1410s

The 1410s decade ran from January 1, 1410, to December 31, 1419.

Events

1410

January–December

• March 25 – The first of the Yongle Emperor's campaigns against the Mongols is launched, leading to the fall of Öljei Temür Khan.
• Giudicato di Arborea in Sardinia
  .
• June 15 – Ottoman Interregnum: Süleyman Çelebi defeats his brother Musa Çelebi outside the Byzantine capital, Constantinople.^[1]
• July 11 – Ottoman Interregnum: Süleyman Çelebi defeats his brother Musa Çelebi outside the Ottoman capital, Edirne.^[2]
• Teutonic Knights, whose power is broken.^[3]

• Archbishop of Prague
  .
• Antipope John XXIII is elected.
• Construction begins on Castle Woerden in the Netherlands.
• The
  Prague Orloj) is built by Mikuláš of Kadaň and Jan Šindel in Prague, the capital of the Czech Republic
  .

January–December

• Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights, ending the Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War
  .
• February 17 – Ottoman Interregnum: Süleyman Çelebi is killed after being forced to flee his capital, Edirne, by his brother Musa Çelebi. Rule of the Ottoman domains in Europe (Rumelia) passes to Musa.^[4]
• second voyage, and presents the Sinhalese king, captured during the Ming–Kotte War, to the Yongle Emperor
  .
• Domhnall of Islay, Lord of the Isles, and an army commanded by Alexander Stewart, Earl of Mar
  battle to a bloody draw.
• September 3 – The Treaty of Selymbria is concluded between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Venice.
• September 21 – King Henry IV of England calls his ninth parliament.
• November 30 – Henry IV dismisses Prince Henry and his supporters from the government.

Date unknown

• Under the
  canal locks. Four large reservoirs in Shandong are also dug, in order to regulate water levels, instead of resorting to pumping water from local tables. A large dam
  is also constructed, to divert water from the Wen River southwest into the Grand Canal.
• Constantinople is briefly besieged by the Ottoman pretender Musa Çelebi, due to Byzantine support for Süleyman Çelebi during the Ottoman Interregnum.
• (possibly early 1412) The Battle of İnceğiz between the rival brothers Mehmed Çelebi and Musa Çelebi, during the Ottoman Interregnum.

1412

January–December

• Papacy
  .
• January 25 – Ernest, Duke of Austria, marries Cymburgis of Masovia.
• February 28 – The University of St Andrews in Scotland is granted a charter of privilege by the local bishop.^[5]
• July 24 – Behnam Hadloyo becomes Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Mardin.^[6]
• Emperor Shoko accedes to the throne of Japan
  .
• October 28 – Eric of Pomerania becomes sole ruler of the Kalmar Union (Sweden, Denmark and Norway), upon the death of Queen Margaret.
• Kara Koyunlu Turkomans defeat the Georgians under Constantine I of Georgia, and their ally Ibrahim I of Shirvan
  .

• The first mention is made of Wallachian knights competing in a jousting tournament, in Buda.
• Jews
  . Among many other restrictions, the laws force Jews to wear distinctive clothes, and deny them administrative positions.
• Years after its publication in the 14th century, the
  gunpowder warfare, the Huolongjing
  .

January–December

• March 21 – Henry V becomes King of England following the death of his father Henry IV.^[7]
• July 5 – Battle of Çamurlu: Mehmed I defeats his brother Musa, ending the Ottoman Interregnum.
• August 28 – The University of St Andrews in Scotland is chartered by papal bull.^[8]
• The Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania sign the Union of Horodło
  .
• October 12 – Tewodros I ascends the throne as Emperor of Ethiopia following the death of his father Dawit I

Date unknown

• Samogitia becomes the last region in Europe to be Christianized.^[9]
• The
  Annals of the Joseon Dynasty
  begin in Korea.

