours for the very fit.[clarification needed] Food and lodging is available on some trails. In winter the Zugspitze is a popular skiing and snowboarding destination, with several slopes on both sides. The Zugspitzplatt is Germany's highest ski resort, and thus normally has sufficient snow throughout the winter.
Climbing
At the Zugspitze's summit is the Münchner Haus, a mountain hut (Alpenhütte), a facility built by the German Alpine Club (Deutscher Alpenverein). For more than a hundred years, the summit has also had a weather station, which nowadays also gathers data for the Global Atmosphere Watch.
Climbing up the Zugspitze can involve several routes. The large difference in elevation between Garmisch-Partenkirchen and the summit is 2,200 m (7,200 ft), making the climb a challenge even for trained
On the
The more popular, but harder route is through the Höllental. It starts at Hammersbach near Garmisch, goes through the Höllentalklamm, a similar gorge up to the "Höllentalangerhütte", where one can take a meal or stay for the night. It then crosses the
From the Austrian village of Ehrwald, there are also two variants. One goes straight through the Western Flank, which is the shortest route overall, but rather hard. It includes a via ferrata, and there is a hut called "Wiener Neustädter Hütte" by the Austrian Alpine Club. An easier path leads via the Ehrwalder Alm, across a small pass called "Gatterl", joining the Reintal path at the Knorrhütte.
Notes
- a.prominence parent
- b.island parent
Footnotes
- ^ a b The reference point of Acherkogel often mentioned in the literature lies a few metres further away.
- ^ According to this theory there is a lake underneath the Zugspitzplatt that feeds the Partnach. Calculations show that the Platt produces 350 litres of water per second; the source of the Partnach however delivers at least 500 (and possibly up to several thousand litres). The difference is put down to a cave lake that also supplies the Partnach.
- ^ Tauschl is often called Deuschl. Ritschel and Dauer have shown this to be an unexplained error. Hiebeler calls the diary entry Tauschl by Josef Naus a mistake.
References
- Citations
- ^ "Zugspitze : Climbing, Hiking & Mountaineering". SummitPost. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
- ^ a b Aaron Maizlish. "Europe Ultra-Prominences". peaklist.org. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
- ^ Geologische Karte von Bayern mit Erläuterungen (1:500,000). Bavarian Geological Survey, 1998.
- ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0.
- ^ "Germany's Southern Schneeferner loses glacier status | Copernicus". Copernicus. European Union, Copernicus Sentinel-2 imagery. 30 September 2022. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
- ^ Peter von Bleichert "Bleichert's Wire Ropeways"
- ^ Eva-Maria Greimel. "Zugspitze XXL:Deutschlands höchster Berg zeigt seine wahre Größe" (PDF). Presseinformation Bayerische Zugspitzbahn Bergbahn AG. Retrieved 8 August 2009.
- ^ Hiebeler (1985), p.25
- ^ "Zugspitze". peakbagger.com. Retrieved 8 August 2009.
- ^ Alpine Club Map4/2 – Wetterstein und Mieminger Gebirge Mitte (1:25,000). 5th edition. Alpenvereinsverlag, Munich, 2007
- ^ Engelbrecht, Hubert. "Zugspitzplatt und Plattumrahmung". Retrieved 13 August 2009.
- ^ "Zugspitze, Germany Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)". Weatherbase. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ^ "Zugspitze gets protective sun shield blanket for summer". www.thelocal.de. 3 June 2009. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ^ a b c "Klimadaten: Mittelwerte 1961–1990" (ZIP/Exel). Deutscher Wetterdienst. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
- ^ a b c "Klimadaten: Fortlaufende Monatswerte (Station: 10961 Zugspitze)". Deutscher Wetterdienst. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
- ^ Mechthild Henneke: Wetterextreme in Deutschland 2009. In: Südkurier dated 28 April 2010.
- ^ "Wetterwarte Zugspitze" (PDF). Deutscher Wetterdienst. Retrieved 4 February 2011.
- ^ Ritschel & Dauer (2007), p. 75ff.
- ^ "Zugspitze Climate Normals 1991–2020". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
- ^ "Extremwertanalyse der DWD-Stationen, Tagesmaxima, Dekadenrekorde, usw" (in German). DWD. Retrieved 6 December 2023.
- ^ "Zugspitze Climate Normals 1981-2010". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 6 December 2023.
- ^ "Zugspitze (10961) - WMO Weather Station". NOAA. Retrieved 6 December 2023. Archived January 28, 2019, at the Wayback Machine
- ISBN 978-3-7633-1119-4.
- ISBN 9783030702380.
- ^ Pfanzelt (1966), p.19
- ^ Pfanzelt (1966), p. 22
- ^ Schott (1987), p. 116ff.
