7th century

The 7th century is the period from

The

In the Iberian Peninsula, the 7th century was known as the Siglo de Concilios (century of councils) referring to the Councils of Toledo. Northumbria established dominance in the British Isles from Mercia,^[2] while the Lombards maintained its hold in most of Italy.

In China, the

Harsha united Northern India, which had reverted to small republics and states after the fall of the Gupta Empire in the 6th century.

Events

• The world's population shrinks to about 208 million people. (from 257 million in 200 AD)^[3]
• The Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy emerges at the beginning of this century or the last in England.^[4]
• Sutton Hoo ship burial, East Anglia, England.
• Earliest attested English poetry.
• The first known Croatian archon Porga establishes the Duchy of Croatia.
• The Bulgars arrive in the Balkans; establishment of the powerful Bulgarian Empire.
• Xuanzang traveled from China to India, before returning to Chang'an in China to translate Buddhist scriptures.
• Guangzhou, China, becomes a major international seaport, hosting maritime travelers from the Middle East, East Africa, India, and South East Asia.
• The main compound of Hōryū-ji temple in Nara is built during the Asuka period.
• Timgad, Algeria, is destroyed by Berbers.
• Islam begins in
  Arabia
  ; the Quran is documented.
• Nobatia annexed by its southern neighbor Makuria sometime before the Arab-Nubian wars.
• Arab traders penetrate the area of Lake Chad.
• End of sporadic Buddhist rule in the Sindh.
• Teotihuacan is sacked. The political and religious buildings are burned.
• The religion of Shugendō evolves from Buddhism, Taoism, Shinto and other influences in the mountains of Japan.
• Early 7th century: Croats enter their present territory, settling in six distinct tribal delimitations.
• 7th and 9th century: Mosaics and side panels above the apse of Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe are made.
• 600: Smallpox spreads from India into Europe.
• Third Chinese domination of Vietnam starts following the collapse of the Early Lý dynasty
  .
• 603: Last mention of the Roman Senate in Gregorian Register. It mentions that the senate acclaimed the statues of emperor Phocas and empress Leontia.^[5]
• Bishop of Rome
  .
• 607: Hōryū-ji temple believed to have been completed in Ikaruga, Japan.
• enter the Roman lands of the Balkans
  . Later forming tribal confederacies.
• 610:
  Eastern Roman Empire from Latin to Greek
  (already the language of the vast majority of the population).
• 615: The Sasanian Empire under Shah Khosrow II sacks Jerusalem, taking away the relic of the True Cross.^[4]
• 615:
  Pacal the Great becomes king of the Mayan city-state of Palenque
  .
• 616: Shah Khosrow II invades Egypt.^[4]
• 616: Æthelfrith of Northumbria defeats the Welsh in a battle at Chester in England.
• 618: Tang dynasty of China do initiated by Li Yuan.
• 618: The Chenla kingdom completely absorbed Funan.
• 622: Year one of the Islamic calendar begins, during which the Hijrah occurs—Muhammad and his followers emigrate from Mecca to Medina in September.
• 623: The Frankish merchant Samo, supporting the Slavs fighting their Avar rulers, becomes the ruler of the first known Slav state in Central Europe.
• 626: The Avars, the Slavs and the Persians jointly besiege but fail to capture Constantinople.
• 627: Emperor Heraclius defeats the Persians, ending the Roman–Persian Wars.
• 629: The Arab–Byzantine wars begin. Much of the Roman Empire is conquered by Muslim Arabs led by Khalid ibn al-Walid.
• Göktürk
  Khanate.
• 632: The Muslim conquests begin.
• Nestorian Christianity
  into China.
• 636: Around this time the Battle of al-Qadisiyyah resulted in a decisive victory for Muslims in the Muslim conquest of Persia, the Persian Empire is conquered by Muslim Arabs led by Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas.
• Nestorian Christians build a church in Chang'an
  .
• 638: Muslim conquest of Palestine.
• Muslim conquest of Egypt and Armenia
  .
• 639: Unsuccessful revolt of Ashina Jiesheshuai of the Turkic people against Tang China.
• 641: The Coptic period, in its more specific definition, ends when Islam is introduced into Egypt.
• First Battle of Dongola
  against Christian Nubians
• 649–683: Chinese Emperor Gaozong permits establishment of Christian monasteries in each of 358 prefectures.
• 650: The Arab–Khazar wars begin.

