Olanzapine
Clinical data | |
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Trade names | Zyprexa, Zypine, others[1] |
AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
MedlinePlus | a601213 |
License data |
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Pregnancy category |
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Routes of administration | By mouth, intramuscular injection |
Drug class | Atypical antipsychotic |
ATC code | |
Legal status | |
Legal status | |
Pharmacokinetic data | |
Bioavailability | 60–65%[5][6][7] |
Protein binding | 93%[8] |
Metabolism | Liver (direct glucuronidation and CYP1A2 mediated oxidation) |
Elimination half-life | 33 hours, 51.8 hours (elderly)[8] |
Excretion | Urine (57%; 7% as unchanged drug), faeces (30%)[8][9] |
Identifiers | |
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JSmol) | |
Melting point | 195 °C (383 °F) |
Solubility in water | Practically insoluble in water mg/mL (20 °C) |
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Olanzapine, sold under the brand name Zyprexa among others, is an
Common side effects include
Olanzapine was patented in 1991 and approved for medical use in the
Medical uses
It is approved by FDA for the following indications:
- schizophrenia.
- acute treatment of manic or mixed episodes associated with bipolar I disorder and maintenance treatment of bipolar I disorder.
- adjunct to valproate, carbamazepine or lithium in the treatment of manic or mixed episodes associated with bipolar I disorder.
- combination olanzapine/fluoxetine for the treatment of depressive episodes associated with bipolar I disorder.[16][17][18]
In the United Kingdom and Australia, it is approved for schizophrenia, moderate to severe manic episodes, alone, or in combination with lithium or valproate and the short-term treatment of acute manic episodes associated with Bipolar I Disorder.[19][20]
Schizophrenia
The first-line psychiatric treatment for schizophrenia is antipsychotic medication.[21] Olanzapine appears to be effective in reducing symptoms of schizophrenia, treating acute exacerbations, and treating early-onset schizophrenia.[22][23][24][25] The usefulness of maintenance therapy, however, is difficult to determine, as more than half of people in trials quit before the 6-week completion date.[26] Treatment with olanzapine (like clozapine) may result in increased weight gain and increased glucose and cholesterol levels when compared to most other second-generation antipsychotic drugs used to treat schizophrenia.[23][27]
Bipolar disorder
Olanzapine is recommended by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence as a first-line therapy for the treatment of acute mania in bipolar disorder.[28] Other recommended first-line treatments are aripiprazole, haloperidol, quetiapine, and risperidone.[29] It is recommended in combination with fluoxetine as a first-line therapy for acute bipolar depression, and as a second-line treatment by itself for the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder.[28]
The Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments recommends olanzapine as a first-line maintenance treatment in bipolar disorder and the combination of olanzapine with fluoxetine as second-line treatment for bipolar depression.[30]
A review on the efficacy of olanzapine as maintenance therapy in people with bipolar disorder was published by in 2006.[31] A 2014 meta-analysis concluded that olanzapine with fluoxetine was the most effective among nine treatments for bipolar depression included in the analysis.[32]
Specific populations
Pregnancy and lactation
Olanzapine is associated with the highest placental exposure of any atypical antipsychotic.
Elderly
Citing an increased risk of
Adverse effects
The principal side effect of olanzapine is weight gain, which may be profound in some cases and/or associated with derangement in blood-lipid and blood-sugar profiles (see section metabolic effects). A 2013 meta-analysis of the efficacy and tolerance of 15 antipsychotic drugs (APDs) found that it had the highest propensity for causing weight gain out of the 15 APDs compared with an SMD of 0.74.[22] Extrapyramidal side effects, although potentially serious, are infrequent to rare from olanzapine,[39] but may include tremors and muscle rigidity.
