Fairey Firefly

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This article is about the 1940s British fighter. For the British single-seat biplane fighter of the 1930s, see
Fairey Firefly II. For the 1920s British fighter, see Fairey Firefly I
.

Firefly
Operational FAA Fairey Firefly FR.1 wearing late World War II camouflage
Role
Manufacturer
Fairey Aviation Company, Ltd.
First flight 22 December 1941[1]
Introduction March 1943[2]
Retired 1956 (Royal Navy)
Status Retired from military service
Primary users Royal Navy
Royal Australian Navy
Royal Canadian Navy
Royal Netherlands Navy
Produced 1941–1955
Number built 1,702[2]

The Fairey Firefly is a

Fairey Aviation Company
.

Development of the Firefly can be traced back to pair of specifications issued by the British Air Ministry in 1938, calling for new naval fighter designs. Designed to the contemporary FAA concept of a two-seat fleet reconnaissance/fighter, the pilot and observer were positioned at separate stations. In flight, the Firefly was superior in terms of both performance and firepower to its predecessor, the Fairey Fulmar. Due to a protracted development, the type only entered operational service towards the end of the conflict, at which point it was no longer competitive as a fighter. The limitations of a single engine in a relatively heavy airframe reduced its performance, but the Firefly proved to be a fairly sturdy, long-ranged, and docile aircraft during carrier operations.

The Fairey Firefly served in the Second World War as a fleet fighter. During the

drone aircraft
.

Design and development

During 1938, by which point British authorities were preparing for the likelihood of a

Specification N.5/40 replaced the earlier specifications. Due to the necessity of navigating over open sea, it was decided to opt for a two-seater aircraft alone.[3][1] For defence of naval bases, a separate single seater design would lead to the Blackburn Firebrand.[4]

The Firefly was designed by a team led by H.E. Chaplin at

Admiralty placed an initial order for 200 aircraft "off the drawing board", the first three of which were to function as prototypes. On 22 December 1941, the first prototype of the Firefly performed its maiden flight.[6] Although the aircraft was 4,000 lb (1,800 kg) heavier than the preceding Fulmar (largely due to the adoption of the heavier Griffon engine and the armament of two 20 mm (0.79 in) Hispano cannon in each wing), the Firefly was 40 mph (64 km/h) faster due to improved aerodynamics
, as well as the increased power of the Griffon IIB engine, being capable of generating a maximum of 1,735 hp (1,294 kW).

The Firefly was a low-wing

canopies.[5]

The Firefly was equipped with an all-metal wing which could be folded manually, the wings ending up along the sides of the fuselage when folded. When in the flying position, the wings were hydraulically locked in place.[7][1] The wing itself featured square tips and large Fairey-Youngman flaps, which provided relatively good handling while flown at low speeds.[8] A total of four 20mm cannon were buried within the wings, which was considered to be relatively heavy armament for the era.[1] According to pilots, the general handling of the Firefly was relatively well-balanced, but a level of physical strength was required to effectively execute aerobatics.[5]

During 1942, handling and performance trials were first undertaken at RAF Boscombe Down by Admiralty test pilots Mike Lithgow and Roy Sydney Baker-Falkner. By 1944, the Firefly had been cleared to use underwing rocket projectiles and, by April 1944, tests involving a double-underwing load of 16 rockets and a pair of 45 US gal (170 L; 37 imp gal) drop tanks still provided acceptable handling.[9] Further testing with two 90 gallon (410 L) drop tanks or two 1,000 lb (450 kg) bombs deemed acceptable albeit with "...a small adverse effect on handling..." while "...handling with a single 1,000 lb (450 kg) bomb was unpleasant, but manageable."[9] Performance trials at 11,830 lb (5,370 kg) indicated a maximum speed of 315 mph (507 km/h) at 16,800 ft (5,100 m) while a climb to 20,000 ft (6,100 m) took 12.4 minutes, with a maximum climb rate of 2,140 ft/min (650 m/min) at 3,800 ft (1,200 m), and a service ceiling of 30,100 ft (9,200 m).[10]

Operational history

Firefly FR.Mk 4 of the Netherlands Navy operating in Dutch New Guinea.