- ^ Wilfried Hagg. "Höllentalferner". Bayerische Gletscher. Archived from the original on 6 April 2010. Retrieved 8 August 2009.
- ^ Wilfried Hagg. "Fläche und Höhen des Höllentalferners". Bayerische Gletscher. Archived from the original on 13 September 2009. Retrieved 8 August 2009.
- ^ Wilfried Hagg. "Nördlicher Schneeferner". Bayerische Gletscher. Retrieved 8 August 2009.
- ^ Max Hägler (18 May 2007). "Pflaster für den Gletscher". Die Tageszeitung: Taz. taz.de. p. 5. Retrieved 8 August 2009.
- ^ Wilfried Hagg. "Fläche und Höhen des Nördlichen Schneeferners". Bayerische Gletscher. Retrieved 8 August 2009.
- ^ "Gletscherschwund: Der Südliche Schneeferner verliert seinen Status als Gletscher". Retrieved 29 September 2022.
- ^ Wilfried Hagg. "Fläche und Höhen des Südlichen Schneeferners". Bayerische Gletscher. Retrieved 8 August 2009.
- ^ Schott (1987), p. 136ff.
- ^ Franz Lindenmayr. "Landschaft und Höhlen des Zugspitzplatts". Retrieved 13 August 2009.
- ^ ISBN 978-3-937530-50-5.
- ^ a b c Fritz Schmitt (1979). Alpinmonographie: Wetterstein – Täler, Grate, Wände. Ottobrunn: Bergverlag Rother. p. 58.
- ^ Kurt Brunner & Thomas Horst (2007). "Eine Karte des Zugspitzgebiets (18. Jh.) und die Wirrnisse um die Erstbesteigung". Cartographica Helvetica. Heft 35: 3–7.
- ^ Hiebeler (1985), p. 252.
- ^ Ritschel & Dauer (2007), p.35
- ^ Ritschel & Dauer (2007), p. 35ff.
- ^ "Zugspitze – Das Gipfelkreuz steht wieder". BR-online. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
- ^ Harding, Luke (21 September 2006). "Locals had climbed peak before it was 'conquered'". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 20 April 2010.
- ^ "Gatterlmesse 2009". Tiroler Zugspitzbahn. Archived from the original on 25 April 2015.
- ^ Schott (1987), p. 200.
- ^ Ritschel & Dauer (2007), p. 116ff.
- ^ "Zwei Tote bei Extrem-Berglauf – Staatsanwaltschaft untersucht Zugspitz-Drama" (in German). sueddeutsche.de. Archived from the original on 22 July 2009. Retrieved 14 August 2009.
- ^ "Nerven wie Drahtseile". br-online.de. (in German). Retrieved 23 October 2009.
- ^ Ritschel & Dauer (2007), p. 9.
- ^ Ritschel & Dauer (2007), p. 10.
- ^ Ritschel & Dauer (2007), p. 16.
- ISBN 978-3-8370-3316-8.
- ISBN 978-1-85284-497-4.
- ^ Bosls bayerische Biographie by Karl Bosl. Accessed on 9 Apr 2011.
- ^ Ritschel & Dauer (2007), p. 9ff.
- ^ Ritschel & Dauer (2007), p. 16ff.
- ^ Ritschel & Dauer (2007), p.113
- ISBN 978-3-937530-29-1.
- ^ Ritschel & Dauer (2007), p.113
- ^ Ritschel & Dauer (2007), p.114
- ^ Schott (1987), p. 188.
- ^ "Tourenbuch: Jubiläumsgrat Zugspitze". bergsteigen.at. Archived from the original on 19 August 2006. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
- ^ Ritschel & Dauer (2007), p. 89ff.
- ^ Ritschel & Dauer (2007), p. 69ff.
- Bibliography
- Toni Hiebeler (1985). Zugspitze – Von der Erstbesteigung bis heute. Munich: Mosaik. ISBN 978-3-88199-216-9.
- Helmut Pfanzelt (1966). Alpenvereinsführer Wetterstein. Munich: Bergverlag Rudolf Rother. ISBN 3-7633-1113-0.
- Bernd Ritschel & Tom Dauer (2007). Faszinierende Zugspitze [Fascinating Zugspitze] (in German). Munich: Bruckmann. ISBN 978-3-7654-4550-7.
- Heinrich Schott (1987). Die Zugspitze – Gipfel der Technik, Triumphe und Tragödien. Munich: Süddeutscher Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7991-6338-5.
External links
- Zugspitze on Distantpeak.com
- More comprehensive article about the Zugspitze in German Wikipedia
- Computer generated summit panoramas North South Index
- Bayerische Zugspitzbahn Bergbahn AG – Transportation to the mountain top and local webcams
- ZUGSPITZE 360°, climbing the Zugspitze via 360 panorama photos.