310s BC
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This article concerns the period 319 BC – 310 BC.
Events
319 BC
By place
Macedonian Empire
- Battle of Orkynia: Antigonus marches his army against Eumenes in Cappadocia and defeats him in battle at Orkynia.[1]
- Eumenes retreats to the fortress of Nora. Antigonus follows him there and starts a siege.[2]
- Battle of Cretopolis: Antigonus leaves a small force to besiege Eumenes, marches with the rest of his army against the remnants of the Perdiccan faction and defeats them at Cretopolis.[3]
- The , puts him to death.
- Antipater becomes ill and dies shortly after, leaving the regency of the Macedonian Empire to the aged Polyperchon, passing over his son Cassander, a measure which gives rise to much confusion and ill-feeling.
- Polyperchon's authority is challenged by Antipater's son Cassander, who refuses to acknowledge the new regent. With the aid of Macedonia.
- Asia Minor.
- Alexander the Great's widow, Roxana, joins Alexander's mother, Olympias, in Epirus.
318 BC
By place
Macedonian Empire
- Antigonus resolves to become lord of all Asia, and in conjunction with Cassander and Ptolemy. He enters into negotiations with Eumenes; but Eumenes remains faithful to the royal house. He raises an army and forms a coalition with the satraps of the eastern provinces. He then captures Babylon from Antigonus.
- Antigonus marches against Eumenes, so Eumenes withdraws east to join the satraps of the provinces beyond the Tigris River.
- Philip III Arrhidaeusof Macedon.
- Although Polyperchon is initially successful in securing control of the Greek cities, whose freedom he proclaims, his fleet is destroyed by Antigonus.
Greece
- In a power struggle in Athens after the death of Antipater, Phocion is deposed as the ruler of Athens, convicted of treason, and executed by those Athenians hoping to restore democracy to the city. Shortly afterward, the Athenians decree a public burial and a statue in his honor.
China
- The state of Qin moves into the Sichuan basin, giving them control of that great food-producing plain.
By topic
Music
- Aristoxenus, a Greek on music called the "Elements of Harmony".
317 BC
By place
Macedonian Empire
- Battle of Byzantium: At the start of the year, Antigonus Monophthalmus sends Nicanor with a large fleet to do battle with Cleitus the White at the Hellespont. The two fleets meet in near Byzantium, Cleitus wins a victory in which some 70 ships of Nicanor are captured, sunk or disabled, the remnant excaping to Chalcedon, where they are joined by Antigonus and his army. Antigonus orders the remaining 60 ships to be readied for renewed action, and assigns his strongest and most loyal soldiers as marines to these ships. Meanwhile, the Byzantines transport his archers, slingers and peltast to the European shore, where Cleitus's victorious forces were encamped. At dawn the next day Antigonos launches an assault by land and sea and catches Cleitus completely by surprise; Cleitus’s entire force is captured or killed.[4]
- Seleucus joins Antigonus against Eumenes and recaptures Babylon.
- Battle of Paraitacene: The first battle of Western armies each with an elephant corps who fight for control over Alexander's empire. The armies of Antigonus and Eumenes fight each other near today's Isfahanin Persia with no clear victor.
- Macedoniancontrol.
- After capturing Demetrius Phalereus.
- Aeacidesof Epirus.
- While Eurydice, as well as Cassander's brother, Nicanor. She then has them murdered.
- Ptolemy marries Berenice, lady-in-waiting to Eurydice, wife of Ptolemy.
Sicily
- Acestorides, a native of Corinth, is made supreme commander by the citizens of Syracuse.
- After twice being banished for attempting to overthrow the oligarchical party, Agathocles returns with an army and banishes or murders about 10,000 citizens (including the oligarchs), and sets himself up as tyrant of Syracuse. Acestorides is banished from the city.
By topic
Art
- Private funeral monuments are banned in Athenian cemeteries.