Aripiprazole, asenapine, clozapine, quetiapine and olanzapine, in comparison to other antipsychotic drugs, are less frequently associated with hyperprolactinaemia. Although these drugs can cause transient or sustained hyperprolactinaemia, the risk is much lower. Owing to its partial dopaminergic agonist effect, aripiprazole is likely to reduce prolactin levels and, in some patients, can cause hypoprolactinaemia.[40] Although olanzapine causes an early dose-related rise in prolactin, this is less frequent and less marked than that seen with haloperidol, and is usually transient. A rise in prolactin is seen in about half of patients on olanzapine compared to over 90% of those taking risperidone, and enduring increases were less frequent in those taking olanzapine.[41]
It is not recommended to be used by IM injection in acute myocardial infarction, bradycardia, recent heart surgery, severe hypotension, sick sinus syndrome, and unstable angina.[42]
Several patient groups are at a heightened risk of side effects from olanzapine and antipsychotics in general. Olanzapine may produce nontrivial
Other side effects include galactorrhea, amenorrhea, gynecomastia, and erectile dysfunction (impotence).[46]
Drug-induced OCD
Many different types of medication can create or induce pure obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in patients who have never had symptoms before. A new chapter about OCD in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (2013) now specifically includes drug-induced OCD.
Metabolic effects
The US
Despite weight gain, a large multicenter, randomized National Institute of Mental Health study found that olanzapine was better at controlling symptoms because patients were more likely to remain on olanzapine than the other drugs.[59] One small, open-label, nonrandomized study suggests that taking olanzapine by orally dissolving tablets may induce less weight gain,[60] but this has not been substantiated in a blinded experimental setting.
Post-injection delirium/sedation syndrome
Postinjection delirium/sedation syndrome (PDSS) is a rare syndrome that is specific to the long-acting injectable formulation of olanzapine, olanzapine
Animal toxicology
Olanzapine has demonstrated carcinogenic effects in multiple studies when exposed chronically to female mice and rats, but not male mice and rats. The tumors found were in either the liver or mammary glands of the animals.[62]
Discontinuation
The
Tentative evidence indicates that discontinuation of antipsychotics can result in psychosis, as a temporary withdrawal symptom.[65] It may also result in reoccurrence of the condition that is being treated.[66] Rarely, tardive dyskinesia can occur when the medication is stopped.[64]
Overdose
Symptoms of an overdose include
Interactions
Drugs or agents that increase the activity of the enzyme CYP1A2, notably tobacco smoke, may significantly increase hepatic first-pass clearance of olanzapine; conversely, drugs that inhibit CYP1A2 activity (examples: ciprofloxacin, fluvoxamine) may reduce olanzapine clearance.[69] Carbamazepine, a known enzyme inducer, has decreased the concentration/dose ratio of olanzapine by 33% compared to olanzapine alone.[68] Another enzyme inducer, ritonavir, has also been shown to decrease the body's exposure to olanzapine, due to its induction of the enzymes CYP1A2 and uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT).[68] Probenecid increases the total exposure (area under the curve) and maximum plasma concentration of olanzapine.[68] Although olanzapine's metabolism includes the minor metabolic pathway of CYP2D6, the presence of the CYP2D6 inhibitor fluoxetine does not have a clinically significant effect on olanzapine's clearance.[68]
Pharmacology
Pharmacodynamics
Olanzapine was first discovered while searching for a chemical analog of clozapine that would not require hematological monitoring. Investigation on a series of thiophene isosteres on 1 of the phenyl rings in clozapine, a thienobenzodiazepine analog (olanzapine) was discovered.[70]
Site | Ki (nM) | Action | Ref | |
