Zunbils
Zunbils | |||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
680–870 Hund | |||||||||||||||||||
Capital | Ghazni | ||||||||||||||||||
Common languages | Bactrian | ||||||||||||||||||
Religion | Hinduism Buddhism Zoroastrianism | ||||||||||||||||||
Historical era | Early Middle Ages | ||||||||||||||||||
• Established | 680 | ||||||||||||||||||
• Disestablished | 870[1][2] | ||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||
Today part of | Afghanistan |
Zunbil, also written as Zhunbil, or Rutbils of Zabulistan,
The faith of this community has not been researched as much. According to the interpretation of Chinese sources by Marquarts and de Groots in 1915, the king of Ts'ao is said to have worn a crown with a golden fish head and was related to the Sogdians. The Temple of the Zun was recognizable by a large fish skeleton on display; this would indicate a related merchantry deity.[10] In addition to that Marquarts states the Zunbils to have worshipped a solar deity which might have been connected to Aditya (Surya). However, according to Shōshin Kuwayama there was a clear dichotomy between worshipers of the Hindu god Surya and followers of Zhun. This is exemplified by the conflict between Surya and Zhun followers, which lead to the followers of Zhun migrating southwards towards Zabulistan from Kapisa.[11][1] According to André Wink the god Zhun was primarily Hindu, though parallels have also been noted with pre-Buddhist religious and monarchy practices in Tibet and had Zoroastrian influence in its ritual.[12][13] Other scholars such as H. Schaeder and N. Sims-William have connected it with the Zoroastrian deity of time.[14]
Their territory included between what is now the city of
The title Zunbil can be traced back to the
Zabulistan under the Turks
During more than two centuries of their rule, the Tokhara Yabghus, followed by the Turk Shahis and the Zunbils were consistently an obstacle to the eastward expansion of Muslims forces.
Early Arab incursions in Zabulistan
Rashiduns
About 643-644 AD, the Arabs raided Sistan for the first time, and then started to attack the Turkic territory from the southwest.[17]
In 653-4 AD, an army of around 6,000 Arabs was led by general
Umayyad Caliphate
Circa 665 AD, the Arabs under
Rutbil is first mentioned to have existed during his time, as his earliest mention in Arab sources dates to 666 CE.[22] Rutbil may have been the brother or nephew of Barha Tegin, and may have been appointed as the governor in Zabulistan by Barha Tegin after he conquered the region from Ghar-ilchi.[7][23][4]
Rutbil and the king of Kabul campaigned together against the Arabs after
Establishment of the Zunbils (680 CE)
Around the time the first ruler of the Turk Shahis
In 680-683 AD, Rutbil split from his brother the Shahi of Kabul, and established the Zunbil dynasty, paying temporary allegiance to Salm ibn Ziyad, the Arab governor of Sistan.[24][25] At the time when Salm ibn Ziyad was governor of Sistan (680-683 AD), Rutbil split from his brother, the Shah of Kabul, and established the Zunbil dynasty, paying temporary allegiance to Salm ibn Ziyad.[24] The area of Zabulistan came to be ruled by Rutbil, also spelled Zibil or Jibul (from Turkic: Iltäbär "Commander").[4][26]
The relationship between the two relatives was at times antagonistic, but they fought together against Arab incursions.