Literature
316 BC
By place
Macedonian Empire
- Eumenes and Antigonus, rivals to Cassander for control of Macedonia, meet in the Battle of Gabiene in Media to the northeast of Susa. Antigonus defeats Eumenes, with the aid of Seleucus and Peithon (the satraps of Babylonia and Media, respectively). The result is inconclusive. However, some of Eumenes' soldiers take matters into their own hands. Learning that Antigonus has captured many of their wives, children and the cumulative plunder of nearly 40 years of continuous warfare, they secretly open negotiations with Antigonus for their safe return. They hand over Eumenes and his senior officers to Antigonus in return for their baggage and families. Eumenes is put to death by Antigonus after a week's captivity.
Greece
- Macedonia's regent Polyperchon in battle. Cassander blockades Olympias, mother of the late Alexander the Great, in Pydna, where she surrenders. Cassander takes Roxana and her son Alexander IV of Macedoninto his custody.
- Olympias is condemned to death by Cassander, but his soldiers refuse to carry out the sentence. She is eventually killed by relatives of those she has previously had executed.
- Thessaloniki, half-sister of Alexander the Great. He has Alexander's widow, Roxana and son, Alexander IV of Macedon, imprisoned at Amphipolis in Thrace. They are never to be seen alive again.
- Cassander founds, on Pallenê, a city called Cassandreia
- Thebes, which has been destroyed by Alexander the Great, begins to be rebuilt by Cassander with the help of the citizens of Athens.
- In Rhodes (city), a major flood occurs. At least five hundred people die and many houses collapse. [5]
Sicily
- Agathocles, the new tyrant of Syracuse, extends his rule over the eastern part of the island.[6]
Roman Republic
- The Romans, with an eye to capturing Apulia, send an army (led by dictator Quintus Fabius Maximus Rullianus) to seize the town of Lucera from the Samnites. They are badly beaten in the Battle of Lautulae and the Samnites go on to reach within 32 kilometres of Rome.
China
- Shu in Sichuan, in order to increase Qin's agricultural output and obtain a strategic platform from which to defeat the state of Chu.
315 BC
By place
Macedonian Empire
- Antigonus claims authority over most of Asia, seizes the treasury at Susa and enters Babylon, where Seleucus is governor. Seleucus flees to Ptolemy in Egypt and enters into a league with him, Lysimachus (the ruler of Thrace) and Cassander, against Antigonus. This leads to the First Coalition War.
- Aristodemus of Miletus, by order of Antigonus, sails to Laconia, where he receives permission from the Spartans to recruit 8000 mercenaries. He also meets Alexander and Polyperchon, thus establishing friendship between them and Antigonus [7]
- Peloponnesus[7]
- Peloponnesus[8]
- Peithon consolidates his power base in the eastern part of the Empire.
- Rhodes, furnishes him with the necessary fleet.
Greece
- The King of Aeacides, faces a revolt from his people and they drive him from the kingdom. His son, Phyrrhus, who is then only two years old, is saved from being killed by some faithful servants. Cassander takes control of Epirus.
- In Macedonia the port city of Thessaloniki is founded by Cassander and named after his wife Thessalonike.
- Cassander appoints Apollonides (governor of Argos) as Governor of Argos[9]
- Arcadia during the night.[9]
- Cassander sends Prepelaus to Alexander (son of Polyperchon) and he convinces Alexander to desert Antigonus by offering command of all the Peloponnesus and making him general of an army[9]
Cyprus
Sicily
- Messina.
Roman Republic
- The Nuceria to end their friendship with Rome.[10]
India
- The Indian king Alexander The Great, is killed by Eudemus, another general of Alexander. The son of Porus, Malayketu, seizes his territory back by killing Eudemus.
In fiction
- In the historical novel Funeral Games by Mary Renault, Cassander visits the Lyceum in Athens and tells Theophrastos evil slanderous lies against Alexander the Great.
314 BC
By place
Macedonian Empire
- Aristodemus of Miletus convinces the common assembly of the Aetolians to support Antigonus[11]
- Alexander, son of Polyperchon, is killed by Alexion of Sicyon. Alexander's wife Cratesipolis assumes power and holds his army together.[12]
- .
- Antigonus does not trust Peithon's growing power. So Antigonus tricks Peithon to come to his court, where Antigonus has him executed.
- Antigonus invades Syria, then under Ptolemy's control, and besieges and captures Tyre. Antigonus then occupies Syria, proclaiming himself regent.