1414

January–December

• Grand Master of the Teutonic Order
  .
• May 28 – Khizr Khan (Timur's governor of Multan) takes the Delhi Sultanate from Daulat Khan Lodi, founding the Sayyid Dynasty.
• June 23 – Yeshaq I, succeeds his brother Tewodros I as Emperor of Ethiopia
• August 6 – Joanna II succeeds her brother Ladislaus, as Queen of Naples.
• November 16 – The Council of Constance begins in order to end the western schism.

Date unknown

• Ernest, Duke of Austria (head of the Leopoldian line of the House of Habsburg) is the last duke to be enthroned in the Duchy of Carinthia, according to the ancient Carantanian ritual of installing dukes at the Prince's Stone; he adopts the title of Archduke.
• Alien priory cells are suppressed in England.^[where?][10]
• The Tibetan lama Je Tsongkhapa, of the Gelug school of Buddhism, declines the offer of the Yongle Emperor of China to appear in the capital at Nanjing, although he sends his disciple Chosrje Shākya Yeshes, who is given the title "State Teacher". The later Xuande Emperor will grant Yeshes the title of a king, upon a return visit to China (to the new capital at Beijing).
• Durham School is founded as a grammar school in the city of Durham, England by Thomas Langley, Prince-Bishop of Durham; it continues in existence as an independent school 600 years later.

1415

January–December

• Elector of Brandenburg
  .
• heresy
  ; after his denial, he is tried for heresy, excommunicated, then sentenced to be burned at the stake.
• July 4 – Pope Gregory XII officially opens the Council of Constance, and then abdicates. He is the last pope to resign, until Pope Benedict XVI in 2013.
• burned at the stake in Konstanz
  .
• July 31 – Henry V of England is informed of the Southampton Plot against him; he has the leaders arrested and executed, before invading France.
• Conquest of Ceuta: Portugal conquers the city of Ceuta from the Moors, initiating the Portuguese Empire, and European expansion and colonialism
  .
• October 25 – Battle of Agincourt: Archers of Henry V of England are instrumental in defeating a massed army of French knights.^[11]

Date unknown

• Avignon Pope Benedict XIII orders all Talmuds to be delivered to the diocese
  , and held until further notice.
• The
  Habsburg
  .
• The
  Ming Dynasty to improve the grain shipment system of tribute traveling from south to north, towards his new capital at Beijing
  . With this action, the food supply crisis is solved by the end of the year.

January–December

• January 27 – The Republic of Ragusa is the first state in Europe to outlaw slavery.
• May 29 – Battle of Gallipoli: Venetian admiral Pietro Loredan destroys the Ottoman fleet.
• Catholic Church burns Jerome of Prague
  as a heretic.

• The Trezzo sull'Adda Bridge (the longest arch bridge in the world at the time) is destroyed.
• The Hussite Bible is completed by Tamás Pécsi and Bálint Újlaki.

1417

January–December

• June 29 – An English fleet, led by the Earl of Huntingdon, defeats a fleet of Genoese carracks and captures their admiral, the "Bastard of Bourbon".^[12]
• Great Western Schism
  .
• August 12 – King Henry V of England begins using English in correspondence (back to England from France whilst on campaign), marking the beginning of this king's continuous usage of English in prose, and the beginning of the restoration of English as an official language for the first time since the Norman Conquest, some 350 years earlier.
• September 20 – Henry V of England captures Caen, Normandy, which remains in English hands until 1450.
• November 14 – Pope Martin V succeeds Pope Gregory XII (who abdicated in 1415), as the 206th pope.

Date unknown

• The earliest extant description of Tynwald Day; the annual meeting of the Isle of Man's parliament (Tynwald) is written down in law.^[13]
• The use of street lighting is first recorded in London, England when Sir Henry Barton, the mayor, orders lanterns with lights to be hung out on the winter evenings, between Hallowtide and Candlemas.
• Mircea cel Bătrân loses Dobruja to the Ottomans and pays them tribute, thus preventing Wallachia
  from becoming an Ottoman province.
• Chimalpopoca, son of Huitzilihuitl, succeeds his father as Tlatoani (monarch) of Tenochtitlan (modern Mexico City)^[14]

1418

January–December

• Mircea I of Wallachia is succeeded by Michael I of Wallachia
  .
• April 22 – The Council of Constance ends.^[15]
• May 29 – John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy, captures Paris.