---|---|---|---|---|
SERT | ≥3,676 | ND | [71][72] | |
NET | >10,000 | ND | [71] | |
DAT | >10,000 | ND | [71] | |
5-HT1A | 2,063–2,720 | Antagonist | [73][74] | |
5-HT1B | 509–660 | ND | [71][74] | |
5-HT1D | 540–1,582 | ND | [71][74] | |
5-HT1E | 2,010–2,408 | ND | [71][74] | |
5-HT1F | 310 | ND | [74] | |
5-HT2A | 1.32–24.2 | Inverse agonist | [75][76] | |
5-HT2B | 11.8–12.0 | Inverse agonist | [77][78] | |
5-HT2C | 6.4–29 | Inverse agonist | [76][78] | |
5-HT3 | 202 | Antagonist | [71] | |
5-HT5A | 1,212 | Full Agonist | [71] | |
5-HT6 | 6.0–42 | Antagonist | [71][79] | |
5-HT7 | 105–365 | Antagonist | [71][80] | |
α1A | 109–115 | Antagonist | [71][73] | |
α1B | 263 | Antagonist | [71] | |
α2A | 192–470 | Antagonist | [74][80] | |
α2B | 82–180 | Antagonist | [73][74] | |
α2C | 29–210 | Antagonist | [73][74] | |
β1 | >10,000 | ND | [71][74] | |
β2 | >10,000 | ND | [71][74] | |
D1 |
35–118 | Antagonist | [76][80] | |
D2 |
3.00–106 | Antagonist | [81][82] | |
D2L |
31–38 | Antagonist | [74][76] | |
D2S |
21–52 | Antagonist | [74][83] | |
D3 |
7.8–91 | Antagonist | [81][82] | |
D4 |
1.6–50 | Antagonist | [81][72] | |
D4.2 |
17–102 | Antagonist | [84][85] | |
D4.4 |
21–60 | Antagonist | [83] | |
D5 |
74–90 | Antagonist | [71][76] | |
H1 | 0.65–4.9 | Inverse agonist | [71][74] | |
H2 | 44 | Antagonist | [71] | |
H3 | 3,713 | Antagonist | [71] | |
H4 | >10,000 | Antagonist | [71] | |
M1 | 2.5–73 | Antagonist | [86][87] | |
M2 | 48–622 | Antagonist | [79] | |
M3 | 13–126 | Antagonist | [78][79] | |
M4 | 10–350 | Antagonist | [79][86] | |
M5 | 6.0–82 | Antagonist | [79][86] | |
σ1 | >5,000 | ND | [74] | |
σ2 | ND | ND | ND | |
Opioid | >10,000 | ND | [74] | |
nACh | >10,000 | ND | [71] | |
NMDA (PCP) |
>10,000 | ND | [71] | |
VDCC |
>10,000 | ND | [71][74] | |
VGSC | >5,000 | ND | [74] | |
hERG |
6,013 | Blocker | [88] | |
Values are Ki (nM). The smaller the value, the more strongly the drug binds to the site. All data are for human cloned proteins, except H3 (guinea pig), σ1 (guinea pig), opioid (rodent), NMDA/PCP (rat), VDCC, and VGSC.[71] |
Olanzapine has a higher affinity for
In one study D2 receptor occupancy was 60% with low-dose olanzapine (5 mg/day) and occupancy with high dose at 83% (20 mg/day).[89] In the usual clinical dose range of 10–20 mg/day, D2 receptor occupancy varied from 71% to 80%.[90][91]
Olanzapine occupancy at 5-HT2A receptor are high at all doses (5 mg to 20 mg). It is reported that 5 mg dose of olanzapine produced a mean occupancy of 85% at 5 mg, 88% at 10 mg, and 93% at 20 mg dose .[92]
Olanzapine had the highest affinity of any second-generation antipsychotic towards the P-glycoprotein in one in vitro study.[93] P-glycoprotein transports a myriad of drugs across a number of different biological membranes (found in numerous body systems) including the blood–brain barrier (a semipermeable membrane that filters the contents of blood prior to it reaching the brain); P-GP inhibition could mean that less brain exposure to olanzapine results from this interaction with the P-glycoprotein.[94] A relatively large quantity of commonly encountered foods and medications inhibit P-GP, and pharmaceuticals fairly commonly are either substrates of P-GP, or inhibit its action; both substrates and inhibitors of P-GP effectively increase the permeability of the blood–brain barrier to P-GP substrates and subsequently increase the central activity of the substrate, while reducing the local effects on the GI tract. The mediation of olanzapine in the central nervous system by P-GP means that any other substance or drug that interacts with P-GP increases the risk for toxic accumulations of both olanzapine and the other drug.[95]
Olanzapine is a potent antagonist of the muscarinic M3 receptor,[96] which may underlie its diabetogenic side effects.[97][98] Additionally, it also exhibits a relatively low affinity for serotonin 5-HT1, GABAA, β-adrenergic receptors, and benzodiazepine binding sites.[39][99]
