Culture of Israel
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Culture of Israel |
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The culture of Israel is closely associated with
With over 200 museums, Israel has the highest number of museums per capita in the world, with millions of visitors annually.[2] Israeli art's development, heavily influenced by 20th century European trends was heavily centered in Tel Aviv and Jerusalem. Major art museums operate in Tel Aviv, Jerusalem, Haifa and Herzliya, as well as in many towns and Kibbutzim. The Israel Philharmonic Orchestra plays at venues throughout the country and abroad, and almost every city has its own orchestra, many of the musicians hailing from the former Soviet Union. Folk dancing is popular in Israel, and Israeli modern dance companies, among them the Batsheva Dance Company, are highly acclaimed in the dance world. Habima Theatre, which is considered the national theatre of Israel, was established in 1917. Israeli filmmakers[3] and actors[4] have won awards at international film festivals in recent years.[5] Since the 1980s, Israeli literature has been widely translated, and several Israeli writers have achieved international recognition.[6]
There has been minimal cultural exchange between Israel’s Jewish and Arab populations. Jews from Arab-Muslim Middle East communities brought with them elements from the majority cultures in which they lived. The mixing of Ashkenazi, Sephardi, and Middle Eastern traditions have advanced modern Israeli culture, along with traditions brought by Russian, former Soviet republican, Central European and American immigrants. The Hebrew language revival has also developed Israel’s modern culture. Israel’s culture is based on its cultural diversity, shared language, and common religious and historical Jewish tradition.[7]
History
With a diverse population of
Influences and impact
Ancient Near East civilizations
Judaism, Christianity and Western civilization
Judaism, which originated in Ancient Israel, represents the foundation of much of Western civilization's traits, thanks to its relation to Christianity.[10][11] It impacted the West in a multitude of ways, from its ethics, to its practices to monotheism;[12] all of its benefits largely impacted the world through Christianity.[13] The Hebrew Bible, authored by Jews in the Land of Israel from the 8th to the 2nd century BCE,[14] is a cornerstone of Western civilization.[9] Around 63 BCE, Judea became part of the Roman Empire; around 6 BCE, Jesus was born to a Jewish family in the town of Nazareth, and decades later, was crucified under Pontius Pilate. His followers later believed that he was resurrected, inspiring them to spread the new Christian religion throughout the world. Christianity took hold in the Hellenistic Greco-Roman world, which eventually grew into the entirety of Europe, thanks to Roman expansion. These nations later became the very foundation of today's 'Western world'.[15]
Christianity, the religion of the West and essential religion of the Western World,
Islamic civilization
Islam was strongly influenced by Judaism in its fundamental religious outlook, structure,
'Melting pot' approach
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Inglehart_Values_Map.svg/220px-Inglehart_Values_Map.svg.png)
With the waves of Jewish
The first Israeli prime minister, David Ben-Gurion, led a trend to blend the many immigrants who, in the first years of the state, had arrived from Europe, North Africa, and Asia, into one 'melting pot' that would not differentiate between the older residents of the country, and the new immigrants. The original purpose was to unify the newer immigrants with the veteran Israelis, for the creation of a common Hebrew culture, and to build a new nation in the country.
Two central tools employed for this purpose were the Israel Defense Forces, and the education system. The Israel Defense Forces, by means of its transformation to a national army, would constitute a common ground among all civilians of the country, wherever they are. The education system, having been unified under Israeli law, enabled different students from different sectors to study together at the same schools. Gradually, Israeli society became more pluralistic, and the 'melting pot' declined over the years.
Some critics[" culture.