• July – The English Siege of Rouen begins.^[16]

• King Sejong
  ascends to the throne.

Date unknown

• Madeira Islands
  .

1419

January–December

• January 19 – Hundred Years' War: Rouen surrenders to Henry V of England, which brings Normandy under the control of England.
• Joseon Korea
  begins.
• July 30 – The first Defenestration of Prague occurs in Bohemia.
• August – Siege of Ceuta: The Portuguese successfully defend off the invading Moroccans who attempt to retake the city of Ceuta.
• September 10 – John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy is assassinated by adherents of the Dauphin.
• November – The Ottoman–Venetian peace treaty ends four years of conflict, by recognizing Venetian possessions in the Aegean and the Balkans.

Date unknown

• Madeira Islands
  .
• The University of Rostock is established as the oldest university of northern Europe.^[17]
• The
  Abdur Razzaq. Naqqash writes about China's wealthy economy and huge urban markets, its efficient courier
  system as compared to that in Persia, the hospitality of his hosts at the courier stations in providing comfortable lodging and food, and the fine luxurious goods and craftsmanship of the Chinese.
• Mihail I defends Wallachia against the Ottomans, with Hungarian help.
• The final 41 treasure ships are built in the Nanjing shipyards, used in the expeditions of Zheng He.^[18]

Significant people

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Births

1410

• January 30 – William Calthorpe, English knight (d. 1494)^[19]
• July 14 – Arnold, Duke of Guelders, Duke of Guelders (1423–1465 and 1471–1473) (d. 1473)
• August 1 – John IV, Count of Nassau-Siegen (1442–1475) (d. 1475)
• date unknown
  • Masuccio Salernitano, Italian poet (d. 1475)
  • William Sinclair, 1st Earl of Caithness (d. 1484)
• probable
  • Johannes Ockeghem, Dutch composer (d. 1497)^[20]
  • Ólöf Loftsdóttir, politically active Icelandic woman (d. 1479)
  • Conrad Paumann, German organist and composer (d. 1473)
  • Vecchietta, Sienese painter, sculptor and architect (d. 1480)

1411

• September 21 – Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York, claimant to the English throne (d. 1460)^[21]
• date unknown – Juan de Mena, Spanish poet (d. 1456)
• Margareta of Celje, Polish Duchess (d. 1480)

1412

• Feast of the Epiphany, but there is no documentary evidence) (d. 1431
  )
• January 26 – William IV, Lord of Egmont, IJsselstein, Schoonderwoerd and Haastrecht and Stadtholder of Guelders (d. 1483)
• April 22 – Reinhard III, Count of Hanau (1451–1452) (d. 1452)
• Ludovico III Gonzaga, Marquis of Mantua (d. 1478
  )
• August 22 – Frederick II, Elector of Saxony and Margrave of Meissen (1428–1464) and Landgrave of Thuringia (1440–1445) (d. 1464)
• November 17 – Zanobi Strozzi, Italian painter (d. 1468)
• December 8 – Astorre II Manfredi, Italian noble (d. 1468)

1413

• February 24 – Louis, Duke of Savoy (d. 1465)
• September 8 – Catherine of Bologna, Italian cloistered nun (d. 1463)^[22]
• November 19 – Frederick II, Elector of Brandenburg (d. 1471)
• date unknown – Joanot Martorell, Spanish writer (d. 1468)