Although antagonistic effects of olanzapine at 5-HT2C alone is not associated with weight gain, olanzapine antagonism at histaminergic H1, and muscarinic M3 receptors have been implicated in weight gain.[70][100][101]
The mode of action of olanzapine's antipsychotic activity is unknown. It may involve antagonism of
Antagonizing H1 histamine receptors causes sedation and may cause weight gain, although antagonistic actions at serotonin 5-HT2C and dopamine D2 receptors have also been associated with weight gain and appetite stimulation.[103]
Pharmacokinetics
Metabolism
Olanzapine is metabolized by the cytochrome P450 (CYP) system; principally by isozyme 1A2 (CYP1A2) and to a lesser extent by CYP2D6. By these mechanisms, more than 40% of the oral dose, on average, is removed by the hepatic first-pass effect.[39] Clearance of olanzapine appears to vary by sex; women have roughly 25% lower clearance than men.[68] Clearance of olanzapine also varies by race; in self-identified African Americans or Blacks, olanzapine's clearance was 26% higher.[68] A difference in the clearance is not apparent between individuals identifying as Caucasian, Chinese, or Japanese.[68] Routine, pharmacokinetic monitoring of olanzapine plasma levels is generally unwarranted, though unusual circumstances (e.g. the presence of drug–drug interactions) or a desire to determine if patients are taking their medicine may prompt its use.[68]
Chemistry
Olanzapine is unusual in having four well-characterised crystalline
Chemical synthesis
The preparation of olanzapine was first disclosed in a series of patents from
Society and culture
Legal status
Olanzapine is approved by the US FDA for:
- Treatment—in combination with fluoxetine—of depressive episodes associated with bipolar disorder (December 2003).[106]
- Long-term treatment of bipolar I disorder (January 2004).[107][108]
- Long-term treatment—in combination with fluoxetine—of resistant depression (March 2009)[109]
- Oral formulation: acute and maintenance treatment of schizophrenia in adults, acute treatment of manic or mixed episodes associated with bipolar I disorder (monotherapy and in combination with sodium valproate)
- Intramuscular formulation: acute agitation associated with schizophrenia and bipolar I mania in adults
- Oral formulation combined with fluoxetine: treatment of acute depressive episodes associated with bipolar I disorder in adults, or treatment of acute, resistant depression in adults[110]
- Treatment of the manifestations of psychotic disorders (September 1996[111] – March 2000).[112]
- Short-term treatment of acute manic episodes associated with bipolar I disorder (March 2000)[112]
- Short-term treatment of schizophrenia instead of the management of the manifestations of psychotic disorders (March 2000)[112]
- Maintaining treatment response in schizophrenic patients who had been stable for about eight weeks and were then followed for a period of up to eight months (November 2000)[112]
The drug became
Controversy and litigation
Eli Lilly has faced many lawsuits from people who claimed they developed diabetes or other diseases after taking Zyprexa, as well as by various governmental entities, insurance companies, and others. Lilly produced a large number of documents as part of the discovery phase of this litigation, which started in 2004; the documents were ruled to be confidential by a judge and placed under seal, and later themselves became the subject of litigation.[114]
In 2006, Lilly paid $700 million to settle around 8,000 of these lawsuits,[115] and in early 2007, Lilly settled around 18,000 suits for $500 million, which brought the total Lilly had paid to settle suits related to the drug to $1.2 billion.[116][117]
A December 2006
Lilly had threatened Egilman with criminal contempt charges regarding the documents he took and provided to reporters; in September 2007, he agreed to pay Lilly $100,000 in return for the company's agreement to drop the threat of charges.[120]
In September 2008, Judge Weinstein issued an order to make public Lilly's internal documents about the drug in a different suit brought by insurance companies, pension funds, and other payors.[114]