Obverse: yypwlh. wtyp’ / GDH / ’pzwt
PWN ŠMY yzt’ yypwl bgyh. wtyp’ wh. m’n’n mlt’n MLK’
King Jibul, [his] glory increased! In the name of god, Jibul, the Majestic Lord [is] King of brave men
Reverse: Śrī Vākhudevaḥ / pncdh. z’wlst’n / ’pl plm’n yzd’n
His Highness the Majestic Lord / [minted in his] 15th [regnal year in] Zavulistan, by the order of the gods.— Coin legend of Rutbil[26]
According to Anthony McNicoll, "the Zunbils ruled in the Kandahar area for nearly 250 years until the late 9th century AD".[27] Their main capital Zamindawar was located in the present-day Helmand Province of Afghanistan. The shrine of Zoon was located about three miles south of Musa Qala in Helmand, which may still be traced today. Some believe that the Sunagir temple mentioned by the famous Chinese traveler Xuanzang in 640 AD pertains to this exact house of worship.[28]
Umayyad Caliphate offensives (698-700 CE)
In 698
About 700, Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf appointed Ibn al-Ash'ath as commander of a huge Iraqi army, the so-called "Peacock Army", to subdue the troublesome principality of Zabulistan.[30] During the campaign, al-Hajjaj's overbearing behaviour caused Ibn al-Ash'ath and the army to rebel. After patching up an agreement with the Zunbils, the army started on its march back to Iraq. On the way, a mutiny against al-Hajjaj developed into a full-fledged anti-Umayyad rebellion.[30]
The Arabs regularly claimed nominal overlordship over the Zunbils, and in 711
Khuras and his son Alkhis, lords of Ghazni (714-715 CE)
The Bactrian inscription of Tang-i Safedak, dated to around 714/15 CE, mentions the dedication of a stupa by
"(It was) the year 492, the month Sbol, when I, Alkhis son of Khuras, lord of Gazan, established this stupa (as) a (pious) foundation(?) in Ragzamagan(?). (At that time) when there was a Turkish ruler and an Arab ruler, the deyadharma (meritorious gifts) made by me were kept . . . , and afterwards I made this Zinaiaka-deyadharma in the willing belief which I had towards the huddha-sastra and in great faith (Sraddha) and in ... Whatever merit (punya ) may arise hereby, now and (in) the future, may I, Alkhis, and my parents and wife and brothers (and) sons and (other) relatives too-may each (and) every one (of us) attain (his) own desire. Homage to the buddhas."
— Bactrian inscription of Tang-i Safedak. translation by Nicholas Sims-Williams.[35]
Vassalage to the Yabghus of Tokharistan
According to Chinese sources, in particular the chronicles of the
Part of the Chinese entry for this account by Puluo is:
On the Dingwei day of the eleventh month in the sixth year of the Kaiyuan era, Ashi Tegin Puluo writes to the emperor: Tokhara Yabghu, his elder brother, is controlling as his subordinates two hundred and twelve persons, such as the local kings of various states, dudu (Governors-General), and cishi (heads of regional governments). The king of Zabul rules two hundred thousand soldiers and horses, the king of Kabul two hundred thousand, each king of
Bamiyan, Lieyuedejian, and Badakhshan fifty thousand."— Cefu Yuangui 3.5. Fanyan in Vol. 999 (Claims, Foreign Subjects), 718 AD.[39]
Chinese influence
Tang dynasty investiture
A few Zunbil rulers are named in Chinese sources, especially Shiquer or Zigil (Chinese:誓屈爾 Shìqū'ér), ruler of Zabulistan from 720 CE and for a few years until 738.
The people from Tujue (Turks), Jibin (
Iltäbär") Shiquer. Their envoys came to the royal court several times until the Tianbao era (742–756).— Old Book of Tang, Book 221: account of Zabulistan (谢䫻 Xiėyù).[45]
Visit by Hyecho (726 CE)
In 726 CE, the Korean Buddhist monk Hyecho visited Zabulistan (谢䫻国 Xiėyùguó) and recorded that Kabul and Zabul were ruled by Turkic kings, who followed Buddhism. According to him, the King of Kabul was the uncle of the king of Zabul.[46]
From
Three Jewels. There are many monasteries and monks. Mahayana Buddhism is practiced. There is a great Turkish chief called Sha-tuo-kan, who once a year lays out his gold and silver, which is much more than the king possesses. The dress, customs, and products of this land are similar to those of Kapisa, but the languages are different.
Chinese artistic influences (680-750 CE)
Chinese artistic influences, on top of nomical political influence, are discernable in the artistic creations under the Zunbils around that time, as seen in the Buddhist monastery of Tepe Sardar. During the period from 680 to 720 CE, essentially Indian post-Gupta start to blend with Chinese stylistic influences, "a Chinese touch" discernable in Buddhist works of art.[49]
A full-blown "Chinese phase" is attributed to the period from 720 to 750 CE, corresponding to the last major phase of construction and decorations of Buddhist monuments before the Arab conquests.