1414

• January 7 – Henry II, Count of Nassau-Siegen, Co-ruler of Nassau-Siegen (1442–1451) (d. 1451)^[23][24][25]
• Thomas Clifford, 8th Baron de Clifford, English noble (d. 1455
  )
• May 11 – Francis I, Duke of Brittany (d. 1450)^[26]
• July 21 – Pope Sixtus IV (d. 1484)^[27]
• November 7 – Jami, Persian poet (d. 1492)
• Albrecht III Achilles, Elector of Brandenburg, Prince-elector of the Margraviate of Brandenburg (d. 1486
  )
• date unknown
  • Charles I, Count of Nevers, Count of Nevers and Rethel (d. 1464)
• probable – Narsinh Mehta, poet-saint of Gujarat (d. 1481)

1415

• March 10 – Vasily II of Moscow, Grand Prince (d. 1462)
• Wilhelm II, Count of Henneberg-Schleusingen (d. 1444
  )
• Edward IV of England and Richard III of England (d. 1495
  )
• September 12 – John Mowbray, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, English magnate (d. 1461)^[28]
• Elizabeth de Beauchamp, Baroness Bergavenny, English baroness (d. 1448
  )
• September 21 – Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1493)
• October 18 – Heinrich von Dissen, German theologian (d. 1484)
• Han Myung-hoi, Korean politician (d. 1487
  )
• December 1 – Jan Długosz, Polish historian (d. 1480)
• date unknown
  • Benedetto Accolti, Italian jurist and historian (d. 1464)
  • Rennyo, Japanese Buddhist leader (d. 1499)
  • Chakkaphat Phaen Phaeo, Lan Xang king (d. 1481)

1416

• February 26 – Christopher of Bavaria (d. 1448)
• March 27 – Antonio Squarcialupi, Italian organist and composer (d. 1480)
• March 28 – Jodha of Mandore, Ruler of Marwar (d. 1489)
• Jakobus, nobleman from Lichtenberg in the northern part of Alsace (d. 1480
  )
• October 26 – Edmund Grey, 1st Earl of Kent (d. 1490)
• date unknown
  • Benedetto Cotrugli, Ragusan/Croatian merchant, economist, scientist, diplomat and humanist (d. 1469)
  • Pal Engjëlli, Albanian Catholic clergyman (d. 1470)
  • Order of the Minims (d. 1507
    )
  • Piero di Cosimo de' Medici, ruler of Florence (d. 1469)
• probable – Jacquetta of Luxembourg, English duchess and countess (d. 1472)

1417

• February 23
  • Pope Paul II (d. 1471)^[29]
  • Louis IX, Duke of Bavaria-Landshut (1450–1479) (d. 1479)
• May 25 – Catherine of Cleves, Duchess consort regent of Guelders (d. 1479)
• June 19 – Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta, lord of Rimini (d. 1468)
• November 8 – Philipp I, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg (1458–1480) (d. 1480)
• November 19 – Frederick I, Count Palatine of Simmern from 1459 until 1480 (d. 1480)
• William FitzAlan, 16th Earl of Arundel, English politician (d. 1487
  )
• date unknown
  • Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna, regent of Sweden 1457 and 1465–1466, archbishop of Uppsala 1448–1467
  • Nicholas of Flüe, Swiss hermit and saint (d. 1487)

1418

• Juan Ramón Folch III de Cardona, Aragonese admiral (d. 1485
  )
• March 14 – Philip II, Count of Nassau-Weilburg (1429–1492) (d. 1492)
• April 20 – Earl David of Rookwood
• May 16 – John II of Cyprus, King of Cyprus and Armenia and also titular King of Jerusalem from 1432 to 1458 (d. 1458)
• August 5 – Malatesta Novello, Italian condottiero (d. 1465)
• September 24 – Anne of Cyprus, Italian noble (d. 1462)
• November 2 – Gaspare Nadi, Italian builder famous for his diary (diario) (d. 1504)
• Robert de Morley, 6th Baron Morley, Lord of Morley Saint Botolph (d. 1442
  )
• December 8 – Queen Jeonghui, Queen consort of Korea (d. 1483)
• Albert VI of Austria (d. 1463
  )
• date unknown – Peter II, Duke of Brittany (d. 1457)
  • Isotta Nogarola, Italian writer and intellectual (d. 1466)