In March 2008, Lilly settled a suit with the state of Alaska,[121] and in October 2008, Lilly agreed to pay $62 million to 32 states and the District of Columbia to settle suits brought under state consumer protection laws.[120]
In 2009, Eli Lilly pleaded guilty to a US federal criminal misdemeanor charge of illegally marketing Zyprexa for off-label use and agreed to pay $1.4 billion. The settlement announcement stated "Eli Lilly admits that between September 1999 and March 31, 2001, the company promoted Zyprexa in elderly populations as treatment for dementia, including Alzheimer's dementia. Eli Lilly has agreed to pay a $515 million criminal fine and to forfeit an additional $100 million in assets."[122][123]
The outcomes described here, and their legal ramifications, were fueled by motions and appeals that were not resolved until 2010.[124] In 2021, Gottstein summarized this tangle of legal activities, and their impact on the political landscape of psychiatry and antipsychiatry in the US, in The Zyprexa Papers.[125]
Brand names
Olanzapine is generic and available under many brand names worldwide.[1]
A | Aedon, Alonzap, Amulsin, Anzap, Anzatric, Anzorin, Apisco, Apo-Olanzapine, Apo-Olanzapine ODT, Apsico, Arenbil, Arkolamyl |
B | Benexafrina, Bloonis |
C | Caprilon, Cap-Tiva, Clingozan |
D | Deprex, Domus, Dopin |
E | Egolanza, Elynza, Emzypine, Epilanz-10, Exzapine |
F | Fontanivio, Fordep |
G | |
H | |
I | Irropia |
J | Jolyon-MD |
K | Kozylex |
L | Lanopin, Lanzapine, Lanzep, Lapenza, Lapozan, Lazap, Lazapir, Lazapix, Lezapin-MD, Lopez |
M | Meflax, Midax, Medizapin |
N | Niolib, Norpen Oro, Nykob, Nyzol |
O | Oferta, Oferta-Sanovel, Olace, Oladay, Oladay-F, Olaffar, Olan, Olanap, Olancell, Olandix, Olandoz, Olandus, Olankline, Olanpax, Olanstad, Olanza, Olanza Actavis, Olanza Actavis ODT, Olanzalet, Olanzalux, Olanzamed, Olanzapin 1A Pharma, Olanzapin AbZ, Olanzapin Accord, Olanzapin Actavis, Olanzapin AL, Olanzapin Apotex, Olanzapin Aristo, Olanzapin axcount, Olanzapin beta, Olanzapin Bluefish, Olanzapin Cipla, Olanzapin easypharm, Olanzapin Egis, Olanzapin G.L., Olanzapin Genera, Olanzapin Genericon, Olanzapin Helvepharm, Olanzapin Hennig, Olanzapin Heumann, Olanzapin HEXAL, Olanzapin Krka, Olanzapin Lilly, Olanzapin Mylan, Olanzapin Niolib, Olanzapin Orion, Olanzapin PCD, Olanzapin PharmaS, Olanzapin Ranbaxy, Olanzapin ratiopharm, Olanzapin ReplekFarm, Olanzapin Rth, Olanzapin Sandoz, Olanzapin Spirig HC, Olanzapin Stada, Olanzapin SUN, Olanzapin Teva, Olanzapin Viketo, Olanzapin Zentiva, Olanzapina Accord, Olanzapina Actavis, Olanzapina Actavis PTC, Olanzapina Aldal, Olanzapina Almus, Olanzapina Alter, Olanzapina Angenerico, Olanzapina Anipaz, Olanzapina Apotex, Olanzapina APS, Olanzapina Arrowblue, Olanzapina Aspen, Olanzapina Aurobindo, Olanzapina Basi, Olanzapina Bexalabs, Olanzapina Blixie, Olanzapina Bluefish, Olanzapina Bluepharma, Olanzapina Cantabria, Olanzapina Ceapharma, Olanzapina Ciclum, Olanzapina Cinfa, Olanzapina Cipla, Olanzapina Combix, Olanzapina Doc Generici, Olanzapina Dr. Reddy's, Olanzapina Eulex, Olanzapina Eurogenerici, Olanzapina Fantex, Olanzapina Farmoz, Olanzapina Flas Pharma Combix, Olanzapina Genedec, Olanzapina Generis, Olanzapina Germed, Olanzapina Glenmark, Olanzapina Green Avet, Olanzapina Helm, Olanzapina Kern Pharma, Olanzapina Krka, Olanzapina La Santé, Olanzapina Labesfal, Olanzapina Leugim, Olanzapina Lilly, Olanzapina LPH, Olanzapina Mabo, Olanzapina Medana, Olanzapina Medis, Olanzapina Medley, Olanzapina Mylan, Olanzapina Nakozap, Olanzapina Nolian, Olanzapina Normon, Olanzapina Ozilormar, Olanzapina Parke-Davis, Olanzapina Pensa, Olanzapina Pensa Pharma, Olanzapina Pharmakern, Olanzapina Polipharma, Olanzapina Polpharma, Olanzapina Qualigen, Olanzapina Ranbaxy, Olanzapina Ratio, Olanzapina Ratiopharm, Olanzapina Reconir, Olanzapina Reddy, Olanzapina Rospaw, Olanzapina Sabacur, Olanzapina Sandoz, Olanzapina Sarb, Olanzapina Stada, Olanzapina Sun, Olanzapina TAD, Olanzapina Technigen, Olanzapina Terapia, Olanzapina Teva, Olanzapina Tevagen, Olanzapina