The influence of Chinese artistic styles vanishes after 751 CE when Tang China withdrew from Central Asia following the Battle of Talas.[50]
Abbasid Caliphate claim to overlordship (750 CE)
Arabic sources recount that, after the
Al-Mahdī sent messengers to the kings, calling on them to submit, and most of them submitted to him. Among them were the king of Kābul Shāh, whose name was
In 769 CE, the Arabs were again able to obtain tribute from the Zunbils after nearly half a century, when
Arab destructions are documented around 795 CE, as the Muslim writer
End of the Turk Shahis (822 CE)
In 815 CE, the
Saffarids conquest (870 CE)
The Zunbils were finally defeated in 870 AD by the Muslim conqueror
Yaqub bin Laith al-Saffar started his eastern conquests in 870/871 CE, when he marched against the Kharijites of
According to C.E. Bosworth, the Saffarids achieved, for the first time, Muslim expansion in eastern Afghanistan, after more than two centuries of plundering raids by the Muslim governors of Sistan and fierce resistance from the rulers of the region.[62]
The Hindu Shahis, setting up defenses in Gandhara, continued the resistance to the eastern expansion of Islam until circa 1026 CE.
Religion
In his travel diaries, the Chinese monk Xuanzang reported in the early 700s that the temple of the Hindu god Zun/Sun(Surya) was in the region. He also reported there were numerous Buddhist stupas in the area of Zabul. There were dozens of Hindu temples and hundreds of Buddhist monasteries.[3] In addition , drawing many pilgrims.[3] According to Wink, it was clear that Zunbils ruled over a predominately Indian realm.[63]
Buddhism
In 726 CE, the Korean Buddhist monk
Zhun
The Zunbils worshiped a deity called Zhūn (or Zūn), from whom they derived their name.[65] He is represented with flames radiating from his head on coins. Statues were adorned with gold and used rubies for eyes. Huen Tsang calls him "sunagir".[28]
The origin and nature of Zhun is disputed. M. Shenkar in his study comes to the conclusion that Zhun was possibly connected to the deity of the river Oxus, the modern river Amudarya. Furthermore, he holds it most likely that Zhun was the greatest deity worshiped in Zabulistan.
His shrine lay on a sacred mountain in
Zurvan hypothesis
Other scholars however have connected Zun with the Sassanid Zoroastrian deity Zurvān, the deity of time.
"Regarding origin of Žuna, Xuanzang had only mentioned that it was initially brought to Kapisa, later Begram from "far" and later moved to Zabul. There is no consensus as to who brought it and when. By identifying Žun with Sassanian Zurvān, the cult of Žun or *Zruvān can be viewed in a much wider context of Iranian history and religious developments. Žun, Like Zurvān, most likely represented the "god of time", a heresy in Zoroastrianism, which originated in response to the religious reforms introduced during second half of Achaemenid Empire. The cosmopolitan nature of the god is consistent with the variety of religions practiced in the region prior to the
Islamization of Afghanistan."[66]
According to Gulman S, its Afghan followers were, most probably, initially Zoroastrians. Mention of Žun and its devotees disappeared with the end of Žunbil dynasty of Zabulistan in 870. Its followers, according to Ibn Athir, accepted Islam.[66]
According to N. Sims-Williams:[14]
"It is not unlikely that Zhun derives from the Iranian Zurwan."
Ulf Jäger states: We should interpret "Zhun" as the name of the ancient Iranian deity of time, "Zurwan".[14]
See also
- Islamic conquest of Afghanistan
- Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan
- Religion in Afghanistan
- Taank kingdom
References
- ^ JSTOR 44710198.