1419

• caliph of Ifriqiya (d. 1488
  )
• February 16 – John I, Duke of Cleves (d. 1481)
• March 24 – Ginevra d'Este (d. 1440)
• June 24 – John of Sahagún, Spanish Augustinian friar, priest and saint (d. 1479)
• Emperor Go-Hanazono of Japan (d. 1471
  )
• November 1 – Albert II, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen (d. 1485)
• date unknown
  • Abd al-Haqq II, last Marinid Sultan of Morocco (d. 1465)
  • Barbara Fugger, German banker (d. 1497)

Deaths

1410

• March 5 – Matthew of Kraków, Polish reformer (b. 1335)^[30]
• March 16 – John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset (b. 1373)^[31]
• May 3 – Antipope Alexander V, (b. 1339)^[32]
• Rupert of Germany, Count Palatine of the Rhine (b. 1352
  )
• May 31 – Martin of Aragon (b. 1356)
• July 15 – Ulrich von Jungingen, German Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights (in battle) (b. 1360)
• August – Matthew I of Constantinople
• August 10 – Louis II, Duke of Bourbon (b. 1337)
• date unknown
  • Margareta Dume, influential Swedish-Finnish noble
  • John Badby, English martyr

1411

• January 18 – Jobst of Moravia, ruler of Moravia, King of the Romans
• February 6 – Esau de' Buondelmonti, ruler of Epirus
• June 3 –Leopold IV, Duke of Austria (b. 1371)
• September – Anne de Mortimer, Countess of Cambridge (b. 1390)
• November 4 – Khalil Sultan, ruler of Transoxiana (b. 1384)
• probable – Hasdai Crescas, Jewish philosopher

1412

• March –
  Albrekt of Mecklenburg, king of Sweden 1364–1389 (b. 1336
  )
• Ruy Gonzáles de Clavijo
  , Castilian traveller and writer
• May 16 – Gian Maria Visconti, Duke of Milan
• Margherita of Durazzo, Queen consort of Charles III of Naples (b. 1347
  )
• September 14 – Ingegerd Knutsdotter, Swedish abbess (b. 1356)
• October 28 – Margaret I of Denmark, queen regnant of Denmark of Norway since 1387 and of Sweden since 1389 (b. 1353)^[33]
• date unknown –
  Ignatius Abraham bar Garib, Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Mardin^[34]
• date unknown –
  Jalal ad-Din khan
  , khan of the Golden Horde

• Maud de Ufford, Countess of Oxford (b. 1345
  )
• March 20 – Henry IV of England (b. 1367)
• July 5 – Musa Çelebi, Ottoman prince and co-ruler of the Ottoman Empire
• September 26 – Stephen III, Duke of Bavaria (b. 1337)
• Dawit I of Ethiopia (b. 1382
  )
• December 26 – Michele Steno, Doge of Venice (b. 1331)

1414

• February 19 – Thomas Arundel, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1353)
• March 28 – Jeanne-Marie de Maille, French Roman Catholic saint (b. 1331)
• June 23 – Tewodros I, Emperor of Ethiopia
• August 6 – King Ladislaus of Naples (b. 1377)
• William de Ros, 6th Baron de Ros, Lord Treasurer of England (b. 1369
  )
• date unknown
  • Fairuzabadi, Persian lexicographer (b. 1329
    )
  • Ali ibn Mohammed al-Jurjani, Persian encyclopaedic writer (b. 1339
    )
  • John I Stanley of the Isle of Man, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, King of the Isle of Man (b. 1350
    )
• probable – Zyndram of Maszkowice, Polish 14th- and 15th-century knight (b. 1355)