The primary variant of the aircraft used during the Second World War was the Firefly Mk I, which was used in all theatres of operations. During March 1943, the first Firefly Mk Is were delivered to the FAA but these did not enter operational service until July 1944, at which point they equipped

anti-shipping strikes along the Norwegian coast. That year, Fireflies also provided air cover and aerial reconnaissance during attacks on the German battleship Tirpitz.[11][2]

Throughout its operational career, the Firefly took on increasingly demanding roles from fighter to

airfields and was repeatedly dispatched against Japanese-controlled islands up until Victory over Japan Day.[2] The Firefly gained a level of public renown when the type became the first British-designed and -built aircraft to overfly the Japanese capital of Tokyo.[12][1]

During May 1945, in anticipation of a major naval offensive against the Japanese mainland, the Canadian government accepted a British offer to loan a pair of Colossus-class aircraft carriers to the Royal Canadian Navy.[13] To equip these carriers, it was necessary to procure naval fighters. Based upon the feedback of veteran pilots, Canada opted to acquire the Firefly over opposition that favoured procuring American aircraft instead. As a stop-gap measure, Royal Navy Fireflies were loaned while more advanced purpose-built aircraft were being constructed.[14] Between 1946 and 1954, the Canadian Navy employed 65 AS Mk.5 Fireflies on its aircraft carriers. The service also flew a handful of Mk.I Fireflies. During the 1950s, Canada decided to sell off its Fireflies and buyers included the armed forces of Ethiopia, Denmark, and the Netherlands.[11][15]

After the Second World War, the Firefly remained in front line service with the Fleet Air Arm, continuing in this capacity until the mid-1950s. During this time, British-built Fireflies were also supplied to a number of overseas nations, including Canada, Australia, Denmark, Ethiopia, the Netherlands, India and Thailand.

During 1947, the Australian government approved of formation of the

Majestic-class aircraft carriers from Britain. Following a consultation with the Royal Navy, the Royal Australian Navy (RAN) opted to procure both the Firefly and the Hawker Sea Fury to equip its new aircraft carriers.[5][16] These two types formed the backbone of the newly formed Australian Carrier Air Groups (CAGs), which would operate a total fleet size of 108 Fireflies, acquired across multiple orders. The first aircraft was delivered in May 1949, and the final Firefly arrived during August 1953. aircrew training predominated in early RAN operations ahead of achieving operational status during 1950.[5]

Firefly U.8 target drone aircraft in 1955

During the Korean War of the 1950s, both British and Australian Fireflies carried out anti-shipping patrols and ground strikes from various aircraft carriers positioned offshore.[17][16] Additional missions roles including anti-submarine patrols and aerial observation, as well as assisting battleships in providing effective naval gunfire support. Numerous FAA Fireflies were loaned to the Australian Navy during the conflict as many of its aircraft did not feature cannons when configured for anti-submarine warfare.[5] Despite several incidents of aircraft being struck by anti-aircraft fire, the Firefly proved to be relatively rugged. The type was routinely used for strike operations against targets such as bridges and railway lines to damage North Korean logistics and communications. As the war went on, pilots developed new low-level dive-bombing techniques to achieve greater accuracy.[5] Combat use of the Firefly in the theatre continued until the signing of the Korean Armistice Agreement on 27 July 1953, although post-armistice patrols involving the type continued for several years afterwards.[16]

FAA Fireflies were again deployed in the Far East amid the

drone aircraft. As an example, the Indian Navy acquired a batch of 10 aircraft during the mid-1950s for target tug purposes.[18] By the end of the 1950s, many operators were disposing of their remaining Fireflies, typically as scrap.[5]

In the late 1940s, the Royal Netherlands Navy deployed a Firefly squadron to the Dutch East Indies, as part of the forces countering Indonesian nationalists. When talks broke down in July 1947, the Dutch launched multiple air strikes. Three Fireflies were shot down by ground fire.