Greece
- As Cassander fights to retain control over central Greece, Antigonus promises freedom to the Greek cities in a bid to gain support from them against Cassander.[12]
- The Aetolians enter into an alliance with Antigonus, and the League of the Islanders is established under Antigonus' hegemony. Cassander marches against them with his allies Lysimachus, Ptolemy and Seleucus and destroys the city of Agrinio.
Roman Republic
- Success seems to be going the Samnites' way in their ongoing battles against the Romans. Campania is on the verge of deserting Rome. Peace is established between Rome and some Samnite towns.
- The Roman
- While the consuls are fighting the Samnites at Tarracina, the Romans elect Magister Equitum (Master-of-Horse, Second-in-Command) and send them into Campania at the head of a large army. When Meanius and Foslius arrive near Capua the Campanians, hearing about the defeat of the Samnites at Tarracina, start negotiating terms with the Romans; they surrender those who are guilty of the uprising and in turn are reinstated in their alliance with Rome.[13]
China
- Zhou Dynasty of China.
- The city of Qin Dynasty.
313 BC
By place
Syria
- Peloponnesus to free the cities.[14]
Egypt
- Ptolemy, whose Egyptian kingdom includes Cyprus, puts down a revolt there.[15]
- A revolt in Cyrene is also crushed.[16]
Asia Minor
- Eupolemus, one of Prepelaus' lieutenants, is sent with 8,000 infantry and 200 cavalry. However, some deserters from Eupolemus' strike force betray their plans to Ptolemy who quickly gathers 8,300 infantry and 600 cavalry from their winter quarters and marches against Eupolemus. In the middle of the night Ptolemy launches a surprise attack on Eupolemus' camp capturing the entire force with ease.[17]
- Asander agrees to send all his soldiers to Antigonus to help keep Greek cities autonomous[19]
- Asander sends emissaries to Ptolemy and Seleucus asking for help[19]
Thrace
- In the spring of 313 a revolt against Lysimachus is under way in the Greek cities of the northwestern Black Sea coast. Callatis, Istria and Odessus rebel. The latter two are quickly taken by Lysimachus, but Callatis holds out. Antigonus sends a fleet and an army under a general named Pausanias to aid the city, he also persuades the Thracian king Seuthes to rebel. Lysimachus leaves part of his army to continue the siege, while he himself marches against Pausanias. He fights his way past Seuthes through the Haemus Mountains and captures Pausanias' force, enrolling them in his army. Pausanias is killed in battle, but most of his officers are ransomed back to Antigonus.[20][21]
Greece
- Becoming tired of
- At the autumn meeting of the Aetolians to support Antigonus.[22]
- Macedon. Aeacides, with the remnant of his forces, joins the Aetolians. Philip catches up to Aeacides and the Aetolians at Oeniadae and defeats them in battle. Aeacides, who was wounded in the Battle of Oeniadae, dies a few days later. The remaining Aetolian army takes refuge in the surrounding mountains.[14]
- Macedon.[24]
- With his western border thus strengthened,
- Cassander orders Dionysius (the commander of his garrison in Athens) and Demetrius of Phalerum (the tyrant of Athens) to send a fleet of 20 warships to try and recapture Lemnos. An Athenian strategos named Aristoteles is sent, ravaging the island in conjunction with Seleucus (who was sent into the Aegean by Ptolemy). After Seleucus sails away, Aristoteles is attacked by the Antigonid fleet, most of his ships being captured.[26]
Italy
- The Samnites take Fregellae in Latium, the Roman dictator Gaius Poetelius Libo Visolus marches his army from Rome and moves to retake it, but the Samnites leave at night; Visolus places a garrison in the city.