1415

• April 15 – Manuel Chrysoloras, Greek humanist
• July 6 – Jan Hus, Bohemian reformer (burned at the stake) (b. 1369)
• July 19 – Philippa of Lancaster, queen of John I of Portugal (plague) (b. 1359)
• Thomas Grey, conspirator against King Henry V (executed) (b. 1384
  )
• August 5
  • Richard of Conisburgh, 3rd Earl of Cambridge (executed) (b. 1375)
  • Henry Scrope, 3rd Baron Scrope of Masham (executed) (b. 1370)
• September 17 – Michael de la Pole, 2nd Earl of Suffolk (killed in battle) (b. 1367)
• Thomas FitzAlan, 12th Earl of Arundel, English military leader (b. 1381
  )
• October 25 (killed in Battle of Agincourt)
  • John I of Alençon (b. 1385
    )
  • Charles d'Albret
    , Count of Dreux and Constable of France
  • Antoine, Duke of Brabant (b. 1384
    )
  • Michael de la Pole, 3rd Earl of Suffolk (b. 1394)
  • Frederick of Lorraine, Count of Vaudémont (b. 1371
    )
  • Philip II, Count of Nevers (b. 1389)
  • Edward of Norwich, 2nd Duke of York (b. 1373
    )
  • Dafydd Gam, Welsh nobleman (b. c. 1380)^[35]

1416

• February 2 – Racek Kobyla of Dvorce, Bohemian Hetman and Burgrave.
• Eleanor of Castile, queen consort of Navarre (b. c. 1363
  )
• April 2 – King Ferdinand I of Aragon (b. 1379)^[36]
• Anna of Celje, queen consort of Poland (b. c. 1381
  )
• May 30 – Jerome of Prague, Czech theologian (executed) (b. 1379)
• June 15 – John, Duke of Berry, son of John II of France (b. 1340)
• September 4 – John I, Count of Nassau-Siegen, German count^[37]
• October 1 – Yaqub Spata, lord of Arta
• October 14 – Henry the Mild, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg
• December 29 – Mathew Swetenham, bowbearer of Henry IV
• date unknown – The Limbourg brothers, painters of the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry.
• probable
  • Owain Glyndŵr, Welsh prince and leader of the Welsh Revolt
  • Julian of Norwich, English anchoress, mystic and author

1417

• January –
  Art mac Art MacMurrough-Kavanagh, King of Leinster (b. 1357
  )
• March 5 – Manuel III Megas Komnenos, Emperor of Trebizond (b. 1364)
• April 29 – Louis II of Anjou (b. 1377)
• May 31 – William II, Duke of Bavaria (b. 1365)
• September 4 – Robert Hallam, English Catholic bishop
• September 22 – Anne of Auvergne, Sovereign Dauphine of Auvergne and Countess of Forez (b. 1358)^[38]
• September 26 – Francesco Zabarella, Italian jurist (b. 1360)
• October 18 – Pope Gregory XII (b. c. 1325)^[39]
• Gazi Evrenos, Ottoman general (b. 1288
  )
• December 14 – John Oldcastle, English Lollard leader (executed)^[40]
• probable –
  Huitzilíhuitl, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan^[14]

• Mircea I of Wallachia, ruler of Wallachia (b. 1355
  )
• March 22 – Dietrich of Nieheim, German historian
• Katherine of Lancaster, queen of Henry III of Castile
• June 12 – Bernard VII, Count of Armagnac, Constable of France (b. 1360)
• November 25 – Henry Beaufort, 2nd Earl of Somerset (b. 1401)
• December 11 – Louis of Piedmont (b. 1364)
• date unknown
  • Aztecs^[41]
  • Foelke Kampana, Frisian lady and regent (b. 1355)

1419

• April 5 – Vincent Ferrer, Spanish missionary and saint (b. 1350)
• Wenceslaus, King of the Romans, King of Bohemia (b. 1361
  )
• September 10 – John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy (assassinated) (b. 1371)
• December 17 – William Gascoigne, Chief Justice of England
• December 22 – Antipope John XXIII
• date unknown
  • Je Tsongkhapa, founder of the Geluk school of Tibetan Buddhism (b. 1357)^[42]
  • Stella de’ Tolomei
    , Italian courtier

References