Today, cultural diversity is celebrated; many speak several languages, continue to eat the food of their cultural origins, and have mixed outlooks.[26]
Language
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Ulpan_1955.jpg/220px-Ulpan_1955.jpg)
While
As new immigrants arrived, Hebrew language instruction was important. Eliezer Ben-Yehuda, who founded the Hebrew Language Committee, coined thousands of new words and concepts based on Biblical, Talmudic and other sources, to cope with the needs and demands of life in the 20th century. Learning Hebrew became a national goal, employing the slogan "Yehudi, daber Ivrit" ("Jew—speak Hebrew"). Special schools for Hebrew language learning, ulpanim, were set up all over the country.[28]
The Hebraizing of family names was common in the pre-state period, and became more widespread in the 1950s. In the early years of the state, a pamphlet was published on how to choose a Hebrew name. The prime minister, David Ben-Gurion, urged anyone who represented the state in a formal capacity to adopt a Hebrew surname.[29]
Education
In 2012, Israel was named the second most educated country in the world, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)'s Education at a Glance report, released in 2012. The report found that 78% of the money invested in education is from public funds, and 45% of the population has a university or college diploma.[30]
Philosophy
Ancient Israel
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Codex_binding_Louvre_MR373.jpg/220px-Codex_binding_Louvre_MR373.jpg)
Ancient Israeli philosophical ideas and approach can be found in the Bible.[33] Psalms contains invitations to admire the wisdom of God through his works; from this, some scholars suggest, Judaism harbors a Philosophical under-current.[34] The exegetical work of Psalm 132 stands between philosophy of language, and linguistic philosophy.[32]
Ecclesiastes is often considered to be the only genuine philosophical work in the Hebrew Bible; its author seeks to understand the place of human beings in the world, and life's meaning.[35] Ecclesiastes and the Book of Job were favorite works of medieval philosophers, who took them as philosophical discussions not dependent on historical revelation.[36] Ecclesiastes has had a deep influence on Western literature. It contains several phrases that have resonated in British and American culture, such as "eat, drink and be merry," "nothing new under the sun," "a time to be born and a time to die," and "vanity of vanities; all is vanity."[31]
In other books such as
Roman Judea
Philosophical speculation was not a central part of
A
Modern Israel
Modern Israeli philosophy has been influenced by both secular and religious Jewish thought.
Yeshayahu Leibowitz was an Orthodox Jew who held controversial views on the subject of halakha, or Jewish rabbinical law. He wrote that the sole purpose of religious commandments was to obey God, and not to receive any kind of reward in this world, or the world to come. He maintained that the reasons for religious commandments were beyond man's understanding, as well as irrelevant, and any attempt to attribute emotional significance to the performance of mitzvot was misguided, and akin to idolatry. The essence of Leibowitz's religious outlook is that a person's faith is his commitment to obey God, meaning God's commandments, and this has nothing to do with a person's image of God. This is a possibility, because Leibowitz thought that God cannot be described, that God's understanding is not man's understanding, and thus all the questions asked of God are out of place.[45] One result of this approach is that faith, which is a personal commitment to obey God, cannot be challenged by the usual philosophical problem of evil, or by historical events that seemingly contradict a divine presence. If a person stops believing after an awful event, it shows that he only obeyed God because he thought he understood God's plan, or because he expected to see a reward. But “for Leibowitz, religious belief is not an explanation of life, nature or history, or a promise of a future in this world or another, but a demand.”
Other notable Israeli philosophers include Avishai Margalit, Hugo Bergmann, Yehoshua Bar-Hillel, Pinchas Lapide, Israel Eldad and Judea Pearl.
Hillel the Elder (c. 110 BCE – 10 CE) |
Akiva ben Joseph (c. 50–135) |
A. D. Gordon (1856–1922) |
Martin Buber (1878–1965) |
Hugo Bergmann (1883–1975) |
Yeshayahu Leibowitz (1903–1994) |
Joseph Raz (1939–2022) |
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Literature and poetry
Ancient Israel
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Gustave_Moreau_-_Le_Cantique_des_cantiques.jpg/200px-Gustave_Moreau_-_Le_Cantique_des_cantiques.jpg)
The earliest known inscription in Hebrew is the Khirbet Qeiyafa Inscription (11th — 10th century BCE),[47] if it can indeed be considered Hebrew at that early a stage. This inscription is by far the most varied, extensive, and historically significant body of literature written in the old Classical Hebrew, and is the canon of the Hebrew Bible. The Bible is not a single, monolithic piece of literature, because each of these three sections, in turn, contains books written at different times by different authors,[48] written from the 8th to the 2nd century BCE. It is the primary source of ancient Israelite mythology, literature, philosophy and poetry. All books of the Bible are not strictly religious in nature; for example, The Song of Songs is a love poem, and, along with The Book of Esther, does not explicitly mention God.[49]
The Ketuvim sector of the Hebrew Bible is a collection of philosophical and artistic literature believed to have been written under the influence of Ruach ha-Kodesh (the Holy Spirit). The Book of Job, for instance, addressing the problem of theodicy – the vindication of the justice of God in the light of humanity's suffering[50] – it is a rich theological work setting out a variety of perspectives.[51] It has been widely and often extravagantly praised for its literary qualities, with Alfred, Lord Tennyson calling it "the greatest poem of ancient and modern times".[52]
Some content reflects historical events in ancient Israel such as the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah, the siege of Jerusalem, the Babylonian captivity and the Maccabean Revolt.