Dutch New Guinea. As Indonesian forces began to retake the territory, the Fireflies carried out attack operations during early 1962. These strikes continued until the Royal Netherlands Navy withdrew following the negotiation of a political settlement between the two countries.[20]

Variants

Firefly I / FR.I
Two variants of the Mk I Firefly were built; 429 "fighter" "Firefly F Mk I"s, built by Fairey and
General Aircraft Ltd, and 376 "fighter/reconnaissance" Firefly "FR Mk I"s (which were fitted with the ASH detection radar
). The last 334 Mk Is built were upgraded with the 1,765 hp (1,316 kW) Griffon XII engine.
Firefly T.3 observer trainer of 1841 Squadron in 1952
Firefly T.7 trainer with wings folded in 1953
Firefly T.Mk 1
Firefly Mk IV
Preserved Firefly AS.6 demonstrating in Korean War-style markings
Firefly AS.Mk7 WJ154
Firefly U.9 drone aircraft in 1959
Firefly NF.Mk II
Only 37 Mk II Fireflies were built, all of which were night fighter Firefly NF Mk IIs. They had a slightly longer fuselage than the Mk I and had modifications to house their airborne interception (AI) radar.
Firefly NF.Mk I
The NF.II was superseded by the Firefly NF Mk I "night fighter" variant.
Firefly T.Mk 1
Twin-cockpit pilot
training
aircraft. Post-war conversion of the Firefly Mk I.
Firefly T.Mk 2
Twin-cockpit armed operational training aircraft. Post-war conversion of the Firefly Mk I.
Firefly T.Mk 3
Used for Anti-submarine warfare training of observers. Postwar conversion of the Firefly Mk I.
Firefly TT.Mk I
Postwar, a small number of Firefly Mk Is were converted into target tug aircraft.
Firefly Mk III
Proposal based on the Griffon 61 engine, but never entered production.
Firefly Mk IV
The Firefly Mk IV was equipped with the 2,330 hp (1,740 kW) Griffon 72 engine and first flew in 1944, but did not enter service until after the end of the war.
Firefly FR.Mk 4
Fighter-reconnaissance version based on the Firefly Mk IV.
Firefly Mk 5
Firefly NF.Mk 5
Night fighter version based on the Firefly Mk 5.
Firefly FR.Mk 5
Fighter-reconnaissance version based on the Firefly Mk 5.
Firefly AS.Mk 5
The later Firefly AS.Mk 5 was an anti-submarine aircraft, which carried American sonobuoys and equipment.
Firefly Mk 6
Firefly AS.Mk 6
The Firefly AS.Mk 6 was an anti-submarine aircraft, which carried British equipment.
Firefly TT.Mk 4/5/6
Small numbers of AS.4/5/6s were converted into target tug aircraft.
Firefly AS.Mk 7
The Firefly AS.Mk 7 was an anti-submarine aircraft, powered by a Rolls-Royce Griffon 59 piston engine.
Firefly T.Mk 7
The Firefly T.Mk 7 was an interim ASW training aircraft.
Firefly U.Mk 8
The Firefly U.Mk 8 was a target drone aircraft; 34 Firefly T.7s were diverted on the production line for completion as target drones.
Firefly U.Mk 9
The Firefly U.Mk 9 was a target drone aircraft; 40 existing Firefly Mk AS.4 and AS.5 aircraft were converted to this role.

Operators

Second World War

 United Kingdom

Postwar

 Australia

 Canada

  • Royal Canadian Navy
    • 825 Squadron RCN
    • 826 Squadron RCN
    • 10 Heavier-than-air Experimental Air Squadron (VX-10) RCN

 Denmark

 Ethiopia

 Netherlands

 India

 Sweden

  • Bromma Airport operated 19 TT.1 aircraft between 31 January 1949 and 17 October 1963.[23]

 Thailand

 United Kingdom Royal Navy – Fleet Air Arm operated Fireflies in the anti-submarine role until 1956 when front line aircraft were replaced by the Fairey Gannet.

Surviving aircraft

Firefly TT.6 on display in Griffith, Australia
Fairey Firefly FR1 Thailand Air Force

There are approximately 24 Fairey Fireflies surviving worldwide, including three airworthy examples and at least one other being restored to flying condition.[citation needed] The Fleet Air Arm Museum holds VH127, a TT4, which is on public display at Yeovilton.