- ^ a b "16. THE HINDU SHAHIS IN KABULISTAN AND GANDHARA AND THE ARAB CONQUEST". Pro.geo.univie.ac.at. Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna. Archived from the original on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Alram, Michael; Filigenzi, Anna; Kinberger, Michaela; Nell, Daniel; Pfisterer, Matthias; Vondrovec, Klaus. "The Countenance of the other (The Coins of the Huns and Western Turks in Central Asia and India) 2012-2013 exhibit: 15. THE RUTBILS OF ZABULISTAN AND THE "EMPEROR OF ROME"". Pro.geo.univie.ac.at. Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna. Archived from the original on 5 September 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g "14. KABULISTAN AND BACTRIA AT THE TIME OF "KHORASAN TEGIN SHAH"". Pro.geo.univie.ac.at. Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna. Archived from the original on 5 September 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
- ^ Andre Wink, Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World, Vol.1, (Brill, 1996), 115;""The Zunbils of the early Islamic period and the Kabulshahs were almost certainly epigoni of the southern-Hephthalite rulers of Zabul."
- ^ History of Civilizations of central Asia, B A Litivinsky Zhang Guang-Da, R Shabani Samghabadi, p.376
- ^ ISBN 9781785703065.
- ^ Rehman, Abdur (1979). The Last Two Dynasties of the Śahis: An Analysis of Their History, Archaeology, Coinage and Palaeography. Centre for the Study of the Civilizations of Central Asia, Quaid-i-Azam University. pp. 58–67.
- ^ Raphael Israeli, Anthony Hearle Johns (1984). Islam in Asia: South Asia. Magnes Press. p. 15.
- ISSN 1868-9027.
- ^ Kuwayama, Shoshin (2000). Historical Notes on Kāpiśī and Kābul in the Sixth-Eighth Centuries (PDF).
- ^ ISBN 9004095098.
- ^ a b Clifford Edmund Bosworth (1977). The Medieval History of Iran, Afghanistan, and Central Asia. Variorum Reprints. p. 344.
- ^ a b c d e Jäger, Ulf (2019). Sino-Platonic Papers: A Unique Alxon-Hunnic Horse-and-Rider Statuette (Late Fifth Century CE) from Ancient Bactria / Modern Afghanistan in the Pritzker Family Collection, Chicago (PDF). Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
- ^ André Wink, "Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World", Brill 1990, p. 118
- ^ Bosworth, Clifford Edmund. 2002. The Encyclopaedia of Islam. Leiden: Brill. Zamindawar. p.439.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-317-34090-4.
- ^ André Wink, "Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World", Brill 1990. p 120
- ^ "Amir Kror and His Ancestry". Abdul Hai Habibi. alamahabibi.com. Retrieved August 14, 2012.
- ^ Alram, Michael; Filigenzi, Anna; Kinberger, Michaela; Nell, Daniel; Pfisterer, Matthias; Vondrovec, Klaus. "The Countenance of the other (The Coins of the Huns and Western Turks in Central Asia and India) 2012-2013 exhibit: 13. The Turk Shahis in Kabulistan". Pro.geo.univie.ac.at. Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna. Archived from the original on 28 August 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
- ^ a b Vondrovec, Klaus. Coins, Art and Chronology II - The First Millennium C.E. in the Indo-Iranian Borderlands (Coinage of the Nezak). p. 183.
- ^ Rehman 1976, pp. 47.
- ^ Rehman 1976, pp. 58–67.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-4384-2039-4.
- ^ Rehman 1976, pp. 66.
- ^ ISBN 978-92-3-103211-0.
- ^ Excavations at Kandahar 1974 & 1975 (Society for South Asian Studies Monograph) by Anthony McNicoll
- ^ a b "The Temple of Zoor or Zoon in Zamindawar". Abdul Hai Habibi. alamahabibi.com. 1969. Retrieved August 14, 2012.
- ISBN 9780297865599.
- ^ a b Hugh Kennedy,The Great Arab Conquests', 2007, pages 194-198
- ^ a b c d Lee, Jonathan L.; Sims Williams, Nicholas (2003). "Bactrian Inscription from Yakawlang sheds new light on history of Buddhism in Afghanistan". Silk Road Art and Archaeology. 9: 167.