The
Roman Judea
Post-Biblical Hebrew writings include early rabbinic works of
The
Old Yishuv
Following the
Around 1550,
Modern Israel
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Shvua_hasefer_2005.jpg/220px-Shvua_hasefer_2005.jpg)
The first works of Hebrew literature in Israel were written by immigrant authors rooted in the world and traditions of European Jewry. Yosef Haim Brenner (1881–1921) and Shmuel Yosef Agnon (1888–1970), are considered by many to be the fathers of modern Hebrew literature.[6] Brenner, torn between hope and despair, struggled with the reality of the Zionist enterprise in the Land of Israel. Agnon, Brenner's contemporary, fused his knowledge of Jewish heritage with the influence of 19th and early 20th century European literature. He produced fiction dealing with the disintegration of traditional ways of life, loss of faith, and the subsequent loss of identity. In 1966, Agnon was co-recipient of the Nobel Prize for Literature.[6]
Native-born writers who published their work in the 1940s and 1950s, often called the "War of Independence generation," brought a sabra mentality and culture to their writing. S. Yizhar, Moshe Shamir, Hanoch Bartov and Benjamin Tammuz vacillated between individualism and commitment to society and state. In the early 1960s,
Since the 1980s and early 1990s, Israeli literature has been widely translated, and several Israeli writers have achieved international recognition.[6]
Josephus (37 – c. 100) |
Joseph Karo (1488–1575) |
Hayim Nahman Bialik (1873–1934) |
Shaul Tchernichovsky (1875–1943) |
Shmuel Yosef Agnon (1888–1970) |
Rachel Bluwstein (1890–1931) |
Leah Goldberg (1911–1970) |
Amos Oz (1939–2018) |
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Science and technology
Ancient Israel
The early activity in
The Torah proscribes Intercropping (Lev. 19:19, Deut 22:9), a practice often associated with sustainable agriculture and organic farming in modern agricultural science.[69][70] The Mosaic code has provisions concerning the conservation of natural resources, such as trees (Deuteronomy 20:19–20) and birds (Deuteronomy 22:6–7).
Modern Israel
Israel is a developed and highly advanced country and ranks fifth among the most innovative countries in the
During the 1970s and 1980s Israel began developing the
The growth in agricultural production is based on close cooperation of scientists, farmers and agriculture-related industries and has resulted in the development of advanced
Israeli companies excel in computer software and hardware development, particularly computer security technologies, semiconductors and communications. Israeli firms include
Israeli scientists contributed many inventions and discoveries in a variety of fields including
Abraham Fraenkel | Michael O. Rabin | Robert Aumann | Daniel Kahneman | Dan Shechtman | Ada Yonath |
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Visual arts
From the beginning of the 20th century, visual arts in Israel have shown a creative orientation, influenced both by the West and East, as well as by the land itself, its development, the character of the cities, and stylistic trends emanating from art centers abroad. In painting, sculpture, photography, and other art forms, the country's varied landscape is the protagonist: the hill terraces and ridges produce special dynamics of line and shape; the foothills of the Negev, the prevailing grayish-green vegetation, and the clear luminous light result in distinctive color effects; and the sea and sand affect surfaces. On the whole, local landscapes, concerns, and politics lie at the center of Israeli art, and ensure its uniqueness.
The earliest Israeli art movement was the Bezalel school of the Ottoman and early Mandate period, when artists portrayed both Biblical and Zionist subjects in a style influenced by the European Art Nouveau movement, symbolism, and traditional Persian, Jewish, and Syrian artistry.
During the 1920s, the art scene saw a drastic shift with the growing influence of modern European art, chief among them the influence of the French Ecole de Paris on the Yishuv. Yitzhak Frenkel Frenel was the heralder of this movement and the first to teach in a modern style akin to the manner in France.[92][93] The first abstract painter in Israel,[94] he opened the Histadrut Art Studio in Tel Aviv (1926-1929).[95] Artists that learned under Frenkel such as Moshe Castel, Shimshon Holzman and others would venture to Paris themselves and return, increasing the influence of Paris on the early Israeli art scene.[92] At the same time, the Israeli art scene shifted from Jerusalem to Tel Aviv.[96] The latter, which became the center of Hebrew literature and theatre, was also the new center of modern art in the country (this expressed itself in the opening of Frenkel's art studio in Tel Aviv, as well as modern art exhibitions such as the Ohel's Modern Artists Exhibition).[97]
The city of Safed had a vibrant artists' quarter due to Safed's artistic appeal, drawing painters from all art movements to Safed during the summer up until the late 70s.[98] Today Israeli artists have ventured into Optical Art, digital art, AI art and more. Israel also has a vibrant street art scene; southern Tel Aviv is a hotspot of street Art culture.[99]
Symbols
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Safed_artist.jpg/220px-Safed_artist.jpg)
Jewish various symbols are omnipresent in the culture of Israel. The Jewish diversity of Israel enrich the culture with a variety of traditions, symbols and handicrafts.