The Imperial War Museum owns one of the oldest surviving Fireflies, serial number Z2033. Built as a MkI in 1944, Z2033 was used originally used by the RNAS for aircraft landing trials, then by Fairey for spin trials. Z2033 was converted to target tug designation and operated in Sweden in the 1950s in this role. The aircraft returned to the UK in 1964 to go on display at the Skyframe Aircraft Museum, and was acquired by Imperial War Museum in 1979. The museum returned Z2033 to its original MkI configuration, and repainted the aircraft as 'DK431' of 1771 Naval Air Squadron, as operated in the Pacific in July 1945. Z2033 was loaned to the Fleet Air Arm Museum for display between 2000 and August 2023, but the aircraft is now on display again at Imperial War Museum Duxford. [26]

Firefly WB271 was destroyed in July 2003 during an aerobatic air display at the Imperial War Museum in Duxford, Cambridgeshire – Europe's largest display of vintage warplanes.[citation needed] There are two airworthy Fireflies at present:

  • AS 6 WH632, which was damaged in a crash and has since been restored to flying condition (painted as an RCN Firefly AS 5), is at the Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum (Canada).[27]
  • AS 6 WB518, another former RAN machine, now in the USA. (Damaged at the Wings Over Gillespie Airshow in June 2012, with restoration to airworthiness completed).

WB518 was one of the first 10 Mk 6s built, but retained the earlier Mk 5 fuselage. It was originally delivered to the Royal Australian Navy's 817 Squadron and then served in 816 Squadron before being retired and ending up as a memorial on a pole in Griffith, New South Wales, Australia. WB518 was then purchased by American Eddie Kurdziel, a Northwest Airlines captain and former U.S. Navy pilot. WD518 was extensively restored and made its first public appearance at Oshkosh in 2002. Restoration of WD518 used parts salvaged from WD828 which was written off after a crash into a cabbage field in Camden, New South Wales in 1987.[citation needed]WB518 as of July 2015 was then undergoing extensive rebuilding and is now in flying condition out of Gillespie Field, El Cajon, California.[citation needed]

Other survivors include – in Australia:

The Royal Thai Air Force Museum in Bangkok, Thailand has a Firefly Mk I on display.[29]

A sole remaining Firefly of the 10 acquired by India is displayed at the

Naval Aviation Museum in Goa.[18][30]

Two ex-Swedish Fireflies moved to IWM Duxford, Cambridgeshire in 2003. Acquired by the Aircraft Restoration Company, they were in Royal Navy service from 1944 and 1946, and then converted to target tugs for gunnery training in 1950 and 1954. One is being restored to flying condition, and the other was traded to the Aviodrome Museum in the Netherlands for a Spitfire.[citation needed]

As well as the Canadian Warplane Heritage's ex-Australian Firefly, two other Fireflies are known to exist in Canada: one is at the Canada Aviation and Space Museum in Ottawa and another is being restored at the Shearwater Aviation Museum at Eastern Passage (near Dartmouth), Nova Scotia. Both are Mk I models that served in the Canadian Navy from 1946 to 1954, after which they were sold to the Ethiopian Air Force. Following their discovery in the Ethiopian desert in 1993, they were repatriated to Canada in exchange for medical supplies.[11]

AS 6 WD833, another ex-Australian Firefly, is owned by Henry "Butch" Schroeder who moved the aircraft to Danville, Illinois, USA for restoration. The present whereabouts of this aircraft are unclear.[citation needed]

Specifications (Mk.4 / Mk.5 / Mk.6)

3-view drawing of Fairey Firefly Mk.I

Data from Fairey Aircraft since 1915 and Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1949–50.[31][32]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 2
  • Length: 37 ft 11 in (11.56 m)
  • Wingspan: 41 ft 2 in (12.55 m)
  • Width: 13 ft 6 in (4.11 m) wings folded
  • Height: 14 ft 4 in (4.37 m) including prop disc
  • Wing area: 330 sq ft (31 m2)
  • Empty weight: 9,674 lb (4,388 kg)
  • Gross weight: 12,727 lb (5,773 kg) stripped for fighter mission
13,479 lb (6,114 kg) normal
  • Max takeoff weight: 15,615 lb (7,083 kg) with two drop-tanks
  • Powerplant: 1 ×
    Rolls-Royce Griffon 74
    V-12 liquid-cooled piston engine, 2,300 hp (1,700 kW) for take-off
  • Propellers: 4-bladed
    Rotol
    constant-speed propeller