- The
- The Romans establishes Suessa Aurunca.[29]
Sicily
- Deinocrates, the leader of the Syracusan exiles, sends envoys to the Carthaginians to ask them for help against Agathocles the tyrant of Syracuse. The Carthaginians, fearing for their own possessions in Sicily, send a large force to the island.[30]
- The exiles send Nymphodorus (a friend of Deinocrates) with some soldiers to take Centoripini (some of whose elite had promised to assist the exiles in taking the city). Nymphodorus is killed in the failed attempt to capture the city. Agathocles executes everyone he suspects of sedition in the city.[31]
312 BC
By place
Cyrenaica
- The people of Cyrene in the Cyrenaica rise up in a revolt against Ptolemy, putting the Ptolemaic garrison, which occupies their citadel, under siege. After they execute Ptolemy's envoys, who came to bade them to cease their sedition, he sends Agis (one of his generals) with an army and Epaunetus (another general) with a fleet to put down the rebellion. Agis storms the city, captures the rebels, and sends the ringleaders to Alexandria.[32][33]
Cyprus
- After putting down the revolt in Cyrene, Ptolemy sails to
Syria/Mesopotamia/Babylonia
- Ptolemy raids Antigonus' territories in Cilicia and Syria, and then sails back to Egypt.[35]
- At the end of the year, Demetrius.[36]
- Seleucus ceases his service to Ptolemy and returns to his former province, Babylonia. This event takes place on October 1 and becomes the starting point of the Seleucid era.[38]
Asia Minor
- At the start of the year,
- Antigonus sends his nephew Telesphoros with an army of 5,000 infantry and 500 cavalry to mainland Greece to carry on the war against Cassander.[40]
Greece/Macedon/Thrace
- The people of
- Alcetas advances on the Macedonian garrison of Acarnania under Lyciscus, a general of Cassander. Three battles are fought and a defeated Alcetas flees to a fortress in Epirus. Cassander marches the main Macedonian field army into Epirus and forces Alcetas to ally with him.[42]
- Cassander marches on Apollonia, which people had driven out his garrison with the help of the Illyrians, but the Appolonians and Illyrians defeat him in battle, driving him out of western Greece for the time being.
- The people of Epirus, tired of Alcetas (who ruled Epirus harshly), rose up and murdered him and his sons.
- Telesphorus arrives in to the Peloponnese and starts expelling Cassander's garissons. He successfully liberates all cities and towns that are being held for Cassander by Polyperchon and his son Alexander; all except Sicyon and Corinth who are being defended by Polyperchon and Alexander themselves.[43]
- Cassander sails against the city of Oreus on Euboea with a fleet of 30 ships. He blockades its port trying to force the city's surrender.
- Asia Minor; they break Cassander's blockade.
- Cassander receives reinforcements from Athens (under Thymochares the Sphettian, descendant of Thymochares) and defeats Telesphoros' squadron.[44]
- Antigonus sends his nephew Ptolemy, whom he has made Strategos of Greece, with 5,000 infantry, 500 cavalry and 150 warships (he had recalled and reinforced Medius' fleet) to take command of all Antigonid forces and affairs in Greece.[45]
- Cassander abandons the siege of Oreus, concentrating his forces at Chalcis to counter Ptolemy who has landed at Bathys in Boeotia and has been reinforced by the Boeotian League with 2,200 infantry and 1,300 cavalry.[46]
- Antigonus marches his main field army to the Hellespontine region threatening to invade Europe and attack Macedon, forcing Cassander to retreat to Macedon to prepare its defences.[47]
- Propontis and tries to negotiate an alliance with Byzantium, but the city, at the urging of Lysimachus, remains neutral; without it Antigonus gives up on the idea of crossing over into Europe.[48]
- The
- Boeotian League. After Oropos he invades Attica putting pressure on Athens to negotiate a truce. From Attica he marches on Thebes, captures it and removes Cassander's garrison. He moves on to Phocis, drives out Cassander's garrisons in that region as well, and moves into Opuntian Locris, where he besieges Opus.[50]
- Telesphorus, who had been subordinated to Antigonus' other nephew Ptolemy considered this an insult and ends his friendship with Antigonus through betrayal.[51]
- Telesphorus enters Elis, fortifies its citadel, and enslaves the city. He then marches on Olympia plunders its sacred precinct collecting 500 talents; with his booty Telesphorus stars hiring mercenaries.[51]
- Ptolemy soon restores the situation and persuades Telesphorus to give up his revolt.[52]
Sicily
- Agathocles, tyrant of Syracuse, increased the size of his forces until they surpassed the Carthaginian garisson forces on the island.[53]
- Carthage, concerned with Agathocles' increasing powers, decided to send 130 warships and 14,200 soldiers under the command of a general named Hamilcar (son of Gisco, grandson of Hanno the Great).[54]
- Hamilcar's fleet was caught by several storms which sank 60 warships and destroyed 200 transports.[55]
- After landing on Sicily, Hamilcar gathered the remnants of his army, he also started to hire mercenaries, enlist those Sicilians oppose to Agathocles and enrolled soldiers from the Carthaginian garissons already on Sicily. In this way he was able to muster a large army.[56]
- Agathocles, fearing Gela would turn against him, took over the city, executed 4,000 leading Geloans he suspected of treason, and confiscated their property.[57]
Italy
- The Magister Equitum (Second-in-command). Sulpicius ' mission is to defend against the Etruscan invasion which never materialize; Sulpicius and Brutus remain in camp at Rome until the end of the campaigning season.[58]
- The Via Appia) between Rome and Capua. He also embarks on a program of political reform, including the distribution of the landless citizens of Rome among the tribes, which at this time constitute basic political units. Appius also admits sons of freedmen into the Roman Senate. He also asserts the right of freed slaves to hold office.