The
Performance art
Music
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Israel_Philharmonic_Orchestra.jpg/220px-Israel_Philharmonic_Orchestra.jpg)
Classical music in Israel has been vibrant since the 1930s, when hundreds of music teachers and students, composers, instrumentalists and singers, as well as thousands of music lovers, streamed into the country, driven by the threat of
The modern music scene in Israel spans the spectrum of
Dance
Traditional folk dances of Israel include the
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/YOUTH_ALIYA%22_MEMBERS_FROM_GERMANY_DANCING_THE_%22HORA%22_AT_KIBBUTZ_EIN_HAROD._%D7%A6%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9E%22%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%A8%22_%D7%91%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94%2C_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A5_%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%97%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%93.D31-035.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg)
Modern dance in Israel has won international acclaim. Israeli choreographers, among them Ohad Naharin and Barak Marshall, are considered among the most versatile and original international creators working today. Notable Israeli dance companies include the Batsheva Dance Company, the Kibbutz Contemporary Dance Company,[100] the Inbal Pinto & Avshalom Pollak Dance Company and the Kamea Dance Company. People come from all over Israel and many other nations for the annual dance festival in Karmiel, held in July. First held in 1988, the Karmiel Dance Festival is the largest celebration of dance in Israel, featuring three or four days and nights of dancing, with 5,000 or more dancers and a quarter of a million spectators in the capital of Galilee.[101][102] Begun as an Israeli folk dance event, the festivities now include performances, workshops, and open dance sessions for a variety of dance forms and nationalities.[103] Choreographer Yonatan Karmon created the Karmiel Dance Festival to continue the tradition of Gurit Kadman's Dalia Festival of Israeli dance, which ended in the 1960s.[104][105]
Famous companies and choreographers from all over the world have come to Israel to perform and give master classes. In July 2010, Mikhail Baryshnikov came to perform in Israel.[106]
Theatre
Roman Judea
During the Roman rule, some theaters were built in Judea, located in places such as
Modern Israel
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Habima_Theatre_building-Tel_Aviv.jpg/220px-Habima_Theatre_building-Tel_Aviv.jpg)
The emergence of Hebrew theatre predated the state by nearly 50 years. The first amateur Hebrew theatre group was active in Ottoman Palestine from 1904 to 1914. The first professional Hebrew theatre, Habimah, was founded in Moscow in 1917, and moved to British Mandatory Palestine in 1931, where it became the country's national theatre.[109] The Ohel Theater was founded in 1925 as a workers' theatre that explored socialist and biblical themes. The first Hebrew plays revolved around pioneering.
After 1948, two major motifs were the Holocaust and the Arab-Israeli conflict. Moshe Shamir's He Walked in the Fields in 1949 was the first produced by a sabra writing about sabras in idiomatic and contemporary Hebrew. In the 1950s, dramatists portrayed the gap between pre-state dreams and disillusionment. Other plays pitted native Israelis against Holocaust survivors.[109] Beginning in the 1960s, Hanoch Levin wrote 56 plays and political satires. During the 1970s, Israeli theatre became more critical, contrasting extreme images of Israeli identity, such as the muscleman and the spiritual Jew. In the 1980s, Joshua Sobol explored Israeli-Jewish identity issues. Today, Israeli theatre is extremely diverse in content and style, and half of all plays are local productions.[109]
Other major theatre companies include the Cameri Theatre, Beit Lessin Theater, Gesher Theater (which performs in Hebrew and Russian), Haifa Theatre and Beersheba Theater.
Founded in 1980, The
Cinema
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Doron_Cinema_Center_in_Tel_Aviv.jpg/220px-Doron_Cinema_Center_in_Tel_Aviv.jpg)
Filmmaking in Israel has undergone major developments since its inception in the 1950s. The first features produced and directed by Israelis, such as "
Others deal with issues of modern-day Israeli life, such as the
The Israeli film industry continues to gain worldwide recognition through International awards nominations. For three years consecutively, Israeli films (Beaufort (2008), Waltz with Bashir (2009) and Ajami (2010)) were nominated for Academy Awards. The Spielberg Film Archive at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem is the world's largest repository of film material on Jewish themes as well as on Jewish and Israeli life.[110]
The main international film festivals in Israel are the Jerusalem Film Festival and Haifa Film Festival.