- ^ Lee, Jonathan L.; Sims Williams, Nicholas (2003). "Bactrian Inscription from Yakawlang sheds new light on history of Buddhism in Afghanistan". Silk Road Art and Archaeology. 9: 172.
- ^ "Late Hunnic, Turkic and Arab-Hephthalite Issues, page 7". grifterrec.org.
- JSTOR 29757657.
- ^ a b c Lee, Jonathan L.; Sims Williams, Nicholas (2003). "Bactrian Inscription from Yakawlang sheds new light on history of Buddhism in Afghanistan". Silk Road Art and Archaeology. 9.
- ^ Kuwayama, S. (2002). Across the Hindukush of the First Millennium: a collection of the papers (PDF). Kyoto University. p. 139.
- ^ .
- JSTOR 29757642.
- JSTOR 29757642.
- ^ Lee, Jonathan L.; Sims Williams, Nicholas (2003). "Bactrian Inscription from Yakawlang sheds new light on history of Buddhism in Afghanistan". Silk Road Art and Archaeology. 9: 166.
- ISBN 978-90-04-46066-9.
- .
- ISBN 978-94-93194-01-4.
- .
- .
- ^ ISBN 978-90-04-46066-9.
- ISBN 978-81-8430-106-9.
- ^ Original Chinese: 又從此罽賓國西行至七日謝䫻國。彼自呼云社護羅薩他那。土人是胡。王及兵馬。即是突厥。其王即是罽賓王姪兒。自把部落兵馬住此於國。不屬餘國。亦不屬阿叔。此王及首領。雖是突厥。極敬三寶。足寺足僧。行大乘法。有一大突厥首領。名娑鐸幹。每年一迴。設金銀無數。多於彼王。衣著人風。土地所出。與罽賓王相似。言音各別。 in "遊方記抄 第1卷 CBETA 漢文大藏經". tripitaka.cbeta.org.
- JSTOR 29757657.
- ^ JSTOR 29757657.
- ISBN 0226742210.
- ^ Al-Ya'qubi, Historiae, p. 479; al-Tabari, v. 30: p. 143
- ^ For example, joining Rafi' ibn Layth's rebellion and reneging on tribute agreements: al-Ya'qubi, Historiae, p. 528; al-Baladhuri, pp. 203-04
- ^ Kuwayama, Shoshin (1999). "Historical Notes on Kapisi and Kabul in the Sixth-Eighth Centuries" (PDF). ZINBUN. 34: 44.
- ISBN 9789004364165.
- ^ Rahman, A. (2002). "New Light on the Khingal, Turk and the Hindu Sahis" (PDF). Ancient Pakistan: 41.
- ^ "The Buddhist site of Tapa Sardar". ghazni.bradypus.net. Archives of the Italian Archaeological Mission in Afghanistan.
- ^ a b c d e Rehman 1976.
- ISBN 978-90-04-46066-9.
- ^ Bosworth 1975, p. 110.
- ^ Pandjhir, Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. VIII, 258.
- Buddhist Gandhara civilization." in Bosworth 1975.
- ISBN 978-0-391-04173-8.
- ^ a b For panorama images of the site see: "The Buddhist site of Tapa Sardar". ghazni.bradypus.net. Italian Archaeological Mission in Afghanistan.
- ISBN 978-0-391-04173-8.
- ^ a b c d Afridi, Gulman sher. "Etymology of Zhunbil and Identity of the Rulers of Kabul and Zabul in Seventh -Ninth Centuries C.E". Journal of Asian Civilisation.
Sources
- ISBN 978-0-521-20093-6.
- Rehman, Abdur (January 1976). The Last Two Dynasties of the Sahis: An analysis of their history, archaeology, coinage and palaeography (Ph.D. thesis). Australian National University.
External links
Notes
- 1.^ "Xuanzang's story is simple , but suggests a historical background:there happened a conflict between the two religious groups, the Surya group and the Zhuna group".