- Rome gets its first pure drinking water as engineers complete the first aqueduct into the city, the Aqua Appia.
311 BC
By place
Babylonia/Media/Susiana
- Upon entering
- Seleucus manages to pursuade Polyarchus, the Antigonid commander of one of the local districts, to join his cause. Polyarchus joins Seleucus with 1,000 soldiers.[59]
- The remaining
- Antigonus' commander of the Upper Satrapies, marches against Seleucus from Media (where he was stationed) with 10,000 infantry and 7,000 cavalry. Seleucus hides his much smaller army (3,000 infantry and 400 cavalry) along Nicanor's line of march and launches a night attack on his camp, catching his opponent by surprise; Nicanor flees the ensuing battle while his army quickly surrenders.[60]
- Seleucus marches to eastern Susiana and negotiates a treaty with the Cossaei (a warlike tribe) in the mountains between Susiana and Media.[61]
- Seleucus reestablishes himself as Susiana (Elam).
Asia Minor/Syria/Palestina
- Demetrius Poliorcetes' army. Demetrius defeats Killes at Myus and Antigonus enters Syria in force. So, after only a few months, Ptolemy evacuates his forces from Syria.[62]
- In view of the threat by Seleucus to his control of the East, Antigonus decides to make peace with all of his adversaries, except Seleucus, who now holds Babylon. All of the Asia Minor.[62]
- It is agreed by all parties that the young king Alexander IV of Macedon, son of Alexander the Great, will become king of the whole empire when he comes of age in six years' time.[62]
- The peace agreement between the diadochi is soon violated. On the pretext that garrisons have been placed in some of the free Greek cities by Antigonus. Ptolemy and Cassander renew hostilities against him.[62]
- Nabateans, to carry off hostages and possessions. The raid is initially successful, but a surprise attack by the Nabateans destroys Athenaeus' raiding force, only 50 horsemen escaping.[63]
- Through clever diplomacy
Greece
- During the winter of 312/11 Ptolemy in 312, decides to rebel, considering his subordination to be insulting. Ptolemy is able to keep the situation under control and persuades Telesphorus to return to the fold.[65]
- Ptolemy.
Italy
- The Second Samnite War continues, the Roman consuls Gaius Junius Bubulcus Brutus and Quintus Aemilius Barbuladivide their command.
- The Samnites take the Roman garrison of Cluviae and scourge their prisoners. Junius liberates the city and then moves on Bovianum and sacks it. The Samnites try to ambush the Romans, but the Romans are able to overcome their assailants.
- The Etruscans are beseiging Sutrium, an ally which the Romans see as their key to Etruria. Barbula marches to their aid, and a battle is fought; the Romans start to gain the upper hand, but darkness stops the battle. Barbula's campaign ends indecisive.[67]
Sicily
- The .
- Hamilcar then proceeds with laying siege to Syracuse, where Agathocles had retreated.
310 BC
By place
Greece/Macedonia
- Antigonid general
Cyprus
- By order of Ptolemy, Nicocles of Paphos kills himself.[69]
Babylonia
- , and his troops are either cut to pieces or defect to the enemy. Similarly, Demetrius Poliorcetes fails to oust Seleucus.