Museums
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Shrine_of_the_Book.jpg/220px-Shrine_of_the_Book.jpg)
With over 200 museums, Israel has the highest number of museums per capita in the world, with millions of visitors annually.[2]
Jerusalem's
Architecture
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Menachem_Zion1.jpg/220px-Menachem_Zion1.jpg)
The old town of cities in Israel are composed of a variety of architectural styles, which is reflected in the synagogue architecture of Jewish quarters.
After 1850, the Jewish architecture began to open up to European influences, and tried to restore an ancient Biblical architecture. Notably,
The rural architecture of communities of
Cuisine
The heterogeneous nature of culture in Israel is also manifested in
In 2013, an Israeli cookbook, Seafoodpedia, won "Best in World" in its category at the Gourmand World Cookbook Award in Paris, and Jerusalem: A Cookbook, published by the Israeli-Palestinian team of Yotam Ottolenghi and Sami Tamimi, won "Best in the World" for Mediterranean Cuisine.[116]
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Pastries in Jerusalem
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Hummus,Fava beans and Tahini
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Ptitim
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Sufganiyot
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Israeli wine brands
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Maccabee)
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Meurav Yerushalmi
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Israeli eggplant salad
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Breads inMahane Yehuda market
Fashion
Israel has become an international center of fashion and design.[117] Tel Aviv has been called the “next hot destination” for fashion.[118] Israeli designers, such as swimwear company Gottex, show their collections at leading fashion shows, including New York's Bryant Park fashion show.[119] In 2011, Tel Aviv hosted its first Fashion Week since the 1980s, with Italian designer Roberto Cavalli as a guest of honor.[120]
Sports
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Gold_Medalist_Windsurfer_Gal_Fridman_%281%29.jpg/170px-Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Gold_Medalist_Windsurfer_Gal_Fridman_%281%29.jpg)
Physical fitness received a boost in the 19th century from the physical culture campaign of Max Nordau. The Maccabiah Games, an Olympic-style event for Jewish athletes, was inaugurated in the 1930s, and has been held in Israel every four years since then.
In 1964, Israel hosted and won the AFC Asian Cup; in 1970, the Israel national football team managed to qualify to the FIFA World Cup, which is still considered the biggest achievement in Israeli football. Israel was excluded from the 1978 Asian Games due to Arab pressure, and since 1994 all Israeli sporting organizations now compete in Europe.
To date, Israel has won seven Olympic medals since its first win in 1992, including a gold medal in windsurfing at the 2004 Summer Olympics. Israel has won over 100 gold medals in the Paralympic Games, and is ranked about 15th in the All-time Paralympic Games medal table. The 1968 Summer Paralympics were hosted by Israel.
Youth movements
Youth movements were an important feature of Israel from its earliest days. In the 1950s, these movements were categorized in three groups: Zionist youth groups promoting social ideals and the importance of agricultural and communal settlement; working youth promoting educational goals and occupational advancement; and recreational groups with a strong emphasis on sports and leisure-time activities.[124]
Outdoor and vacation culture
Along the 190 kilometres (120 mi) of the Israeli Mediterranean coast, two thirds are accessible to bathing activities. Israel has 100 surf bathing beaches, guarded by professional lifeguards.[127] Matkot is a popular paddle ball game similar to beach tennis, often referred to as the country's national sport.[128]
Wedding customs
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Jewish_Yemenite_bride.jpg/200px-Jewish_Yemenite_bride.jpg)
All marriages between Jews in Israel are registered with the Chief Rabbinate, and the ceremony follows traditional Jewish practice.[129] Civil ceremonies are not performed in Israel,[130] although a growing number of secular couples circumvent this by traveling to nearby locations, such as Cyprus.[131] While some Jews in Israel have adopted Western styles of dress, traditional clothing and jewelry are sometimes brought out for pre-wedding rituals, including the Night of the Henna, which is a customary practice among Mizrahi Jews.[132]
See also
- Public holidays in Israel
- Heritage tourism
- Birthright Israel
- Israel Radio International
- Jerusalem March
- Kol Yisrael
- List of Israeli musical artists
- List of Israeli visual artists
- List of Hebrew language poets
- List of Hebrew language authors
- List of Israeli actors
- List of Hebrew language playwrights
- Media of Israel
- Religion in Israel
- Science and technology in Israel
- Start-up Nation
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