tolife, Olanzapina Torrent, Olanzapina Vegal, Olanzapina Vida, Olanzapina Winthrop, Olanzapina Wynn, Olanzapina Kraz, Olanzapina Zentiva, Olanzapina Zerpi, Olanzapina Zonapir, Olanzapin-Actavis, Olanzapin-CT, Olanzapine 1A Pharma, Olanzapine Accord, Olanzapine Actavis, Olanzapine Adamed, Olanzapine Alter, Olanzapine Alvogen, Olanzapine Apotex, Olanzapine Arrow Génériques, Olanzapine Auro, Olanzapine Aurobindo, Olanzapine Biogaran, Olanzapine Bluefish, Olanzapine CF, Olanzapine Clonmel, Olanzapine Cristers, Olanzapine Dexcel, Olanzapine EG, Olanzapine Egis, Olanzapine Evolugen, Olanzapine Galenicum, Olanzapine Generichealth, Olanzapine Glenmark, Olanzapine GSK, Olanzapine Isomed, Olanzapine Jacobsen, Olanzapine Jubilant, Olanzapine Lekam, Olanzapine Lesvi, Olanzapine Medana, Olanzapine Mylan, Olanzapine Neopharma, Olanzapine Niolib, Olanzapine Nyzol, Olanzapine Odis Mylan, Olanzapine ODT Generichealth, Olanzapine ODT Sanis Health, Olanzapine ODT Teva, Olanzapine ODT-DRLA, Olanzapine Orion, Olanzapine Polpharma, Olanzapine Prasco, Olanzapine Ranbaxy, Olanzapine Ratiopharm, Olanzapine Sandoz, Olanzapine Sanis Health, Olanzapine Sanovel, Olanzapine Stada, Olanzapine Sun, Olanzapine Synthon, Olanzapine Teva, Olanzapine Torrent, Olanzapine Zentiva, Olanzapine Zentiva Lab, Olanzapine Zydus, Olanzapine-DRLA, Olzapine, Olanzia |
P | Pinaz |
Q | |
R | |
S | |
T | |
U | |
V | |
W | |
X | |
Y | |
Z | Zyprexa, Zolafren, Zalasta, Zypine |
Dosage forms
Olanzapine is marketed in a number of countries, with tablets ranging from 2.5 to 20 mg. Zyprexa (and generic olanzapine) is available as an orally disintegrating "wafer", which rapidly dissolves in saliva. It is also available in 10-mg vials for intramuscular injection.[69]
Research
Olanzapine may be useful in promoting weight gain in underweight adult outpatients with anorexia nervosa. However, no improvement of psychological symptoms was noted.[126]
Olanzapine has been shown to be helpful in addressing a range of anxiety and depressive symptoms in individuals with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders, and has since been used in the treatment of a range of mood and anxiety disorders.[127] Olanzapine is no less effective than lithium or valproate and more effective than placebo in treating bipolar disorder.[128] It has also been used for Tourette syndrome and stuttering.[129]
Olanzapine has been studied for the treatment of hyperactivity, aggressive behavior, and repetitive behaviors in
Olanzapine is frequently prescribed off-label for the treatment of insomnia, including difficulty falling asleep and staying asleep, even though such use is not recommended.[131] The daytime sedation experienced with olanzapine is generally comparable to quetiapine and lurasidone, which is a frequent complaint in clinical trials. In some cases, the sedation due to olanzapine impaired the ability of people to wake up at a consistent time every day. Some evidence of efficacy for treating insomnia is seen; however, side effects such as dyslipidemia and neutropenia, which may possibly be observed even at low doses, outweigh any potential benefits for insomnia that is not due to an underlying mental health condition.[132][133][134][135]
Olanzapine has been recommended to be used in antiemetic regimens in people receiving chemotherapy that has a high risk for vomiting.[136]
Olanzapine has been studied as an antiemetic, particularly for the control of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV).[137]
In general, olanzapine appears to be about as effective as aprepitant for the prevention of CINV, though some concerns remain for its use in this population. For example, concomitant use of metoclopramide or haloperidol increases the risk for extrapyramidal symptoms. Otherwise, olanzapine appears to be fairly well tolerated for this indication, with somnolence being the most common side effect.[138]
Olanzapine has been considered as part of an
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External links
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