Asia Minor
- Ptolemy attacks Cilicia, territory held by Antigonus.
- The cities of Antigonia Troas (later known as Alexandria Troas) and Antigoneia (later known as Nicaea) are founded by Antigonus I Monophthalmus.
Sicily and Africa
- The tyrant of Battle of White Tunis.
Roman Republic
- Rome deals with renewed trouble from the Etruscans, who are persuaded by the Samnites to cease their alliance with the Romans. In the Battle of Lake Vadimo, the Romans under Fabius Maximus Rullianus defeat the Etruscans.
Illyria
- The Autariatae disappear due to Celtic migrations.
Births
319 BC
- Antigonus II Gonatas, Macedonian king (approximate date) (d. 239 BC)
- Pyrrhus of Epirus, King of the Molossians, Epirus and Macedonia (d. 272 BC)
316 BC
- Ptolemy II of Egypt (d. 270 BC)
315 BC
310 BC
- Aristarchus of Samos, Greek astronomer and mathematician (approximate date) (d. c. 230 BC)
- Huiwen of Zhao, Chinese king of Zhao (Warring States Period) (d. 266 BC)
- )
Deaths
319 BC
318 BC
- Phocion, Athenian statesman and general (b. c. 402 BC)
- Cleitus the White, Officer of Alexander the Great
317 BC
- King Philip III of Macedon (b. c. 359 BC)
- Queen Eurydice III of Macedon
- Nicanor Macedonian officer of Cassander and the son in law of Aristotle.
- Cleitus the White
316 BC
- )
- Eumenes, Greek general and diadochi (b. c. (362 BC)
- Antigenes (general), Greek general
- Eudemus (general), Greek general
- Sun Bin, Chinese military strategist and general from the State of Qi
315 BC
- Zhou Dynasty of China
314 BC
- Xenocrates, Greek philosopher, pupil of Plato and head of the Greek Academy (b. 396 BC)
- Aeschines, Athenian orator and politician (b. 389 BC)
- Alexander (son of Polyperchon)
313 BC
- Aeacides, King of Epirus.
- Ptolemy, brother of Antigonus Monophthalmus.
312 BC
310 BC
- Roxana, Bactrian or Sogdian princess, widow of Alexander the Great
- )
- Nicocles (Paphos)king of Paphos
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- ^ Diod. XVIII 45.
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- ^ S.N. Consolo Langher. 2000. Agatocle: Da capoparte a monarca fondatore di un regno tra Cartagine e i Diadochi. Messana: Di.Sc.A.M. 79-96
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- ^ Siculus, Diodorus. "61". Library. Vol. XIX.
- ^ a b c Siculus, Diodorus. "63". Library. Vol. XIX.
- ^ Siculus, Diodorus. "65". Library. Vol. XIX.
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- ^ a b Siculus, Diodorus. "67". Library. Vol. XIX.
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- ^ Diod. XIX 79,4–5
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- ^ Diod. XIX 69,2–3
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- ^ Diod. XIX 78,1
- ^ Diod. XIX 78,2–5
- ^ a b Siculus, Diodorus. "87". Library. Vol. XIX.
- ^ Diod. XIX 87,1–3
- ^ Diod. XIX 106,1
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- ^ Diod. XIX 107
- ^ Livy VIII 9.29
- ^ a b c Siculus, Diodorus. "91". Library. Vol. XIX.
- ^ Siculus, Diodorus. "92". Library. Vol. XIX.
- ^ Babylonian Chronicles, rev. lines 11–12
- ^ a b c d Siculus, Diodorus. "105". Library. Vol. XIX.
- ^ Diod. XIX 94,1–95,5
- ^ Diod. XIX 96,1–98,1; Plut. Dem. 7,1
- ^ Diod. XIX 87,1–3
- ^ Livy IX 30—32; Diod. XX 3.
- ^ Livy, VIII 9.31–32.
- ^ Siculus, Diodorus. "19". Library. Vol. XX.
- ^ Siculus, Diodorus. "21". Library. Vol. XX.
- ^ "Antipater - regent of Macedonia". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 3 December 2017.