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 367–386 mph (591–621 km/h, 319–335 kn) at 14,000 ft (4,300 m)
330 mph (287 kn; 531 km/h) at sea level
  • Cruise speed: 209 mph (336 km/h, 182 kn)
  • Range: 760 mi (1,220 km, 660 nmi) on internal fuel at 209 mph (182 kn; 336 km/h)
  • Ferry range: 1,335 mi (2,148 km, 1,160 nmi) with 2 90 imp gal (110 US gal; 410 L) drop-tanks at 209 mph (182 kn; 336 km/h)
  • Service ceiling: 31,900 ft (9,700 m)
  • Time to altitude:
  • 5,000 ft (1,500 m) in 3 minutes 36 seconds
  • 10,000 ft (3,000 m) in 7 minutes 9 seconds
  • 20,000 ft (6,100 m) in 10 minutes 30 seconds
  • Wing loading: 43 lb/sq ft (210 kg/m2)
  • Power/mass: 0.164 hp/lb (0.270 kW/kg)

Armament

  • Guns: 4 × 20 mm (0.787 in)
    Hispano Mk.V cannon
  • Rockets: maximum 16x RP-3 60 lb (27.2 kg) rockets on 8 × zero-length launchers
  • Bombs: maximum 2x 1,000 lb (454 kg) on underwing pylons

Avionics

  • Radar
  • Radio
  • Night-flying instrumentation / equipment

See also

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

References

Citations

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Fredriksen 2001, p. 108.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Bishop 2002, p. 402.
  3. ^ Buttler 2004, pp. 167–168, 171–173
  4. ^ Buttler, Tony. Blackburn Firebrand – Warpaint Number 56. Denbigh East, Bletchley, UK: Warpaint Books Ltd., 2000. [page needed].
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Dunstan, Kim. "Heritage – The Fairey Firefly." Archived 5 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine Fleet Air Arm Association of Australia, Retrieved: 39 June 2019.
  6. ^ Thetford 1978, p. 164.
  7. ^ a b c Bridgman 1988, pp. 118–119.
  8. ^ "A Servicing Innovation: Details of a Recent Modification to the Fairey Firefly." Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology, 1950. Vol. 22 Issue: 3, pp. 84–84.
  9. ^ a b Mason 1998, p. 277.
  10. ^ Mason 1998, p. 306.
  11. ^ a b c "Fairey Firefly FR.1." Ingenium, Retrieved: 29 June 2019.
  12. ^ Thetford 1978, p. 168.
  13. ^ Pigott 2005, p. 114.
  14. ^ Pigott 2005, pp. 114–115.
  15. ^ Pigott 2005, p. 115.
  16. ^ a b c "Fairey Firefly AS.5/AS.6." navy.gov.au, Retrieved: 29 June 2019.
  17. ^ Smith 2008, p. 359.
  18. ^ a b c "Fairey Firefly TT.1 & TT.4". www.bharat-rakshak.com. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  19. ISBN 071101678X
  20. ^ Bishop and Moeng 1997, p. 73.
  21. ^ "N1 Fairey Firefly".
  22. ^ "Cochin – Birth Place of Naval Aviation." Archived 10 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine warbirds.in. Retrieved: 9 August 2010.
  23. ^ "Firefly TT.1 DT989." Warbirdregistry.org, Retrieved: 9 August 2010.
  24. ^ "Firefly FB.1 MB410." Warbirdregistry.org. Retrieved: 9 August 2010.
  25. ^ World Air Forces – Historical Listings Thailand (THL), archived from the original on 25 January 2012, retrieved 30 August 2012
  26. ^ "Fairey Firefly Mk I".
  27. ^ “Details for the Fairey Firefly Mk.IV.” warplane.com’’, Retrieved: 5 October 2021.
  28. ^ a b c d "Fireflies: Where Are They Now?".
  29. ^ "Building 1: Aircraft flown by RTAF after WW2." Archived 26 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine Royal Thai Air Force Museum. Retrieved: 10 April 2012.
  30. ^ Pillarisetti, Jagan (10 October 2006). "Fairey Firefly [INS112]". Warbirds of India. Archived from the original on 9 April 2019. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
  31. ISBN 0-370-00065X
    .
  32. ^ Bridgman, Leonard, ed. (1949). Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1949–50. London: Sampson Low, Marston & Co.

Bibliography

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fairey Firefly.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fairey_Firefly&oldid=1226749311"