• Mid-7th century: Durga Mahishasura-mardini (Durga as Slayer of the Buffalo Demon), rock-cut relief, Mamallapuram, Tamil Nadu, India, is made. Pallava period. It is now kept at Asian Art Archives, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
• Mid-7th century: Portrait of Lord Pacal, from his tomb,
  Maya culture. It is now kept at National Museum of Anthropology
  , Mexico City.
• Mid-7th century: Dharmaraja Ratha, Mamallapuram, Tamil Nadu, India, is built. Pallava period.
• Persia
  .
• Second Battle of Dongola resulting in the baqt
  possibly the longest treaty in history.
• 656–661: The First Fitna occurs.
• Western Turkic Kaganate
  .
• 658: Two Chinese monks, Zhi Yu and Zhi You, reconstruct the 3rd century south-pointing chariot mechanical compass-vehicle for Emperor Tenji of Japan.
• Muawiyah I, marking the beginning of the Umayyad Caliphate.^[4]
• 663: The Tang dynasty of China and Korean Silla Kingdom gain victory against the Korean Baekje Kingdom and their Yamato Japanese allies in the naval Battle of Baekgang.
• 664: Conquest of Kabul by Muslims.
• 664: A Tang dynasty Chinese source written by
  Kalingga) kingdom, located somewhere in the northern coast of Central Java.^[6]
• 668: The end of the Goguryeo–Tang War, as Goguryeo fell to a joint attack by Tang China and Unified Silla of Korea, the latter of which held the former Goguryeo domains.
• conquest of North Africa
  was completed.
• 671: I-tsing visited Srivijaya and Malayu in Sumatra and Kedah in Malay peninsula on his way to Nalanda, India.^[7]
• 674: The first Arab siege of Constantinople begins.
• 677: Most of the Arab fleet is destroyed by Greek fire; the Persian crown prince flees to the T'ang court.
• 680: Decisive victory of the Bulgars over the Byzantines in the Battle of Ongal.

  

• 680: Battle of Karbala took place near Kufa, which resulted in the death of Husayn ibn Ali and the division of Muslim community.
• 681: Bulgaria is recognized as independent country by the Byzantine Empire.
• 682: Revival of the Turkic Khaganate by the efforts of Ilterish Qaghan and Tonyukuk
• Malacca Strait and Sunda Strait.^[8]
• 683–685: The Second Fitna.
• 686: Srivijaya launch a naval invasion of Java, which is mentioned in Kota Kapur inscription. This likely contributed to the end of Tarumanagara kingdom.^[9]
• 687: I-tsing returned to Srivijaya in on his way back from India to China. In his record he reported that the Kingdom of Malayu was captured by Srivijaya.^[10]
• 688: Emperor Justinian II of the Byzantine Empire defeats the Bulgarians.
• 690: Pro-Buddhist imperial consort Wu Zetian seizes power and rules as Empress of China.
• 691: Buddhism is made the state religion of China.
• 698: The Arabs capture Carthage from the Byzantine Empire.
• 698: Active but unofficial anti-Christian persecution begins in China
• 698:
  North–South States Period
  begins in Korea.
• 700: The Mount Edziza volcanic complex erupts in northern British Columbia, Canada.
• 700: The Sumatra-based Srivijaya naval kingdom flourishes and declines.^[11]
• 700: Wet-field rice cultivation, small towns and kingdoms flourish. Trade links are established with China and India.^[12]
• c. late 7th century: The
  Old Malay, suggesting a Srivijayan link to this family.^[13]

• Earliest known record of the game Chaturanga, a predecessor to Chess.
• The Indian Mathematician Brahmagupta presented the first instance of finite difference interpolation.
• 636: The
  Zhengding
  , China is built.
• paper money is issued.^[4]
• 650s: After sailing from Ethiopia, Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas allegedly introduced Islam to China, and established the first Islamic mosque of China in Guangzhou.^[14]
• 670s: Greek fire invented in Constantinople.
• Late 7th century: The stirrup introduced to Persia from China.
• In the 7th century the cookie was invented in Persia.

Inventions

References